Q1.

MCQ
Q2. Very short answer

1. A) Define force field and 2) gravitational force.

A force field is a region in space where a force can be felt without physical contact. Gravitational force is the force
of attraction that exists between any two objects with mass.

2. Define linear momentum and Mathematically state SI and CGS units of linear momentum.

Linear momentum is the product of an object's mass and its velocity. Mathematically, it is p = m × v. Its SI unit is
kilogram-meter per second (kg·m/s) and its CGS unit is gram-centimeter per second (g·cm/s).

3. Δp = Δ (mv) is always true for all velocities. Explain

This statement is true in classical mechanics, where mass is constant. For all velocities in non-relativistic
physics, a change in momentum (Δp) is always equal to the change in the product of mass and velocity (Δ(mv)).
However, at very high (relativistic) speeds, mass itself can change with velocity, so the relationship becomes
more complex.

4. Plot a graph for acceleration versus mass.

5. Plot a graph for force versus mass.

6. Define a) absolute unit of force and b) Gravitational units of force.

a) Absolute unit of force: A unit defined using fundamental physical quantities (mass, length, time). Example: 1
Newton (N) = 1 kg·m/s².

b) Gravitational unit of force: A unit defined using the weight of a standard mass. Example: 1 kilogram-force (kgf)
is the weight of 1 kg mass under standard gravity.

7. Define impulse force. State it mathematically.

Impulse force is a large force that acts for a very short time interval. Mathematically, Impulse (J) = Force (F) × time
(Δt). It is also equal to the change in momentum (Δp).

8. A Cricket player while taking a catch always moves his hands backwards. Explain.

Moving the hands backward increases the time taken to stop the ball. This reduces the average force experienced
by the hands (since force = change in momentum / time), preventing injury.

9. State Newton’s 3rd law of motion give an example.

Newton's third law states: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Example: When a person pushes against a wall, the wall pushes back on the person with an equal force in the
opposite direction.

10. Why it is difficult to walk on marshy ground?

Marshy ground is soft and yields (moves backward) when we push our feet against it to walk forward. This
reduces the reaction force from the ground (Newton's 3rd law), making it difficult to get a firm grip to propel
ourselves forward.

11. Why is it dangerous to jump out of a moving vehicle? how can the danger be minimised?

When you jump out, your body has the same forward speed as the vehicle. On hitting the ground, your feet stop
suddenly but your upper body continues moving forward due to inertia, causing you to fall forward violently. The
danger can be minimized by running forward in the direction of the vehicle's motion as you land.

12. Why do fruits fall off the branches in the strong wind?

Strong wind applies a force on the fruits. If this force is greater than the force with which the stalk holds the fruit
to the branch, the fruit gets detached and falls due to gravity.

13. What do you understand by the term inertia?

Inertia is the natural tendency of an object to resist any change in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight
line.
14. Define the term inertia of direction. Give 1 example.

Inertia of direction is the tendency of a body to oppose any change in its direction of motion.

Example: When a car takes a sharp turn, passengers feel thrown to the side because their bodies tend to
continue moving in the original straight-line direction.

15. Mass is an intrinsic property of matter. Explain it.

Mass is an intrinsic property because it depends only on the amount of matter present in an object. It does not
change with location, shape, or speed (in non-relativistic physics). An object has the same mass on Earth, on the
Moon, or in space.

16. By giving two examples, state what do you understand by the term contact force.

A contact force is a force that acts between two objects only when they are physically touching each other.

Examples: (1) Frictional force when pushing a box on the floor. (2) The force applied by a bat to hit a ball.

17. By giving two examples, state what do you understand by the term non-contact force.

A non-contact force is a force that can act between two objects without any physical contact.

Examples: (1) Gravitational force pulling an apple to the ground. (2) Magnetic force attracting an iron nail to a
magnet.

18. Give two examples of each of the following:

(a) Force which pulls: (1) A horse pulling a cart. (2) Gravity pulling a falling object.

(b) Force which pushes: (1) A person pushing a door. (2) A rocket engine pushing exhaust gases downward.

19. Give two examples of each of the following:

(a) Force which compresses: (1) A person sitting on a cushion. (2) A piston compressing air in a cylinder.

