CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction
This chapter aims to describe the techniques or methods used to carry out this study.
The methods for collecting data and analysing it are also described, along with a
detailed justification for the methods and research strategies used.
3.1 Research Philosophy
In the context of the study "An Analysis into Modular Construction of Purpose-Built
Flats: Is this a valid Solution to Social Housing within the Zimbabwean Construction
Industry," the research philosophy is crucial in guiding the approach to knowledge
development and data collection. According to Creswell (2013), philosophy guides
research through abstract theories and principles, establishing the foundation for all
subsequent concepts. This study adopts a pragmatic research philosophy, which aligns
well with the complex realities of social housing in Zimbabwe. Interpretivism is an
approach that emphasizes understanding the perspectives and experiences of
individuals within the social context of modular construction. By engaging with
stakeholders—such as construction professionals and prospective residents—the
research aims to gather qualitative insights that reflect the lived experiences and
viewpoints of those affected by the housing crisis. This aligns with Creswell's assertion
that research should focus on human experiences rather than solely on quantitative
metrics.
Positivism complements the interpretive elements, a positivist perspective allows the
study to incorporate observable data related to the effectiveness of modular
construction techniques. By employing quantitative methods, such as surveys to assess
stakeholder perceptions and the results of modular construction projects, this research
can produce generalizable findings that contribute to the broader understanding of
housing solutions in Zimbabwe.
Pragmatism is the dominant philosophy of this study, Pragmatism focuses on practical
outcomes and the relevance of research questions. This philosophy facilitates a
comprehensive investigation into the barriers and potential of modular construction in
addressing the housing crisis. It allows for the integration of both qualitative and
quantitative methods, thereby providing a holistic view of the challenges faced by the
Zimbabwean construction industry. Pragmatism is particularly suited for this research as
it seeks to explore real-world issues and develop actionable recommendations.
The combination of interpretivism and positivism within a pragmatic framework enables
the study to address the multifaceted challenges of social housing in Zimbabwe. The
interpretive lens allows for in-depth exploration of stakeholder experiences, while the
positivist approach provides empirical data to support findings. This integrative
methodology ensures that the research is not only theoretically grounded but also
practically relevant.
By focusing on the specific challenges of implementing modular construction, including
societal perceptions and regulatory barriers, the study aims to contribute valuable
insights that can inform policy and practice in the Zimbabwean construction sector.
Ultimately, this philosophical approach supports the goal of enhancing living conditions
for underserved populations and promoting sustainable urban development.
3.2 Research Approach
The incorporation of theory is a fundamental aspect of research (Saunders, Lewis &
Thornhill, 2016). According to Panas and Pantouvakis (2010), there are two main
reasoning approaches: deduction and induction. In the deductive method, researchers
formulate a theory and develop a set of hypotheses that are then tested and analyzed
using data from the research (Hightower, 2011). Conversely, the inductive approach
involves collecting data and formulating theories after analyzing the gathered evidence.
This method uses data from an appropriate sample population to develop theories or
useful concepts (Leedy & Ormond, 2013).
Theories are generated based on insights obtained from surveys or interviews.
Inductive methods allow researchers to identify and understand cause-and-effect
relationships between different variables and concepts. One criticism of the deductive
approach is that it can create a sense of finality regarding the chosen theory and
hypotheses (Panas & Pantouvakis, 2010). Deductive methods can become inflexible,
restricting the exploration of alternative explanations and complicating the
understanding of the issue at hand.
Another distinguishing factor between the two approaches is sample size. Inductive
methods are particularly suited for exploring ongoing events and are often employed in
specific contexts (Creswell, 2013). Therefore, using an inductive approach with a
smaller sample size is advantageous for gaining a deeper understanding of unique
perspectives on a topic. Researchers often utilize qualitative data analysis and various
primary data collection methods for this purpose. For this study, an inductive approach
will be adopted to gather data.
3.3 Research Design
In the context of "An Analysis into Modular Construction of Purpose-Built Flats: Is this a
Valid Solution to Social Housing within the Zimbabwean Construction Industry," the
research design plays a crucial role in shaping the study's objectives and
methodologies. According to Zohrabi (2013), research design defines the purpose of the
investigation and outlines the methods for data collection, analysis, and reporting.
