Module Five, Topic One

Communicating with Other Roadway Users

 Communicating with Other Roadway Users
SOL DE. 8 The student will demonstrate the ability to communicate
presence and intentions to other highway transportation users.

Key concepts/skills include:

a) vehicle position and driver actions;
b) vehicle communication devices; and
c) hand signals for slow/stop, right turn and left turn.
 Communicating with Other Roadway Users

• You will learn …

A. To communicate intentions when travelling on the
highway transportation system
 Communicating with Other Roadway Users

It is necessary to determine the

appropriate communication to warn
and engage other drivers. This
should be done prior to:
• position changes;
• speed adjustments; or
• braking.

Driving is a cooperative, not competitive event.

Communicating with Other Roadway Users

Risk is reduced when drivers communicate properly.

Headlights Brake & Tail Lights Turn Signals

Communicating with Other Roadway Users
Additional Ways to Communicate

Hazard Flashers Back-up Lights Horn

Communicating with Other Roadway Users
Examples of communication
• Friendly hand gestures;
• Hand signals;
• Eye contact; and
• Car positioning.
Communicating with Other Roadway Users
Lane Positioning

3
 Communicating with Other Roadway Users
Communicating Lane Changes
Signal
• Activate your directional signal. This alerts drivers around you that you will be
moving over to another lane.
• Change lanes one lane at a time. Scan the road and signal every lane change,
whether or not other vehicles are present.
3
• Check around your vehicle one more time before you start moving into the
next lane.
• Smoothly and quickly move to the desired lane. Try to maintain constant speed
and then cancel your turn signal once the lane change is complete.
Communicating with Other Roadway Users
Closing Space Ahead

Tap brakes to communicate to drivers behind you.

Open the space ahead by slowing down or changing lanes.
 Communicating with Other Roadway Users
Situational Awareness
Get into the habit of reading other drivers.

Is this driver distracted? Which way will this vehicle move?

Act instead of react.
Module Five, Topic Two
Right of Way
 Right of Way
SOL DE. 6 The student will demonstrate appropriate adjustments
when approaching controlled and uncontrolled intersections,
curves, work zones, railroad crossings, and hills with line-of-sight or
path-of-travel limitations.

Key concepts/skills include:

a) right-of-way rules;
b) roadway signs, signals and markings;
c) slope/grade of terrain; and
d) vehicle position and speed control.
 Right of Way

• You will learn …

A. To analyze and identify various intersections
B. The Right-of-Way rules and concepts
 Right of Way
When the paths of vehicles cross, there must be a set of rules to determine order.

• Right-of-way is not a right or privilege; it must be

given.
• Right-of-way is determined by a set of rules.
• Drivers must understand right-of-way rules
governing:
ointersections;
omerges; and
ospecial conditions.
 Right of Way
Controlled Intersections

Flow of traffic is regulated by signs or traffic signals.

 Right of Way
Uncontrolled Intersections

An uncontrolled intersection has no signs or signals to regulate the flow of

traffic.
 Right of Way
Uncontrolled Intersections

Same Time Rule

First Car Rule
When two or more vehicles approach an
Vehicles approaching an intersection intersection at the same time, the driver of the
must yield to vehicles already in the vehicle on the left shall yield to the vehicle on the
intersection. right.

In the illustrations above, the green car must yield the right-of-way.
 Right of Way
Left Turns

Vehicles turning left must A flashing yellow light

A green arrow indicates
yield to oncoming traffic indicates the driver may
oncoming traffic must yield.
unless there is a green arrow. make a left turn if there
Never assume right of way.
is no oncoming traffic.
19
 Right of Way
Right Turns

Stop Sign Right Turn on Red Green Arrow

Right turn on red A driver may
A right turn is
AFTER STOP is make a right turn
permitted
permitted unless if there is a green
AFTER STOP if
there is a sign arrow. ALWAYS
the way is
prohibiting it. CHECK TRAFFIC!
clear.
 Right of Way
Special Situations

Four-Way Stop/Malfunctioning Traffic Light

When approaching a four-way stop
intersection or an intersection with
a malfunctioning traffic light,
treat it as an uncontrolled
intersection;
• First vehicle to arrive goes first;
• If vehicles arrive at the same
time, the vehicle on the left must
yield.
 Right of Way
Special Situations

T Intersections Traffic Circles

At a T intersection, the vehicle Vehicles entering the traffic
on the side street must stop and
yield right of way. circle shall yield to vehicles
already in the intersection.
 Right of Way
Review

Who should yield?