(b) Force which stretches: (1) Stretching a rubber band. (2) A weight hanging from a spring.

20. Give two examples of each of the following:

(a) Force which attracts: (1) A magnet attracting iron. (2) Gravitational force between Earth and the Moon.

(b) Force which deforms a body: (1) Pressing clay to change its shape. (2) Bending a plastic ruler.

21. Classify the following forces into contact forces and non-contact forces.
(a) Frictional force - Contact force

(b) Hydraulic force - Contact force

(c) Gravitational force - Non-contact force

(e) Electrostatic force - Non-contact force

22. Name two effects of force applied to non-rigid body. Support your answer by an example.

Two effects are: (1) It can change the shape of the body. (2) It can change the size (dimensions) of the body.

Example: Stretching a spring changes both its shape (it gets longer) and its size (its length increases).

23. Name two effects of force applied to a rigid body. Support your answer by an example.

Two effects are: (1) It can change the state of motion (speed/direction) of the body. (2) It can change the body's
shape negligibly.

Example: Kicking a football changes its state of motion from rest to moving.

24. Why do the doors of a corridor train open or shut, when the train starts or stops?

This happens due to inertia of rest and motion. When the train starts, the doors (which are loosely fitted) tend to
remain at rest due to inertia, so they shut relative to the moving train frame. When the train stops, the doors tend
to continue moving due to inertia, so they open relative to the stopping train.

25. Explain the following: Why is it necessary to run along with moving bus and in the same direction of bus, while
alighting from it?

When alighting, your body has the bus's forward speed. If you land with your feet stationary, your upper body
continues forward due to inertia, causing a fall. Running forward in the same direction allows your body to reduce
speed more gradually, preventing a violent fall.

26. Explain the following: Why does a player run for some distance, before taking a long jump?

Running gives the player a high horizontal speed. Due to inertia of motion, this horizontal speed is maintained
during the jump. This allows the player to cover a greater horizontal distance in the air compared to jumping from
a standstill.

27. Explain the following: Why does a person fall off the back of a stationary horse, if the horse darts off
suddenly?

The person is initially at rest. When the horse darts forward suddenly, the lower part of the person's body in
contact with the horse moves forward. However, the upper part of the body tends to remain at rest due to inertia
of rest. This causes the person to fall backward off the horse.
28. Explain the following:

Why a neat hole is formed in the glass pane, if a bullet is fired on it from a close range?

A neat hole is formed due to the high velocity of the bullet and the principle of inertia.
Q3. 3 marker

4. Contact force:
Contact forces are the forces that act on a body when they are brought in contact with each other.

Example:
Frictional force
Force exerted during collision

Non-contact force:
Non-contact forces are forces that act on a body even when they are not brought in contact with each other.

Example:
Gravitational force
Magnetic force

5.
It states that every object would continue its state of rest unless acted upon by an external force.
Example:
A book lying on a table continues in its state of rest till we push it.

It also states that every object would continue its state of motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an
external force.

Example:
A moving bicycle continues to move forward until brakes are applied.

6. Inertia of Rest:
The tendency of a body to continue in its state of rest even when some external unbalancing force is applied on
it.

Inertia of Motion:
The tendency of a body to continue in its state of motion even when some external unbalancing force is applied
on it.

7.
It is defined as the instantaneous force possessed by a body due to the combined effect of its mass and velocity.

Example:
Let a metallic ball of mass 500 g fall on a glass plate from some height.
Does the glass plate break?
Yes, it does.

8.
It is defined as the instantaneous force possessed by a body due to the combined effect of its mass and velocity.

SI unit: newton second

CGS unit: dyne second

9. To prove: F = ma

Proof:
Initial linear momentum of the body = mu

Final linear momentum of the body = mv

Change in linear momentum in time t

= mv − mu

Change in linear momentum per second

= m(v − u)/t

But change in linear momentum per second is the rate of change of momentum.

Rate of change of linear momentum

= m(v − u)/t …(i)

We know,
v = u + at

a = (v − u)/t …(ii)
From (i) and (ii),
Rate of change of linear momentum = ma …(iii)

Rate of change of linear momentum ∝ impressed force (F) …(iv)

From (iii) and (iv),

F ∝ ma
F = kma

For SI units, k = 1

∴ F = ma

Hence proved.