This study will focus on evaluating the potential of modular construction as a viable
solution for social housing in Zimbabwe, utilizing both quantitative and qualitative
approaches. As noted by Naoum (2013), qualitative research is employed to
"subjectively" assess a respondent's "opinion," "view," or "perception" on relevant
issues. This aspect is essential for gathering diverse perspectives from various
stakeholders in the construction industry, particularly regarding the adoption of modular
techniques.
Conversely, Saunders, Lewis, and Thornhill (2016) emphasize that quantitative
research focuses on measuring specific characteristics and events through numerical
data. This approach utilizes figures, tables, pie charts, and percentages to present a
comprehensive analysis of findings.
In this study, both qualitative and quantitative methods will be integrated to examine
specific case studies related to modular construction. By combining these approaches,
the research aims to provide a well-rounded assessment of how modular construction
can effectively address the social housing crisis in Zimbabwe, ultimately supporting
sustainable urban development and improving living conditions for underserved
populations.
3.4 Research Type
In the context of "An Analysis into Modular Construction of Purpose-Built Flats: Is this a
Valid Solution to Social Housing within the Zimbabwean Construction Industry," the
research type is critical for effectively examining the potential of modular construction.
Analytical research involves a thorough investigation of existing information, facilitating
the evaluation of a particular phenomenon (Sseemant, 2010).
Naoum (2013) describes descriptive research as one of the most straightforward
analytical methods, aimed at providing insights into the characteristics of the population
or phenomenon under study. This research will incorporate qualitative data aligned with
the analytical research type, while also gathering quantitative data to enhance the
descriptive aspect.
By evaluating existing literature on efficiency and project performance, the study will
deepen the understanding of modular construction's role in addressing the housing
crisis in Zimbabwe. This combined approach will enable a comprehensive analysis of
how modular construction techniques can effectively contribute to social housing
solutions, ultimately fostering sustainable urban development and improving living
conditions for underserved populations.
3.5 Research strategy.
The research strategy outlines how the study will be executed. A variety of methods,
such as experimental research, action research, case study research, surveys, or
thorough literature analysis, can be used in the plan (Saunders et al, 2016). On1. What
is the current state of social housing in Zimbabwe, and what are the key challenges
faced?
2. What are the challenges of modular construction in the context of social housing?
3. What strategies can be implemented to promote the adoption of modular construction
in Zimbabwe's housing sector?
The Case of Hong Kong, Chan et al (2019)'s study adopted a quantitative research
design using a structured empirical questionnaire survey and conducted a comparison
of the respondent's perceptions of the different groupings. A survey was also used by
Chelson (2010) to conduct a study to Ascertain AEC Firms’ Current An Analysis into
Modular Construction of purpose-built Flats: Is this a valid Solution to Social Housing
within the Construction Industry. The
approaches were attempted to ascertain the amount of change in strategies that can be
implemented to promote the adoption of modular construction. They conducted their
research using a questionnaire survey. A
survey therefore will be conducted using standardized questionnaires.
3.6 Time horizon.
Time horizons refer to whether a study captures a single moment in time or represents
a series of events over a specified period (Saunders, Lewis, & Thornhill, 2016). These
authors distinguish between two types of time horizons: cross-sectional and
longitudinal. A cross-sectional time horizon is appropriate when addressing a problem
that requires data collection at a specific point in time. This research aims to assess the
aim of this research is to analysis modular construction as a method for addressing the
social housing crisis in Zimbabwe, thereby contributing to sustainable urban
development and improving living conditions for underserved populations, and to
develop strategies and solutions for future actions. Therefore, a cross-sectional study
will be conducted. This choice of time horizon is further justified by the use of a
questionnaire survey, as the nature of the data being collected—immediate variable
insights—focuses on current conditions rather than changes over time.
3.7 Study area
This study will focus on construction companies located in Harare and Bulawayo for two
primary reasons. Firstly, these two major cities account for 80% of the construction firms
registered with the Institute of Architects of Zimbabwe (2022), the Zimbabwe Institute of
Quantity Surveyors (2021), and the Zimbabwe Association of Consulting Engineers
(2022). Secondly, due to time and financial limitations, it is impractical to gather data
from the entire population (Saunders et al., 2016). Additionally, concentrating on these
cities enhances the reliability of the findings, as 90% of the largest construction firms
are situated in Harare and Bulawayo (Construction Industry Federation of Zimbabwe,
2021). Thus, samples collected from these areas will serve as a dependable
representation of the overall population.
