Arrays in C

Prof. Indranil Sen Gupta

Dept. of Computer Science & Engg.
Indian Institute of Technology
Kharagpur

1
 Basic Concept

• Many applications require multiple data

items that have common characteristics.
– In mathematics, we often express such groups
of data items in indexed form:
x1, x2, x3, …, xn

• Why are arrays essential for some

applications?
– Take an example: Finding the minimum of a set
of numbers.

2
 3 numbers
if ((a <= b) && (a <= c))
min = a;
else
if (b <= c)
min = b;
else
min = c;
4 numbers
if ((a <= b) && (a <= c) && (a <= d))
min = a;
else
if ((b <= c) && (b <= d))
min = b;
else
if (c <= d)
min = c;
else
min = d;

3
 The Problem

• Suppose we have 10 numbers to handle.

• Or 20.
• Or 100.

• How to tackle this problem?

• Solution:
– Use arrays.

4
 Using Arrays
• All the data items constituting the group
share the same name.
int x[10];

• Individual elements are accessed by

specifying the index.

x[0] x[1] x[2] x[9]

X is a 10-element
one-dimensional array

5
• The name of the array also denotes the
starting address of the array in memory.
– Example:
int x[10];

x[0], x[1], x[2], … indicates the contents of the

successive array locations.
x indicates the starting address in memory for the
array.

6
 An Example
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int x[10];
x[0] = 15;
x[1] = x[0] + 5;
printf (”\n%d %d %d %u \n”, x[0], x[1], x[2], x);
}

Output:
15 20 1107384350 3221224640

Garbage Address
7
 Declaring Arrays
• Like variables, the arrays that are used in a program
must be declared before they are used.
• General syntax:
type array-name[size];
– type specifies the data type of element that will be
contained in the array (int, float, char, etc.).
– size is an integer constant which indicates the
maximum number of elements that can be stored
inside the array.
• Example: int marks[5];
– marks is an array containing a maximum of 5 integers.

8
• Examples:
int x[10];
char line[80];
float points[150];
char name[35];

• If we are not sure of the exact size of the array, we

can define an array of a large size.
int marks[50];
though in a particular run we may only be using,
say, 10 elements.

9
 How an array is stored in memory?

• Starting from a given memory location, the

successive array elements are allocated space in
consecutive memory locations.

Array a
x x+k x+2k

x: starting address of the array in memory

k: number of bytes allocated per array element

– Element a[i] :: allocated memory location at

address x + i*k
– First array index assumed to start at zero.

10
 Accessing Array Elements

• A particular element of the array can be accessed by

specifying two things:
– Name of the array.
– Index (relative position) of the element in the array.

• In C, the index of an array starts from zero.

• Example:
– An array is defined as int x[10];
– The first element of the array x can be accessed as
x[0], fourth element as x[3], tenth element as
x[9], etc.

11
 Contd.

• The array index must evaluate to an integer

between 0 and n-1 where n is the number of
elements in the array.

• Any integer expression can be given as the index.

a[x+2] = 25;
b[3*x-y] = a[10-x] + 5;

12
 A Warning

• In C, while accessing array elements, array bounds

are not checked.
• Example:
int marks[5];
:
:
marks[8] = 75;

– The above assignment would not necessarily

cause an error.
– Rather, it may result in unpredictable program
results.

13
 Initialization of Arrays
• General form:
type array_name[size] = {list of values};
• Examples:
int marks[5] = {72, 83, 65, 80, 76};
char name[4] = {’A’, ’m’, ’i’, ’t’};

• Some special cases:

– If the number of values in the list is less than the
number of elements, the remaining elements are
automatically set to zero.
float total[5] = {24.2, -12.5, 35.1};
total[0]=24.2, total[1]=-12.5, total[2]=35.1,
total[3]=0, total[4]=0

14
 Contd.

– The size may be omitted. In such cases the

compiler automatically allocates enough space
for all initialized elements.

int flag[] = {1, 1, 1, 0};

char name[] = {’A’, ’m’, ’i’, ’t’};

15
Example 1: Find the minimum of a set of 10
numbers
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int a[10], i, min;

for (i=0; i<10; i++)

scanf (”%d”, &a[i]);

min = 99999; /* or, min=a[0] */

for (i=0; i<10; i++)
{
if (a[i] < min)
min = a[i];
}
printf (”\n Minimum is %d”, min);
}