10.

11.
One newton is defined as the force which produces an acceleration of 1 m/s² in a body of mass 1 kg.

13.
When a cricketer catches a ball, the force applied increases the time of impact.

This decreases the rate of change of momentum of the ball.

Hence, the force acting on the hands is reduced and the player does not get hurt.

14.
A hard floor does not absorb force and reacts according to Newton’s third law.

It offers an equal reaction force on the person, causing injury.

Sand or foam absorbs force and increases the time of impact.

Therefore, less force acts on the body and injury is prevented.

15. Newton’s Third Law of Motion:

Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
Applications:
(i) It is difficult to walk on a sandy beach because the sand yields and does not provide sufficient reaction force.

(ii) A swimmer pushes water backward and the water pushes the swimmer forward with an equal and opposite
reaction.

16.
The force of attraction between any two bodies is directly proportional to the product of their masses and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centres.

Equation:
F = Gm₁m₂ / d²

This equation is called the universal law of gravitation.

17.
Let two bodies of masses m₁ and m₂ be separated by distance d.

Force of attraction between them is F.

F ∝ m₁m₂ …(i)
F ∝ 1/d² …(ii)

Combining (i) and (ii),

F ∝ m₁m₂ / d²

F = Gm₁m₂ / d²

This equation is called the universal law of gravitation.

18.
If two bodies of unit mass (1 kg each) are placed at a distance of 1 m from each other, then the force of attraction
between them is equal to the gravitational constant G.

19.
(i) Gravity varies with latitude because the Earth is not a perfect sphere and rotates on its axis.
Gravity is maximum at the poles and minimum at the equator.

(ii) Gravity decreases with height and depth because the distance from the Earth’s centre changes.

20. Value of g on the Moon:

g = GM / R²

g = (6.7 × 10⁻¹¹ × 7.4 × 10²²) / (1.74 × 10⁶)²

g = 1.63 m/s²

21.
Momentum p = mv

Since mass is directly proportional to momentum, a change in mass causes a change in momentum.
Therefore, mass is directly proportional to the change in linear momentum.

22.
Same as Question 17.

[Link] Answers (4 Marks):

1. Same as Brief Question 9.

2. (i) Leaves fall suddenly due to inertia of rest.

(ii) When a bus starts suddenly, passengers experience a backward jerk due to inertia of rest.

3.

Mass of Moon = 7.4 × 10²² kg

Radius of Moon = 1.74 × 10⁶ m
Gravitational constant G = 6.7 × 10⁻¹¹ Nm²/kg²

g on Moon = GM / R²

g on Moon = 1.63 m/s²

g₍moon₎ / g₍earth₎ = 1.63 / 9.81 ≈ 1/6

4.

The total change in momentum

= m(v – u)

It remains constant when a person jumps from a certain height.

Change in momentum

=F×t

Where F = force applied

T = time interval

When a person jumps on a hard floor, the time interval of stopping is very small.

Therefore, the force acting on the body becomes very large.

This large force may cause severe injury.

But when a person jumps on sand or foam, the time of stopping increases.

The person does not come to rest suddenly.

Hence, the force acting on the body decreases.

As a result, the person does not get hurt.

Q5. Numericals.
1.

Given:

m = 0.5 kg

p = 5 Ns

Formula: p = mv

v=p/m

v = 5 / 0.5

v = 10 m/s

Answer: Velocity = 10 m/s

2.

Given:

m = 9 × 10⁻³¹ kg

v = 6 × 10⁷ m/s

p = mv

p = 9 × 10⁻³¹ × 6 × 10⁷

p = 5.4 × 10⁻²³ kg m/s

Answer: Linear momentum = 5.4 × 10⁻²³ kg m/s

3.

Given:

m = 200 g = 0.2 kg
u = 5 m/s

v = 17 m/s

Change in momentum = m(v − u)

= 0.2(17 − 5)

= 0.2 × 12

= 2.4 Ns

Answer: Change in momentum = 2.4 Ns

4.