• Controlled intersections?
• Uncontrolled intersections?
• T intersections?
• When turning left?
• Malfunctioning traffic lights?
• Four-way stops?
Test Your Knowledge

If both of these vehicles arrive at

this uncontrolled intersection at
the same time, who must yield?

a. Car A
b. Car B
 Test Your Knowledge

a. Car A

Correct!

At an uncontrolled intersection or four-way stop, if two vehicles approach at the

same time, the vehicle on the left must yield.
Module Five, Topic Three
Intersections
 Intersections
SOL DE. 6 The student will demonstrate appropriate adjustments
when approaching controlled and uncontrolled intersections,
curves, work zones, railroad crossings, and hills with line-of-sight or
path-of-travel limitations.

Key concepts/skills include:

a) right-of-way rules;
b) roadways signs, signals, and markings;
c) slope/grade of terrain; and
d) vehicle position and speed control.
 Intersections

• You will learn …

A. How to identify the various types of
intersections
B. How to safely navigate intersections
C. The risks associated with driving through
intersections
 Intersections

Why do one out of three fatal crashes occur

at intersections?
• Drivers fail to search and identify a safe path
of travel when approaching the intersection.
• Drivers don’t identify or understand the
risks.
• Drivers fail to develop good driving habits to
effectively manage risks.
 Intersections
Applying SEEiT at Intersections

Search – look at your surroundings carefully

Evaluate – decide what action to take
Execute – make the appropriate move
in
Time
 Intersections
Applying SEEiT at Intersections: SEARCH
During your search, you must identify
potential risks, such as:
• traffic controls (e.g., stop sign,
yield sign, traffic lights);
• absence of traffic controls;
• cross traffic.
 Intersections
Approaching an Intersection: SEARCH
• When possible, begin searching 20 to 30
seconds ahead while approaching the
intersection.
• Using an orderly visual search pattern, you
must:
• determine if the intersection is controlled or
uncontrolled;
• identify open, closed, and changing zones;
• identify the best lane and lane position.
 Intersections
Search for Signs, Signals, and Pavement Markings
 Intersections
Warning Signs

Crossroad – four-way intersection

T Intersection – one road ends where the other road

crosses

Y Intersection – driver must bear either right or left ahead

 Intersections
Warning Signs

Roundabout – a circular intersection in which entering

traffic must yield right of way.

Railroad crossing – the road intersects with a railroad

crossing
 Intersections
Searching the Intersection

Check mirrors.
Search all corners and make sure It is imperative that the driver
you are in the proper lane. If line knows what is happening
of sight is restricted, change behind the vehicle as well as
position and reduce speed. along the front and sides.
 Intersections
Applying SEEiT at Intersections: EVALUATE
Determine the safest, most efficient lane.
Select the best lane at least a block ahead.
• Center lane(s) – safest when traveling
straight through.
• Right lane is used when turning right -
cross traffic, turning right on red will
enter this lane.
• Left lane is used to turn left - yield to
oncoming traffic.
 Intersections
Applying SEEiT at Intersections: EVALUATE
When approaching intersections, determine traffic controls and right-of-way.

Controlled intersection Uncontrolled

• traffic lights Four-way
intersection
• stop/yield signs stop
• protected turn lanes
 Intersections
Applying SEEiT at Intersections: EVALUATE

When approaching intersections, determine open, closed, and changing zones.

Are the above situations open, closed, or changing?

 Intersections
Evaluate the Actions of Vehicles and Pedestrians Crossing Your Path of Travel

• Is the other driver looking to the left or right?

• Is the vehicle positioned on the left side of the lane?
• Are the other vehicle’s front wheels turned left or right?
• Are there pedestrians standing on the curb?
 Intersections
Applying SEEiT at Intersections: EXECUTE
Stopping at Intersections

Begin braking early to alert the driver

The driver may have to stop if there is a behind you. Tap your brake pedal a few
yellow or red light, a stop sign, or a yield times as a warning that you are slowing or
sign. stopping.
 Intersections
Applying SEEiT at Intersections: EXECUTE

You have searched, evaluated, and determined the best course of action. Now you must
execute your decision in time:

• Position vehicle in proper lane.