16
Alternate
#include <stdio.h>
Version 1 #define size 10

main()
{
int a[size], i, min;

for (i=0; i<size; i++)

Change only one scanf (”%d”, &a[i]);
line to change the
problem size min = 99999;
for (i=0; i<size; i++)
{
if (a[i] < min)
min = a[i];
}
printf (”\n Minimum is %d”, min);
}

17
Alternate #include <stdio.h>
Version 2 main()
{
int a[100], i, min, n;

scanf (“%d”, &n);

/* Number of elements */

Define an array of for (i=0; i<n; i++)

scanf (”%d”, &a[i]);
large size and use
only the required min = 99999;
number of elements for (i=0; i<n; i++)
{
if (a[i] < min)
min = a[i];
}
printf (”\n Minimum is %d”, min);
}

18
 Example 2:
#include <stdio.h>
Computing #define nsub 6
gpa
main()
{
int grade_pt[nsub], cred[nsub], i,
gp_sum=0, cred_sum=0;
float gpa;

for (i=0; i<nsub; i++)

scanf (”%d %d”, &grade_pt[i],&cred[i]);
Handling two arrays
at the same time for (i=0; i<nsub; i++)
{
gp_sum += grade_pt[i] * cred[i];
cred_sum += cred[i];
}
gpa = (float) gp_sum / cred_sum;
printf (”\n GPA is: %f”, gpa);
}

19
 Things you cannot do

• You cannot
– use “=” to assign one array variable to another:
a = b; /* a and b are arrays */
– use “==” to directly compare array variables:
if (a == b) ………

– directly scanf or printf arrays:

printf (”……”, a);

20
 How to copy the elements of one array to
another?
• By copying individual elements:

int a[25], b[25];

……
for (j=0; j<25; j++)
a[j] = b[j];

21
How to read the elements of an array?

• By reading them one element at a time.

int a[25];
……
for (j=0; j<25; j++)
scanf (”%f”, &a[j]);

• The ampersand (&) is necessary.

• The elements can be entered all in one line or in
different lines.

22
How to print the elements of an array?

• By printing them one element at a time.

for (j=0; j<25; j++)

printf (”\n %f”, a[j]);

– The elements are printed one per line.

printf (”\n”);
for (j=0; j<25; j++)
printf (” %f”, a[j]);

– The elements are printed all in one line

(starting with a new line).

23
Passing Arrays to a Function

24
 How to pass arrays to a function?
• An array name can be used as an argument
to a function.
– Permits the entire array to be passed to the
function.
– The way it is passed differs from that for ordinary
variables.
• Rules:
– The array name must appear by itself as argument,
without brackets or subscripts.
– The corresponding formal argument is written in
the same manner.
• Declared by writing the array name with a pair of empty
brackets.
25
 An Example with 1-D Array
main()
{
int n;
float list[100], avg;
We can also write
:
float x[100]; avg = average(n,list);
But the way the :
function is written }
makes it general; it
works with arrays of float average(a,x)
any size. int a;
float x[];
{
:
sum = sum + x[i];
}

26
 main()
{
Same program, with int n;
the parameter types float list[100], avg;
specified in the same :
line as the function avg = average(n,list);
definition. :
}

float average(int a, float x[])

{
:
sum = sum + x[i];
}

27
 The Actual Mechanism
• When an array is passed to a function, the values of
the array elements are not passed to the function.
– The array name is interpreted as the address of
the first array element.
– The formal argument therefore becomes a pointer
to the first array element.
– When an array element is accessed inside the
function, the address is calculated using the
formula stated before.
– Changes made inside the function are thus also
reflected in the calling program.

28
 Contd.

• Normally parameters are passed in C using

call-by-value.
• Passing the starting address when an array is
sent as argument simulates call-by-reference.
• Basically what it means?
– If a function changes the values of array elements,
then these changes will be made to the original
array that is passed to the function.
– This does not apply when an individual element is
passed on as argument.

