UNIT 1

INTRODUCTION TO
IoT
Let’s
begin!
 01
Introduction to Iot
CO1: Explain the basic
concept of IoT
 Introduction to IoT
Here’s what you’ll find in this Unit:

1. IoT
Deifnition
2. IoT
Characteristics
3. IoT
Applications
4. Key
Components of IoT
1. Things/device
2. Gateway
3. Cloud/Server
4. Analytics
5. User Interface
5. Architecture of IoT
1. Sensing Layer
2. N/w Interface Layer
3. Data Processing Layer
4. Application Layer
6. IoT Challenges
What is IoT? Internet of Things means a n/w of
physical things sending receiving
or communicating information
using the Internet or other
communication technologies and
network just as the computers,
tablets and mobiles do, and thus
enabling the monitoring,
coordinating or controlling
process across the Internet or
another data network.
Internet of Things
Unifications of technologies

• Embedded systems,
Goal • Low power and low rate
Connect the network,
unconnected • Internet,
• Big data,
• Data analytics,
• Cloud computing,
technology transition
in traditional • Edge Intelligence
computer networks • Software defined networks,
• Network and data security
 History of IoT
● The term "Internet of
things" was likely
coined by Kevin Ashton
of Procter & Gamble,
later MIT's Auto-ID
Center, in 1999

● Early 1980s at the

Carnegie Melon
University, a group of
students created a way
of Coca-Cola vending
machine to report on its
contents
IoT Timeline
 Features of IoT
Sensors
transform IoT from a standard
passive n/w of devices into an
Use of AI active system capable of real-
world integration
data collection, artificial
intelligence, algorithms, and Active Engagement
networks makes devices smarter
a new paradigm for active
content, product, or service
engagement.
Connectivity
Latest technologies for IoT n/w, Small Device
smaller, cheaper, and more
Cheaper & practically simple n/w
powerful devices.
 Benefits of IoT
Automation: Industrial machines and robots with more efficiency
and precision
Predictive Maintenance: Continuous monitoring of systems and
processes to identify, prevent and resolve any problem

Cost Reduction: reduces the cost by automating process, reduced

risk of failure, higher uptime, better decision making, reduced
resource usage.

Improved or Latest Insights: keeps track of devices located at

remote or difficult location.

Adaptability: scalable, easy to deploy and upgrade.

 Characteristics of IoT
Connectivity: devices are connected with each other using
different technologies (Ex: Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Zigbee etc.)

Sensors and Actuators: equipped with sensors to collect data

from the environment, and actuators to perform specific actions
based on the received data

Data Collection and Analysis: Advanced analytics and machine

learning techniques are often applied to make sense of this
data, derive insights, and support decision-making processes.

Interoperability: Common standards and protocols ensures devices

from different manufacturers can work together seamlessly
 Characteristics of IoT
Scalability: scalable to accommodate the growing number of
connected devices
Remote Management: capabilities are crucial for
monitoring, updating, & maintaining remote devices without
manual intervention
Security and Privacy: Robust encryption, authentication, &
access control mechanisms to protect sensitive information.
Low power consumption: extended device lifetimes and
reduce the need for frequent battery replacements
Real-time processing: support time-sensitive tasks and
applications such as industrial automation, healthcare
monitoring, and autonomous vehicles
 Where is IoT?

● Smart Homes
● Healthcare
● Industry Internet
● Smart Cities
● Agriculture
● Retail
● Transportation &
Logistics
● Energy management
● Environment monitoring
● Smart wearable
● Security and surveillance
 Smart Homes

● Motion detection
● Keyless entry
● Temperature control
● Alarm control
● Energy management
● Smartphone alerts
● Smart lightings
● Controlled appliances
● Controlled irrigation
 Healthcare

● Smart wearables
● Smart ambulance
● Smart chair
● Patient reports
● Medicine records
● Smart monitoring device
● Data on Cloud
● Interaction with Doctor
● Diagnostic center
records
Industry Internet

● User interaction
● Processing
● Tools
● Machines & Sensors
● Analytics
● Alerts
● Applications &
Dashboard
 Agriculture

● Crop/ plant monitoring

● Leaf disease diagnostic
● Green house monitoring
● Temperature monitoring
● Humidity monitoring
● Animal Live stock
● Fire alarm
● Alerts
● Data storage/cloud
● Applications
 Smart Cities
1. Traffic management
2. Education
3. Air pollution
4. Smart Buildings
5. Smart homes
6. Smart health care
7. Smart street lights
8. Smart parking
9. Electric vehicle charging
10. Water quality
11. Gas/Water leak detection
12. Public safety
 Retail

● Smart shelves
● Cold chain monitoring
● Product placement
● Repair & Maintenance
● In-store navigation
● Checkout automation
● Buyer behavior tracking
 Transportation & Logistics
1. Control & Monitoring
2. Camera control & monitoring
3. Engine conditions
4. Messaging and alerts
5. Speedometer
6. Fuel monitoring
7. GPS
8. Temperature
9. Tire Pressure
10. Pollution monitoring
 Energy
Management
● Optimized energy grid
● Distribution system
● Demand response
● Smart buildings
● Energy efficiency
● Smart mobility
● Virtual power plant
● Smart billing
 Environment Monitoring
1. Temperature monitoring
2. Humidity monitoring
3. Soil quality monitoring
4. Air flow monitoring
5. CO2 monitoring
6. Rain monitoring
7. Snow monitoring
 Smart Wearable
● Smart Bracelet
● Smart Ring
● Smart Glasses
● Smart shirt
● Smart watch
● Bluetooth key tracker
● Smart shoes
● Smart socks
● smart GPS for kids
 Security and Surveillance
1. Motion sensor
2. Panic button
3. Security camera
4. Door sensor
5. Burglar Alert sys.
6. Smoke sensor
7. Alarm system
8. Fire detection
 Components of IoT
Cloud/Servers
Data storage, Cloud storage and
Things/Device other Cloud services

Sensors, Actuators, Transmitter Analytics

/ Receiver, Embedded systems
Data analytics, insights,
decision making, AI etc.