Given:

m = 100 kg

u = 10 m/s

Extra momentum = 2000 Ns

Initial momentum = 100 × 10 = 1000 Ns

Final momentum = 1000 + 2000 = 3000 Ns

v = p / m = 3000 / 100

Answer: New velocity = 30 m/s

5.

Given:

p = 5 Ns

v = 200 m/s

m=p/v
m = 5 / 200

m = 0.025 kg

Answer: Mass = 0.025 kg

6.

Given:

m = 100 g = 0.1 kg

Time of contact = 0.08 s

Distance = 80 m

Total time = 1.6 s

v = distance / time

v = 80 / 1.6 = 50 m/s

Change in momentum = 0.1 × 50 = 5 Ns

Force = change in momentum / time

F = 5 / 0.08

Answer: Force = 62.5 N

7.

Given:

m = 1000 kg

u=0

v = 72 km/h = 20 m/s

t = 20 s
a = (v − u) / t = 20 / 20 = 1 m/s²

Force = ma = 1000 × 1

Distance = (u + v)/2 × t

= (0 + 20)/2 × 20

= 200 m

Answer:

Force = 1000 N

Distance = 200 m

8.

Given:

m = 50 g = 0.05 kg

Contact time = 0.1 s

Distance = 400 m

Time = 2 s

v = 400 / 2 = 200 m/s

Change in momentum = 0.05 × 200 = 10 Ns

Force = 10 / 0.1

Answer: Force = 100 N

9.

Given:
m = 800 kg

u = 54 km/h = 15 m/s

v=0

s = 15 m

v² = u² + 2as

0 = 225 + 30a

a = −7.5 m/s²

Force = ma = 800 × (−7.5)

Answer: Retarding force = 6000 N

10.

Given:

m = 100 g = 0.1 kg

u = 108 km/h = 30 m/s

v=0

s = 0.75 m

v² = u² + 2as

0 = 900 + 1.5a

a = −600 m/s²

Force = ma = 0.1 × 600

Answer: Retarding force = 60 N

11.
Given:

Force = 600 dyne = 0.006 N

m = 200 g = 0.2 kg

t = 12 s

a = F/m = 0.006 / 0.2 = 0.03 m/s²

v = at = 0.03 × 12 = 0.36 m/s

s = ½at² = ½ × 0.03 × 144 = 2.16 m

Answer:

Final velocity = 0.36 m/s

Distance = 2.16 m

12.

Given:

m = 30 g = 0.03 kg

Force = 187.5 N

Distance = 80 cm = 0.8 m

Work = Fs = 187.5 × 0.8 = 150 J

½mv² = 150

v² = 10000

v = 100 m/s

Answer: V = 100 m/s

13.

Given:

m = 1000 kg

Force = 500 N

Distance = 49 m

a = F/m = 0.5 m/s²

v² = 2as = 49

v = 7 m/s

t = v/a = 7 / 0.5

Answer:

Final velocity = 7 m/s

Time = 14 s

14.

Same mass, velocities = v and 5v

Inertia ratio = 1 : 1

Momentum ratio = v : 5v = 1 : 5

Answer:

Inertia = 1 : 1

Momentum = 1 : 5

15.
Masses = m and 5m

Velocities = 5 and v

Inertia ratio = m : 5m = 1 : 5

Momentum ratio = 5m : 5mv = 1 : v

Force to stop ∝ momentum

Answer:

Inertia = 1 : 5

Momentum = 1 : v

Force required = 1 : v
1 Mark Questions (MCQs)

1. d) newton

2. b) pressure

3. b) N/m²

4. Pressure

5. d) in all direction

6. b) decreases

7. a) pressure of water is very large at the bottom due to its large depth

8. c) 250 Pa

9. d) the shape of containing vessel

10. a) 10⁵ Pa

11. b) Area of surface

12. a) mass

13. b) Barometer

14. c) more

15. c) weight of air

16. a) force acting normally on a surface

2 Mark Questions

1. Thrust is the force acting perpendicularly on a surface. SI unit: newton (N).

2. Pressure is thrust per unit area. SI unit: pascal (Pa).

3. One Pascal is the pressure exerted when a force of 1 newton acts uniformly over 1
square metre.

4. Two laws of liquid pressure:

• Pressure increases with depth.

