0% found this document useful (0 votes)
17 views4 pages

DefenceTech Intro

Defence technology encompasses advanced science and engineering for military capabilities, including conventional, strategic, emerging, space-based, and electronic warfare systems. India's defence history includes significant milestones such as the establishment of DRDO in 1958, nuclear tests in 1974 and 1998, and the recent Mission Shakti ASAT test in 2019. The country aims for self-reliance in defence production with initiatives like Atmanirbhar Bharat and iDEX, while facing challenges such as heavy import dependence and technology gaps.

Uploaded by

Devesh Garg
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
17 views4 pages

DefenceTech Intro

Defence technology encompasses advanced science and engineering for military capabilities, including conventional, strategic, emerging, space-based, and electronic warfare systems. India's defence history includes significant milestones such as the establishment of DRDO in 1958, nuclear tests in 1974 and 1998, and the recent Mission Shakti ASAT test in 2019. The country aims for self-reliance in defence production with initiatives like Atmanirbhar Bharat and iDEX, while facing challenges such as heavy import dependence and technology gaps.

Uploaded by

Devesh Garg
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Defence Technology

Define · Types · History · Applications · Data · Achievements · Governance · Initiatives

•DEFINE Application of advanced science, engineering systems & cutting-edge innovations for development of
military capabilities, strategic deterrence & national security architecture
Includes: weapons systems, surveillance technologies, communication networks, cyber capabilities &
space-based defence assets

•TYPES 1. Conventional Systems: Tanks, artillery, rifles | Fighter aircraft, warships


2. Strategic Systems: Nuclear weapons | Ballistic & cruise missiles
3. Emerging Technologies: AI in warfare | Drones/UAVs | Cyber warfare
4. Space-based Defence: Military satellites | Anti-satellite systems (ASAT)
5. Electronic Warfare: Radar systems | Communication jamming | Signal intelligence (SIGINT)

•HISTORY (INDIA) • 1947: Post-independence defence setup — inherited colonial military structure
• 1958: Establishment of DRDO (Defence Research & Development Organisation)
• 1974: Pokhran-I (Smiling Buddha) — India demonstrates nuclear capability
• 1998: Pokhran-II (Operation Shakti) — India declared nuclear weapon state
• 2000s: Defence modernisation phase — major imports + indigenisation push begins
• 2019: Mission Shakti — India's first ASAT test; India becomes 4th space power
• 2020s: Atmanirbhar Bharat in Defence — self-reliance as core policy

•APPLICATIONS 1. National Security: Border defence | Strategic deterrence (nuclear triad)


2. Internal Security: Surveillance systems | Counter-terrorism operations
3. Cyber Domain: Cyber defence | Critical infrastructure protection
4. Space Security: Satellite-based intelligence | Navigation systems (NavIC)
5. Disaster Management: Military logistics support | Rescue & relief operations

•REPORTS (INDIA) • Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP 2020) — Ministry of Defence; framework for defence procurement
& indigenisation
• Defence Production & Export Promotion Policy (DPEPP 2020) — policy to boost domestic production &
exports
• DRDO Annual Reports — R&D progress, new systems & technology milestones
• Standing Committee on Defence Reports — Parliamentary oversight of defence budget & policy

•DATA GLOBAL Global military expenditure: ~$2.4 trillion (2023)


Top spenders: USA > China > India | Source: SIPRI (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute)

•DATA INDIA • India among top 3 defence spenders globally


• Defence budget: ~$75+ billion (FY2023-24) — ~13% of Union Budget
• Defence exports: Crossed ■21,000 crore (FY2023-24) — record high
• India aims for ■1.75 lakh crore in defence production by 2025
• Source: Ministry of Defence, SIPRI

•ACHIEVE- MENTS GLOBAL • Hypersonic missile development — USA, Russia, China, India (4th)
• AI-driven warfare systems — autonomous targeting, decision support
• Autonomous weapons — LAWS (Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems)
• Directed Energy Weapons (DEWs) — laser & microwave-based