29
 Example: Parameter passed as a value
#include <stdio.h> main()
{
void swap (int a, int b)
int x,y;
{
int temp;
x=10; y=15;
temp=a; printf("x=%d y=%d \n",x,y);
a=b; swap(x,y);
b=temp; printf("x=%d y=%d \n",x,y);
} }

Output:
x=10 y=15
x=10 y=15

30
main()
{
int x,y;
Output:
x=10; y=15; x=10 y=15
printf("x=%d y=%d \n",x,y);
x=10 y=15
swap(x,y);
printf("x=%d y=%d \n",x,y);
}

31
 Example: Minimum of a set of numbers

#include <stdio.h> int minimum(int x[],

int minimum (int x[], int y); int size)
{
main() int i, min = 99999;
{
int a[100], i, n; for (i=0;i<size;i++)
if (min > x[i])
scanf (”%d”, &n); min = x[i];
for (i=0; i<n; i++) return (min);
scanf (”%d”, &a[i]); }
printf (“\n Minimum is %d”,
minimum(a,n));
}
Address of parameter x passed, parameter size
passed normally by value.
32
 Example: Square each element of array
#include <stdio.h>
void square (int a[], int b);
void square (x,size)
int x[], size;
main()
{
{
int i;
int a[100], i, n;
for (i=0;i<size;i++)
scanf (”%d”, &n);
x[i] = x[i]*x[i];
for (i=0; i<n; i++)
scanf (”%d”, &a[i]);
return;
}
square (a, n);

printf (“\nNew array is: “);

for (i=0; i<n; i++)
printf (“ %d”, a[i]);
}
33
 Introduction to Pointers

• What is the concept?

– Pointer is a variable which stores the address
in memory location of another variable.
– When declared, we must specify the data type
of the variable being pointed to.
– Examples:
int *p;
float *x, *y;
char *flag;

34
• A pointer variable can be assigned the
address of another variable.
int a, *p;
a=10;
p = &a; /* Address of ‘a’ assigned to ‘p’ */
printf (”%d %d”, a, *p);
/* Will print “10 10” */

• Point to note:
– Array name indicates pointer to first array element.
int num[10], *xyz;
xyz = num; /* Points to x[0] */

35
– When an integer expression E is added to or
subtracted from a pointer, actually scale factor
times E is added/subtracted.
• Scale factor indicates size of the data item being pointed
to in number of bytes.
• Scale factor for char is 1, int is 4, float is 4, double is 8, etc.

int a, *p;
p = &a; /* p is assigned address of a
(say, 2500) */
p++; /* p will become 2504 */
p = p – 10; /* p will become 2464 */

36
• Consider the declaration:
int x[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
int *p;

– Suppose that the base address of x is 2500,

and each integer requires 4 bytes.
Element Value Address
x[0] 1 2500
x[1] 2 2504
x[2] 3 2508
x[3] 4 2512
x[4] 5 2516

37
 Contd.

Both x and &x[0] have the value 2500.

p = x; and p = &x[0]; are equivalent.

• Relationship between p and x:

p = &x[0] = 2500
p+1 = &x[1] = 2504
p+2 = &x[2] = 2508
p+3 = &x[3] = 2512 *(p+i) gives the
p+4 = &x[4] = 2516 value of x[i]

38
• An example:

int x[ ] = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10};
int *p;

p = x + 3; /* Point to fourth element of x */

printf (”%d”, *p); /* Will print 4 */
printf (”%d”, *(p+5));
/* Will print 9 */
printf (”%d %d”, p[3], p[-1]);
/* Will print 7 and 3 */

39
 Example: function to find average

#include <stdio.h> float avg (array, size)

main() int array[], size;
{ {
int x[100], k, n; int *p, i , sum = 0;

scanf (”%d”, &n); p = array;

for (k=0; k<n; k++) for (i=0; i<size; i++)

scanf (”%d”, &x[k]); sum = sum + *(p+i);

printf (”\nAverage is %f”, return ((float) sum / size);

avg (x, n)); }
}

40
 Example: SWAP revisited
#include <stdio.h> main()
{
void swap (int *a, int *b)
int x,y;
{
int temp;
x=10; y=15;
temp = *a; printf("x=%d y=%d \n",x,y);
*a = *b; swap(&x, &y);
*b = temp; printf("x=%d y=%d \n",x,y);
} }

Output:
x=10 y=15
x=15 y=10

41