3.8 Target population
According to Allen (2017), the target population refers to a specific group of individuals
who are the focus of the study and from whom data and information can be collected.
This research will center on various professionals within the construction industry,
specifically registered architects with the Institute of Architects of Zimbabwe (IAZ), civil
and structural engineers registered with the Zimbabwe Association of Consulting
Engineers (ZACE), professional quantity surveyors certified by the Zimbabwe Institute
of Quantity Surveyors (ZIQS), and contractors along with their professionals registered
with the Construction Industry Federation of Zimbabwe (CIFOZ) in categories A to C.
These individuals are likely to have the capacity to undertake projects utilizing Modular
Construction for purpose-built flats. Jadwiga and Jaroslaw (2017) identified
stakeholders who provide the most impactful information, which will guide the selection
of stakeholders for this study.
3.9 Sampling frame
A sample frame is a compilation of sources from which a sample is selected. In this
study, the sampling frame will consist of consultants and contractors. The targeted
consultants will include architects, quantity surveyors, and engineers, as research by
Jadwiga and Jaroslaw (2017) indicates that these professionals significantly influence
information management and the successful completion of building projects. In
Zimbabwe, consultants are legally recognized as qualified professionals authorized to
carry out specialized tasks. Meanwhile, the contractors and the professionals working
for these construction firms are responsible for converting knowledge into tangible
structures.
3.10 Sample size
Nundy (2022) describes sample size as the quantity of objects selected from a larger
population to represent a group of items believed to share similar characteristics. The
population size for this study was determined based on the lists from IAZ 2022, ZIQS
2021, ZACE 2022, and CIFOZ 2021. According to Chambers and Crawshaw (2006), the
minimum sample size should be at least 30%. Consequently, a specific number of
participants were selected from the target population of contractors and consultants to
establish the sample size. The breakdown of the total number of the targeted population
and the selected sample size is illustrated in...
Table 3.1 below:
3.11Sampling technique
A sampling technique, as defined by Taherdoost (2016), is the approach a researcher
uses to select units for the study sample. This dissertation necessitated the use of non-
probability sampling techniques. According to Babbie and Mouton (2015), non-
probability sampling is appropriate when addressing a specific phenomenon (such as
people, places, or objects) or when aiming to answer questions of "how" and "why." The
researcher will employ purposive sampling techniques.
3.11.1 Purposive Sampling
Purposive sampling is a theoretical approach for collecting information from a sample of
the population believed to be most knowledgeable about the topic (Rahman &
Okunbanjo, 2015). This technique will be used to gather data through questionnaires.
Often referred to as judgmental sampling, purposive sampling is based on the
characteristics of the population and the objectives of the study, as noted by Crosson
(2019). The researcher specifically targeted respondents deemed to have sufficient
knowledge about "An Analysis into Modular Construction of Purpose-Built Flats: Is This
a Valid Solution to Social Housing within the Zimbabwean Construction Industry." As
previously mentioned, the focus of this study is primarily on construction professionals
and contractors, as the researcher believed they would possess relevant insights to
contribute.
3.12 Data collection techniques
This is the process of obtaining information through different technical and empirical
methods to obtain representative samples of systems (Mcleod, 2014). The researcher
uses both primary and secondary data for this study.
3.12.1 Primary data sources.
Primary data sources consist of individuals who have firsthand knowledge of the
phenomenon being studied or who directly witness the subject referenced in the data
(Allen, 2017). This type of data is specific, current, specialized, and gathered specifically
for the research in question. Since secondary data may not address all inquiries,
primary data plays a crucial role in supplying comprehensive information. Data will be
collected through questionnaires distributed to all respondents.
[Link] Questionnaires.
The objective of this research is to evaluate modular construction as a viable solution to
the social housing crisis in Zimbabwe, thereby contributing to sustainable urban
development and improving living conditions for underserved communities. Section C
will feature both open-ended and closed-ended questions focused on strategies to
encourage the adoption of modular construction within Zimbabwe's housing sector.
These questions will be analyzed quantitatively to extract insights from key stakeholders
involved in policy-making and regulation of the construction industry.