 • Pressure is the same at the same depth in all directions.

5. Hydrostatic paradox: Pressure in a liquid depends only on depth, not on the shape of
the container.

6. Dam walls are thicker at the bottom because pressure increases with depth,
requiring more strength at the base.

7. Pascal’s law: Pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted equally in all

directions.

8. Hydraulic press works on Pascal’s law to multiply force. Uses: lifting heavy vehicles,
compressing materials.

9. Atmospheric pressure ≈ 1.033 kgf/cm² or 1.013 × 10⁵ Pa.

10. Simple barometer measures atmospheric pressure. Liquid used: mercury.

11. Disadvantages of water in barometer:

• Very long tube needed.

• Water evaporates, affecting accuracy.

12. Advantages of mercury in barometer:

• High density allows a short tube.

• Low vapour pressure gives accurate readings.

3 Mark Questions

1. Fluid pressure arises from molecular collisions with walls. More collisions per area =
higher pressure.

2. Pressure in fluid: P = hρg, where h = depth, ρ = density, g = gravity.

3. Atmospheric pressure is the weight of air above. Experiment: Cover a water-filled

glass with a card and invert it; the card stays due to air pressure.

4. Barometric height is affected by:

• Tilting tube → height stays same, column length increases.

• Moisture in mercury → vapour pressure rises, height decreases.

• Dissolved metals → density increases, height decreases.

5. Barometric height decreases with altitude. Graph: Pressure (y-axis) vs. Height (x-axis)
shows a downward curve.

4 Mark Questions

1. Piston system:

I) Force on R = 2 kgf

II) Pressure on R = 2 kgf/m²

III) Pressure on Q = 10 Pa

IV) Law: Pascal’s law

2. Barometer:

I) Device: Barometer

II) Preferred liquid: Mercury

III) Height at sea level = 76 cm of Hg

IV) Alcohol can be used, but tube must be very long due to low density.

3. Figure analysis:

I) Pressure increases with depth.

II) Pressure is same at same depth.

III) Point Q has higher pressure due to greater depth.

4. Pascal:

I) Physical quantity: Pressure

II) 1 Pa = 1 N/m²

III) Measuring device: Barometer or manometer

3 Mark Numericals

1. Pressure = depth × density × gravity

Height = 0.75 m, density of water = 1000 kg/m³, g = 9.8 m/s²

Pressure = 0.75 × 1000 × 9.8 = 7350 Pa

 2. Height = 0.8 m, density of alcohol = 800 kg/m³, g = 9.8 m/s²

Pressure = 0.8 × 800 × 9.8 = 6272 Pa

3. Height = 0.75 m, density of mercury = 13600 kg/m³, g = 9.8 m/s²

Pressure = 0.75 × 13600 × 9.8 = 99960 Pa

4. Pressure = 17310.72 Pa, height = 0.96 m, g = 9.8 m/s²

Density = Pressure / (height × g) = 17310.72 / (0.96 × 9.8) = 1840 kg/m³

5. Pressure = 66640 Pa, height = 0.50 m, g = 9.8 N/kg

Density = 66640 / (0.50 × 9.8) = 13600 kg/m³

6. Pressure = 33200 Pa, density of water = 1000 kg/m³, g = 9.8 m/s²

Height = Pressure / (density × g) = 33200 / (1000 × 9.8) = 3.39 m

7. Pressure = 8968960 Pa, density of seawater = 1040 kg/m³, g = 9.8 m/s²

Depth = Pressure / (density × g) = 8968960 / (1040 × 9.8) = 880 m

8. Mercury height = 60 cm = 0.60 m, density of mercury = 13600 kg/m³, density of

water = 1000 kg/m³

Water height = (mercury height × mercury density) / water density = (0.60 × 13600) /
1000 = 8.16 m

9. Mercury height = 76 cm = 0.76 m, mercury density = 13600 kg/m³, air density =

1.29 kg/m³

Air height = (mercury height × mercury density) / air density = (0.76 × 13600) / 1.29 ≈
8000 m

Why less? Air is compressible, so density decreases with height.