•ACHIEVE- MENTS INDIA • Agni & Prithvi missile series — IGMDP under Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam (1983-2008)
• BrahMos — world's fastest operational supersonic cruise missile (Mach 2.8)
• Tejas LCA — indigenous light combat aircraft; IAF inducted 83 Mk-1A + 97 more ordered
• Mission Shakti (2019) — India's first ASAT test; destroyed own satellite in LEO; India = 4th space power
with ASAT capability (after USA, Russia, China)
• INS Vikrant (2022) — India's first indigenous aircraft carrier; commissioned Sept 2022
• Arihant-class nuclear submarines — nuclear triad completion
• HSTDV — scramjet demonstrator; Mach 6; India = 4th hypersonic nation
•GOVERNANCE Policy Apex: Ministry of Defence (MoD)
R&D Institutions:
• DRDO — Defence Research & Development Organisation; 50+ labs
• ISRO — dual-use technology (space + defence; NavIC, spy satellites)
Defence PSUs (under DDP):
• HAL — Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (aircraft)
• BEL — Bharat Electronics Limited (electronics & radars)
• BDL — Bharat Dynamics Limited (missiles & torpedoes)
• BEML, MDL, GSL, OFB (vehicles, submarines, ships, ordnance)
Private Sector: Emerging role under Make in India — L&T, Tata Advanced Systems, Mahindra Defence,
Adani Defence

•KEY INITIATIVES • Atmanirbhar Bharat in Defence: Self-reliance as core policy; Positive Indigenisation Lists (PIL); import
bans on 300+ items
• iDEX (Innovations for Defence Excellence): Funds startups & MSMEs for defence innovation; launched
2018
• Defence Corridors: UP (Lucknow-Aligarh-Agra-Kanpur-Jhansi) & Tamil Nadu
(Chennai-Coimbatore-Salem-Tiruchirappalli) — defence manufacturing clusters
• Positive Indigenisation List (PIL): Items that can ONLY be procured domestically; 300+ items in multiple
phases
• Make in India (Defence): DAP 2020 — prioritise indigenous procurement; 'Make' category projects; FDI
limit raised to 74% automatic route

•CRITICAL ISSUES GLOBAL • Arms race & militarisation: Escalating global defence spending; strategic instability
• Ethical concerns (AI weapons): LAWS — Lethal Autonomous Weapons; accountability gap in kill
decisions
• Cyber warfare threats: State-sponsored attacks on critical infrastructure
• Nuclear proliferation: NPT challenges; emerging nuclear states

•CRITICAL ISSUES INDIA • Heavy import dependence: ~50-60% of defence needs still imported (~$4-5B/year); top importer globally
for years
• Limited private sector: Historically dominated by PSUs; private sector slowly entering
• Technology gaps: Jet engines (Kaveri engine delays), semiconductors, advanced materials
• Procurement delays: Complex acquisition process; bureaucratic hurdles
• Offset obligations: Complex implementation; not fully utilised for tech transfer

•WAY FORWARD • Promote indigenous R&D ecosystem: Increase DRDO budget; academia-industry-defence collaboration
• Develop defence industrial base: Scale up Defence Corridors; attract private & foreign investment
• Strengthen PPPs: Public-private partnerships for technology co-development
• Focus on emerging tech: AI, cyber, space, quantum, hypersonics — next-gen warfare domains
• Enhance defence exports: Target $5B exports by 2025; leverage BrahMos success for more partnerships
• Global partnerships: QUAD defence cooperation; US-India ICET (Initiative on Critical & Emerging
Technologies)

■ Prelims Focus ■ Mains Focus

Defence Tech = weapons + surveillance + comms + cyber + space defence India's 50-60% import dependence = strategic vulnerability & economic
| 5 Types: Conventional + Strategic + Emerging + Space-based + Electronic drain — Atmanirbhar Bharat imperative | Mission Shakti 2019 = space as
Warfare | DRDO est. 1958 | Pokhran-I = 1974 | Pokhran-II = 1998 | Mission 4th dimension of warfare; India's strategic deterrence in space | INS Vikrant
Shakti (ASAT) = 2019 | INS Vikrant (indigenous aircraft carrier) = Sept 2022 = power projection in Indian Ocean Region (IOR); China's String of Pearls
| Global military expenditure = ~$2.4 trillion (2023) | SIPRI = Stockholm Int'l counter | LAWS (autonomous weapons) = ethics & accountability vacuum
Peace Research Institute | India defence budget = ~$75B (FY2023-24) | — India's position at UN discussions | iDEX = innovation ecosystem for
Defence exports = ■21,000 crore (FY2023-24) record | iDEX = 2018 | defence startups — democratise defence R&D | Defence Corridors =
Defence Corridors = UP & Tamil Nadu | PIL = Positive Indigenisation List | employment generation + industrial ecosystem + import substitution |
DAP 2020 = Defence Acquisition Procedure | DPEPP 2020 = Defence Technology gaps (engines, semiconductors) = long-term national security
Production & Export Promotion Policy | HAL + BEL + BDL = key Defence challenge | India's nuclear triad (Agni missiles + Arihant submarines +
PSUs | FDI in defence = 74% automatic route aircraft) = credible minimum deterrence | QUAD defence cooperation =
India-USA-Japan-Australia maritime security alignment
■ Recent Dev ■■ India