Questionnaires will be distributed in person to respondents, with some also sent via
email. They will include a mix of open-ended and closed-ended questions in a
standardized format to minimize bias. Open-ended questions will allow for detailed
responses, while closed-ended questions will present specific options for respondents
to choose from. Participants are encouraged to provide honest and sincere answers
while maintaining their anonymity, enabling the researcher to keep a permanent record
for future use.
The purpose of the questionnaires is to reduce bias, as respondents will not be swayed
by the researcher's opinions. Additionally, the format is less intrusive, avoiding any
verbal cues that might influence responses. Participants will complete the survey at their
convenience, ensuring it does not interfere with their daily activities. The clarity of the
questions is designed to facilitate truthful and accurate responses (Chigara & Moyo,
2014).
Section A will collect demographic information such as age, gender, designation,
educational background, and experience, recognizing that respondents will have
varying levels of experiences and qualifications. Section B will consist of closed-ended
questions utilizing a 5-point Likert scale, including an “unsure” option.
3.12.2 Secondary data sources
These are existing facts collected for purposes other than the current study but are
relevant to the research topic. According to Mesly (2015), secondary data refers to
information gathered for objectives outside of the present research. This study will
incorporate both quantitative and qualitative secondary data. A literature review and
analysis of available published documentation will enhance the accuracy and validity of
data collection, analysis, and recommendations. The secondary data sources utilized in
this research will include textbooks, peer-reviewed journals, magazines, and
newspapers.
3.13 Data Presentation and Analysis
Data analysis, as defined by Fink (2013), involves the systematic use of logical and
statistical methods to describe, display, summarize, and evaluate data. The researcher
will first check the surveys for physical completeness. Then, the data will be organized,
with irrelevant information removed, allowing the key insights to emerge clearly from the
field data. The findings will be presented using Excel, charts, tables, and graphs. For
analysis, Relative Importance Indices, Pearson Correlation Tests, and Content Analysis
will be employed. Additionally, the data gathered from the research survey will be
compared with information from the literature review to draw relevant conclusions about
the study.
3.14 Data Analysis Techniques
3.14.1. Content Analysis
Content analysis is a qualitative research technique employed to systematically
examine communication content. It enables researchers to uncover patterns, themes, or
biases in textual, visual, or audio data.
This method assists in recognizing recurring themes or trends within qualitative data,
offering insights into public perceptions and attitudes regarding modular construction in
Zimbabwean social housing (Krippendorff, 2018).
Content analysis provides a structured framework for assessing qualitative data,
ensuring the analysis is both replicable and reliable (Neuendorf, 2017). It serves as a
tool for identifying specific words, themes, or concepts within qualitative texts.
Researchers can quantify and analyze the presence, meanings, and relationships of
these concepts (Drisko & Maschi, 2016). The researcher will utilize this method to
analyze qualitative data gathered through primary data collection instruments. Analyzing
qualitative data involves deconstructing its ideas and structure to enhance
understanding, facilitate critical thinking, and draw informed conclusions.
3.14.2. Mean Score
The mean score is a statistical measure that summarizes the average of a set of values.
It is commonly used in surveys and questionnaires to quantify responses. The mean
score enables the quantification of respondents' perceptions regarding modular
construction, allowing for a clearer understanding of prevailing attitudes (Field, 2018). It
provides a simple benchmark for comparing different groups or responses, facilitating
the identification of significant differences in perceptions across demographics
(McDonald, 2014).
3.14.3. Pearson's Correlation
Pearson's correlation coefficient measures the strength and direction of the linear
relationship between two continuous variables. This method is useful for examining the
relationships between variables, such as the correlation between awareness of modular
construction techniques and willingness to adopt them (Cohen et al., 2013). It helps in
determining the statistical significance of observed relationships, providing a basis for
making informed decisions about the effectiveness of modular construction as a solution
for social housing (Field, 2018).
This statistical test assesses whether a relationship exists between two continuous
variables. Based on the method of covariance, it is considered the most effective
approach for analyzing the relationship between the variables of interest. It reveals both
the strength and direction of the correlation, with a coefficient ranging from -1 to 1
(Pearson & Spearman, 2020). This study will apply the formula to examine the
correlation between the use of Modular Construction of purpose-built Flats and valid
Solution to Social Housing within the Zimbabwean Construction Industry.