 10. Height of seawater = 960 m, density of seawater = 1040 kg/m³, mercury density =
13600 kg/m³

Mercury height = (seawater height × seawater density) / mercury density = (960 × 1040) /
13600 ≈ 73.4 m

11. Pressure difference = 120000 – 30000 = 90000 Pa, density of water = 1000 kg/m³,
g = 10 m/s²

Height = Pressure difference / (density × g) = 90000 / (1000 × 10) = 9 m

12. Pressure difference = 150000 – 30000 = 120000 Pa, density of water = 1000
kg/m³, g = 10 m/s²

Height = 120000 / (1000 × 10) = 12 m

Ch-9
MCQ
2 markers

1. Sound energy:
Sound energy is a form of mechanical energy produced due to vibrations and
transmitted through a medium in the form of waves.

Three conditions necessary for hearing sound:

• A vibrating source
• A material medium (solid, liquid or gas)
• A receiver (ear)

2. Infrasonic vibrations:
Vibrations having frequency less than 20 Hz are called infrasonic vibrations.
3. Sonic vibrations:
Vibrations which can be heard by the human ear.
Range: 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.
4. Ultrasonic vibrations:
Vibrations having frequency more than 20,000 Hz.
5. How bats locate prey:
By echolocation. They emit ultrasonic waves and detect reflected echoes.
6. Four uses of ultrasonic vibrations:
• SONAR
• Detecting cracks in metals
• Medical scanning (ultrasound)
• Cleaning delicate parts
7. Wavelength:
Distance between two consecutive crests or troughs.

Amplitude:
Maximum displacement of a particle from its mean position.

8. Galton’s whistle:
An instrument that produces ultrasonic sound.
Used to test hearing range of animals.
9. Difference between sound and light waves:
• Sound needs medium; light does not.
• Sound is mechanical; light is electromagnetic.
• Sound speed is slow; light speed is very high.
10. How bat avoids obstacles:
By detecting reflected ultrasonic echoes.
11. Frequency = 1 / T
Given T = 0.00005 s
f = 1 / 0.00005 = 20,000 Hz
12. For tuning fork:
f = 480 Hz
v = 332 m/s

λ = v / f = 332 / 480
λ = 0.69 m
T = 1 / 480 = 0.00208 s

13.

Velocity same in same medium.

v = fλ

For A:
v = 256 × 1.25 = 320 m/s

For B:
λ=v/f
λ = 320 / 192
λ = 1.67 m

NUMERICALS

1. 200 waves in 1 second

Frequency = 200 Hz
Time period T = 1/f = 1/200 = 0.005 s
2. f = 0.25 MHz
= 0.25 × 10⁶ = 250000 Hz

T = 1/f
= 1/250000
= 4 × 10⁻⁶ s

3. T = 0.00005 s
f = 1/T = 20000 Hz
4. T = 4 × 10⁻⁸ s
f = 1 / (4 × 10⁻⁸)
= 2.5 × 10⁷ Hz
= 25 MHz
5. λ = 300 Å
1 Å = 10⁻¹⁰ m
λ = 300 × 10⁻¹⁰
= 3 × 10⁻⁸ m

v = 3 × 10⁸ m/s

f = v/λ
= (3 × 10⁸)/(3 × 10⁻⁸)
= 10¹⁶ Hz

T = 1/f
= 10⁻¹⁶ s
 6. λ = 2 cm = 0.02 m
v = 16 m/s

f = v/λ = 16 / 0.02 = 800 Hz

Waves in 1 sec = 800

Time for one wave

T = 1/800 = 0.00125 s

7. f = 8 Hz

(a) Water particles move up and down 8 times per second.

(b) λ = 32 mm = 0.032 m
v = fλ
= 8 × 0.032
= 0.256 m/s

8. Speed = 120 rpm

= 120/60 = 2 rotations/sec

Teeth = 160

Frequency = 2 × 160 = 320 Hz

Speed of sound
v = fλ
= 320 × 1.05
= 336 m/s

If speed doubled → frequency doubles.