Defence exports ■21,000 crore FY2023-24 — record; target $5B by 2025 | DRDO: 50+ labs; HQ New Delhi | Pokhran-I (1974, Smiling Buddha) +
BrahMos export to Philippines (2022, ~$375M) — first major missile export | Pokhran-II (1998, Operation Shakti) | Mission Shakti (27 March 2019) —
INS Vikrant commissioned Sept 2022 — India's first indigenous aircraft Microsat-R destroyed in LEO using Prithvi Defence Vehicle (PDV) | INS
carrier | iDEX expanded with 300+ challenges; 100+ startups funded | PIL Vikrant (IAC-1) = 45,000 tonne; 30+ aircraft; commissioned Sept 2022 at
Phase-I/II/III: 300+ defence items banned from import | US-India ICET Cochin Shipyard | Defence Corridor UP:
launched 2023 — critical & emerging tech cooperation | India ranked 4th in Lucknow-Aligarh-Agra-Kanpur-Jhansi | TN:
global military spending (SIPRI 2023) Chennai-Coimbatore-Salem-Trichy | India = top 3 global defence spender;
aims Rs.1.75 lakh crore production by 2025 | Private players: L&T, Tata
Advanced Systems, Mahindra Defence, Adani Defence & Aerospace
Master Summary Table — Defence Technology (Intro)
Quick Revision · All Key Facts & Data

Term / Fact Detail

Define Application of advanced science, engineering & innovations for military capabilities, strategic deterrence & national
security

5 Types [Link] | [Link] | [Link] (AI/Drones/Cyber) | [Link]-based (ASAT/satellites) | [Link] Warfare


(Radar/Jamming/SIGINT)

DRDO Est. 1958

Pokhran-I 1974 — Smiling Buddha — India demonstrates nuclear capability

Pokhran-II 1998 — Operation Shakti — India declared nuclear weapon state

Mission Shakti 27 March 2019 — India's first ASAT test; destroyed Microsat-R in LEO; India = 4th ASAT nation (USA, Russia, China)

INS Vikrant Commissioned Sept 2022 — India's first indigenous aircraft carrier; 45,000 tonne; Cochin Shipyard

Nuclear Triad Agni missiles (land) + Arihant submarines (sea) + aircraft (air) — credible minimum deterrence

SIPRI Stockholm International Peace Research Institute — global military expenditure data

Global Military Spend ~$2.4 trillion (2023) | USA > China > India

India Defence Budget ~$75+ billion (FY2023-24) — ~13% of Union Budget

India Defence Exports ■21,000 crore (FY2023-24) — record high | Target: $5B by 2025

India Import Dependence ~50-60% of defence needs imported — top importer globally for years

DAP 2020 Defence Acquisition Procedure 2020 — MoD; procurement & indigenisation framework

DPEPP 2020 Defence Production & Export Promotion Policy 2020

iDEX Innovations for Defence Excellence — 2018; funds startups & MSMEs; 300+ challenges

Defence Corridors UP (Lucknow-Aligarh-Agra-Kanpur-Jhansi) + Tamil Nadu (Chennai-Coimbatore-Salem-Trichy)

PIL Positive Indigenisation List — 300+ items banned from import; only domestic procurement allowed

FDI in Defence 74% automatic route | 100% via govt approval

HAL Hindustan Aeronautics Limited — aircraft (Tejas, LCH, transport)

BEL Bharat Electronics Limited — electronics, radars, communication systems

BDL Bharat Dynamics Limited — missiles & torpedoes (Akash, Helina, Varunastra)

ICET US-India Initiative on Critical & Emerging Technologies — launched 2023

QUAD Defence India-USA-Japan-Australia — maritime security & defence cooperation

LAWS Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems — AI-driven; ethical & accountability concerns; UN debate

BrahMos Export Philippines deal 2022 (~$375M) — India's first major missile export

Technology Gaps Jet engines (Kaveri delay), semiconductors, advanced composites — key import dependencies

Private Players L&T, Tata Advanced Systems, Mahindra Defence, Adani Defence & Aerospace

You might also like