Gateway User Interface

Communication device, Protocols, Dashboard, visualization,
Network technologies mobile applications
 Components of IoT:
Things/Devices
● Sensors and Actuators: Sensors
collect data from the
environment, while actuators
perform actions based on the
received data.
● RFID Tags and NFC Chips: Used
for identification and
tracking.
● Embedded Systems: Small
computing devices embedded in
physical objects to enable
data processing and
communication.
 Components of IoT:
Gateway
● Communication Protocols:
Various protocols such as
MQTT, CoAP, and HTTP are used
to facilitate communication
between devices and networks.

● Networks:
Wired (Ethernet) and wireless
(Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee,
Cellular) networks enable
device connectivity.
 Components of IoT:
Cloud/Servers
● Edge Computing: Some data
processing occurs on the device
itself to reduce latency and
bandwidth usage.
● Cloud Computing: Data is often
sent to the cloud for storage,
analysis & long-term processing.
● Databases: Storing and managing
large volumes of data generated
by IoT devices in databases.
● Cloud Storage: Utilizing cloud-
based storage services for
scalable and accessible data
storage.
 Components of IoT:
Analytics
● Big Data Analytics: Analyzing
large datasets generated by IoT
devices to derive meaningful
insights.

● Machine Learning and AI:

Implementing algorithms for
predictive analysis and
decision-making based on IoT
data.
 Components of IoT:
User Interface
● Dashboards and Visualization
Tools: Providing users with a
graphical interface to monitor
and control connected devices.

● Mobile Applications: Enabling

remote monitoring and control
through smartphone apps.
 Architecture of IoT
● Sensing Layer
Smart objects integrated with sensors
and actuators
● N/w interfacing Layer
Wired or wireless n/w as a transport
medium. Different protocols and
technologies used for efficient
communication
● Data Processing Layer
Process the data, analyze it,
filtering data. Manage privacy and
security of data.
● Application Layer
User interface and Application
services such as smart homes, smart
health, smart city etc.
 Architecture of IoT
Sensing Layer:
● made up of smart objects
integrated with sensors

● enable the interconnection of

the physical and digital worlds

● take measurements such as speed,

temperature, air quality, flow,
humidity, pressure, movement,
electricity, etc.

● grouped according to purpose:

body sensors, home appliance
sensors, environmental sensors,
vehicle telematics sensors, etc. Sensing/Perception layer
 Architecture of IoT
Network Layer:
● responsible for providing
communication and connectivity
between devices in the IoT system
● protocols and technologies that
enable devices to connect and
communicate with each other.
● Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, and Network layer
cellular networks such as 4G and
5G
● include gateways and routers that
act as intermediaries between
devices and the wider internet.
 Architecture of IoT
Processing Layer:
● software and hardware components
that are responsible for collecting,
analyzing, and interpreting data
from IoT devices.
● responsible for receiving raw data Processing layer
from the devices, processing it, and
making it available for further
analysis or action.
● data management systems, analytics
platforms, and machine learning
algorithms.
● extract meaningful insights from the
data and make decisions based on
that data.
 Architecture of IoT
Application Layer:
● topmost layer that interacts
directly with the end-user.
● user-friendly interfaces and
functionalities that enable users
to access and control IoT devices.
● software and applications such as
mobile apps, web portals, and
other user interfaces that are
designed to interact with the
underlying IoT infrastructure.
● middleware services that allow
different IoT devices and systems
to communicate and share data
seamlessly.
 Challenges of IoT
Security and Privacy Interoperability
Security: Protecting data by IoT devices Standardization: standardized protocols and
from unauthorized access. communication standards for operating
devices are resistant to tampering and have devices from different manufacturers
robust authentication mechanisms. Compatibility: seamless integration and
Privacy: concerns related to the communication between diverse devices and
collection, storage & use of personal data. platforms.

Reliability and QoS

Scalability Reliability: Dependence on n/w connectivity
QoS: Ensuring consistent and reliable
scaling IoT systems performance
becomes a significant
challenge in terms of
infrastructure,
Power Consumption
data processing, and Battery Life: Most devices are powered by batteries, and
network capacity optimizing power consumption to extend battery life is
crucial for long-term deployment.
 Challenges of IoT
Data management Complexity of Implementation
Data Volume and Variety: effectively Integrating IoT solutions into existing
managing, storing, and analyzing this systems and processes can be complex and
data. requires careful planning.
Timely processing and analysis of data skilled professionals with expertise in IoT
for real-time application technologies and implementation.

Costs Regulatory & Legal Issue

The cost of deploying IoT Adhering to diverse regulatory
infrastructure, devices, frameworks and standards for
and systems can be Ethical and data protection, privacy, and
substantial. security.
Ensuring that the benefits social impact Determining responsibility in
derived from IoT ethical collection and use the event of security breaches
implementations justify the of data, as well as or malfunctions.
initial and ongoing costs. potential societal impacts
of widespread IoT
adoption.