9. λ = 1/3 m
f = 996 Hz

v = fλ
= 996 × (1/3)
= 332 m/s

New λ = v / 1328
= 332 / 1328
= 0.25 m

10. From earlier solved

λ of B = 1.67 m
11. Crest to trough = λ/2
λ/2 = 4.5
λ=9m
240 per minute
= 240/60 = 4 Hz

T = 1/4 = 0.25 s

v = fλ
=4×9
= 36 m/s

12. Distance between 3 crests = 2λ

2λ = 60 cm
λ = 30 cm = 0.3 m

180 per minute

= 180/60 = 3 Hz

T = 1/3 = 0.33 s

v = fλ
= 3 × 0.3
= 0.9 m/s

3 marker
Q1

Waves

A disturbance, produced in a region medium by to and fro moment of its particles about
their mean position is called wave.

Wave motion

The transference of energy, when particles of medium move about their mean position
is called wave motion.

Elastic waves

The wave produced in a material medium where there are elastic waves or material
waves.
Q2

To prove: Material is required for sound propagation.

Proof: Take ear and set all instruments as shown in the figure. Now start the electric
bell. You will hear a sound. Now setting the vacuum pump, when the air is taken out
slowly from jar, the sound will also go on decreasing. When the air will be removed from
the bell jar, no noise would come out. It means that sound requires a material medium
to propagate.

Based on the provided content, here is the text extracted exactly as it appears,
maintaining the original numbering, line breaks, and format

Q3

There are many factors that affect the speed of sound.

· Humidity

· Temperature

· Medium for sound propagation

· Pressure

· Direction of winds

It's effects are:

· Changes sound propagation in environment

· Changes causing sound radiation in atmosphere

Q4.

3 industrial uses:

· It is used for homogenizing the milk.

· It is used to join metals like tungsten which can't be welded conventionally.

· It is used for cleaning jewellery and medical instruments.

Q5.

Uses of ultrasonic sound, by animals:

· It is used to train dogs (Gallon whistle).

· It is used by dolphins and some other aquatic animals to communicate.

· It is also used by locusts, its prey and surrounding enemies flight.

Q6.

Particles of medium should be elastic to have this and no motion during displacement.

· The particles of medium should have inertia to have energy for movement.

· Particles of medium should be frictionless for smooth motion.

Q7. It requires a material to travel through

· It should have no net displacement of medium during passage propagation.

· Energy transference takes place at constant speed and depends upon nature of
material.

Q8.
Hence proved

4 marker

Q1.

1. It proves that the sound requires a material medium to propagate.

[Link] is used to suck the air out and create a vacuum in the jar.

3. The medium present in jar before vacuum plug was stretched away.

4. The speed of a wave produced depends upon the medium's temperature, pressure,
and other conditions.

For example:

· Speed of sound in air at 20°C is approximately 343 m/s.

· At 80°C the speed of the wave is 282 m/s.

Q2.

i) The transference of energy when particles of a medium move to and fro about their
mean position is called wave motion.

ii) Yes, because sunlight is an electromagnetic wave that can travel through a vacuum.
iii) The particles of the medium must be elastic; they should have a tendency to return
to their mean position after transmission.

iv) The wave motion can have variable speed as it depends on the medium through
which the wave travels.

Q3.

The process in which ultrasound is used for homogenizing milk involves aggregating the
milk so that the large fat particles break down into smaller particles.

Q4.

i) It is pointed out that the speed of sound in air increases by 0.6 m/s for every 1°C rise in
temperature.

ii) The speed of sound is unaffected by atmospheric pressure.

iii) With an increase in moisture in the air, the speed of sound increases.

iv) If the wind is blowing in direction of sound propagation then, the speed of sound
increases and vice versa.

Q5.

i) The maximum displacement done by oscillating particle on its mean

position.
ii) The number of complete vibrations completed by one particle in one second
is called frequency.
iii) It is defined as the distance between one crest and trough of a wave is called
wavelength.
iv) It is time taken by a wave to complete oscillation called time period.

Q6.

The process heating due to greenhouse effect which is rising the temperature of earth
surface is called global warming.

· It causes rise in sea level due to melting of polar caps.

· It causes change in blooming of season.

· It disrupts world’s ecology.

· It also affects climate that has immediate action on small organisms and plant.

Q7

(Refer Brief no 2)