Formula
Source: Crawshal (2006:P 141)
.
3.15 Data Validity and Reliability.
3.15.1 Validity.
As noted by Mohajan (2017), a research instrument is considered valid when it
effectively measures the intended outcomes. Babbie and Mouton (2015) discussed the
degree to which an empirical measure accurately represents the true meaning of the
subject being studied.
[Link] The validity of quantitative data
According to Creswell (2013), researchers must determine what is important to
investigate in relation to the study's objectives and interests. Saunders, Lewis, and
Thornhill (2016) define the internal validity of questionnaires as their ability to accurately
measure the relevant variables. They highlight the importance of content validity for
questionnaire surveys. Conducting a pilot test on the questionnaire can help ensure that
the key research questions are effectively addressed (Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill,
2016). Additionally, demographic factors such as designation, educational background,
and experience will be considered when selecting appropriate respondents who
possess the necessary information to address the research issues comprehensively.
Using a statistically adequate sample size will also enhance external validity, allowing
the primary data to be generalized to a broader population (Mohajan, 2017). To achieve
a response rate of over 30%, this survey engaged a total of 191 participants, facilitating
robust statistical analysis and generalization of the findings. Reporting on negative
analyses will also be crucial for establishing validity, as it will ensure a realistic
assessment of the issues from multiple perspectives (Creswell, 2013).
[Link] The validity of qualitative data
The relationship between existing data and theory with the findings will be considered to
ensure the validity of the data (Singh, 2014). Saunders, Lewis, and Thornhill (2016)
state that the alignment of codes with theoretical frameworks enhances the validity of
research outcomes. Consequently, the study will incorporate empirical validity. This will
involve examining the literature on modular construction as a solution to the social
housing crisis in Zimbabwe, contributing to sustainable urban development and
improving living conditions for underserved populations. Additionally, it will address
construction productivity performance, sustainability literacy, understanding of corporate
social responsibility, and the need for systematic codification and analysis.
3.15.2 Reliability
Babbie and Mouton (2015) describe reliability as the assurance that the same results
will be achieved when the same method is applied repeatedly to the same subject.
Thus, reliability is established when research tools yield consistent results during
repeated data collection while keeping all other variables constant. In this study, data
reliability will be ensured by minimizing subject error, ensuring that the questionnaires
are completed by experienced personnel. The researcher will employ the following
methods to assess the reliability of the study instruments:
[Link] Test-retest
In the test-retest procedure, the reliability coefficient is calculated by administering the
same sample twice (Boetgger & Palmer, 2010). This method evaluates external
consistency, as noted by Mohajan (2017), who referenced the work of Allen and Yen
(1979). This will involve providing the same instrument to the same group of
respondents on two separate occasions. A higher correlation coefficient should reflect
greater reliability (Mohajan, 2017). The level of agreement between the two sets of
responses will serve as an indicator of the instrument's reliability.
[Link] Parallel-forms Reliability
According to Mohajan (2017), reliability can be measured by providing the same group
of respondents with two different instruments. When the results are closely related, it
indicates that the data is reliable, accurate, and less biased (Boetgger & Palmer, 2010).
The researcher will accomplish this by administering questionnaires and conducting in-
depth interviews with some of the respondents.
3.16 Research Ethics
According to Saunders, Lewis, and Thornhill (2016), maintaining research ethics
involves conducting research responsibly and ethically, alongside employing the most
suitable methodology. Ethical considerations should be addressed throughout the entire
research process as they arise (Creswell, 2013). General ethical guidelines for this
study include minimizing harm to participants, obtaining informed consent, protecting
participants' privacy, and avoiding misrepresentation. Data will be securely stored to
ensure respondent anonymity and confidentiality. Participation will be completely
voluntary. Key ethical values to uphold include obtaining permission from relevant
authorities before distributing questionnaires or conducting interviews, prioritizing
respondent privacy, scheduling appointments when feasible, and allowing participants
to withdraw from the study if they feel uncomfortable.
3.17 Chapter Summary.
This chapter offered a summary of the research design, data analysis strategy, and data
collection process. It demonstrated the suitability, validity, and appropriateness of the
study tools and data sources. The collected data and information will be presented and
analyzed in the subsequent chapter.