• Obey traffic controls and prepare to yield, if necessary.
• Search and monitor space as you cautiously proceed through the intersection.
• Adjust speed.
 Intersections
Where to Stop at Intersections

Crosswalk Stop Line Sidewalk

 Intersections
Staggered Stops
Staggered stops are designed to keep traffic staggered to allow for larger
vehicles to complete turns.
 Intersections
Double Stops

A driver must stop at a stop sign or stop line even if the view is
blocked. Then the driver may pull ahead slightly to see the
intersecting traffic flow.
 Intersections
Entering Intersections
• Look to front, to the left, and to the right.
• Check traffic and count to three before moving.
• Continue through the intersection:
o if the traffic light is green and the intersection is
clear; or
o the intersection is clear after stopping or yielding
the right of way (stop or yield sign).
• Do not block intersection.
Module Five, Topic 4
Navigating Turns
 Navigating Turns
SOL DE 6 The student will demonstrate appropriate adjustments
when approaching controlled and uncontrolled intersections,
curves, work zones, railroad crossings, and hills with line-of-sight or
path-of-travel limitations.

Key concepts/skills include:

a) roadway signs, signals, and markings; and
b) vehicle position and speed control.

SOL DE 8 The student will demonstrate the ability to communicate

presence and intentions to other highway transportation users.
 Navigating Turns

• You will learn …

A. How to safely navigate left and right turns
B. Traffic signs and signals that direct traffic
C. The safety benefits of using a roundabout
 Navigating Turns

1 3
2

Check oncoming and Check mirrors. Signal and move into

cross traffic, other proper lane, tap
highway users, and brake pedal.
condition of roadway.
 Navigating Turns
Turning at Intersections
4 6
5

Adjust speed Recheck traffic, identify safe gap Steer into proper
lane
7 8

Adjust speed Check mirrors

 Navigating Turns
Right Turns

• Check traffic and pedestrians.

• Exit and enter correct lane.
• Stop and yield when turning right
on red.
 Navigating Turns
Right Turns: Lane Selection

A right turn should begin in lane ___ and end in lane ____.
 Navigating Turns
Right Turns
Turn lanes improve the flow of traffic.

How does this lane improve the flow of traffic? Where

should drivers who are turning right check?
 Navigating Turns
Risky Driver Behaviors When Turning Right
• Failure to signal
• Failure to search intersections
• Failure to follow right-of-way rules
• Failure to stop on red before
turning right
• Turning too wide and crossing into
the adjacent lane

55
 Navigating Turns
Left Turns

Making a left turn is dangerous.

When making a left turn, you must yield to oncoming traffic
unless there is a lead green arrow.
 Navigating Turns
Left Turns: Lane Selection

You are driving the black SUV.

What lane must you be in to turn left?
 Navigating Turns
Left Turns: Path of Travel

• Start in the correct lane.

• Search the travel path and
oncoming traffic.
• Wait for a safe gap in traffic.
• Turn into the appropriate lane.
 Navigating Turns
Left Turns: Searching for Clues

Intersection Search
• Determine if you have an open,
safe path of travel through the
intersection.
• Be prepared to stop or yield.
 Navigating Turns
Left Turns: Lane Selection

A left turn should begin in lane ___ and end in lane ___.
 Navigating Turns
Unprotected Left Turn

Describe an unprotected left turn.

Remember that vehicles turning left must yield to oncoming traffic.
 Navigating Turns
Protected Left Turn

Describe a protected left turn.

• Vehicles turning left have a green arrow.
• All other traffic has a red light.
 What are Flashing Yellow Arrow (FYA) Signals?
• These are traffic signals that have a flashing yellow arrow display in addition to the
steady red, yellow, and green displays.
• Some existing traffic signals are being replaced with FYA signals.

Two Examples of FYA Replacement

 Benefits of Flashing Yellow Arrow (FYA) Signals

• These signals help communicate to

drivers that they are only allowed to turn
once the conflicting traffic is clear.
• Some drivers falsely interpretate a green
ball (no arrow) as indicating right-of-way.
• FYA helps decrease driver confusion about
who has the right-of-way.
• These signals can decrease left-turning
crashes by 20-40%.
 Behavior at Flashing Yellow Arrow (FYA) Signals
When drivers approach a traffic signal displaying a
flashing yellow arrow, they must wait for opposing
vehicles, pedestrians, and/or bicycles to pass before
turning. If there is no opposing traffic, drivers may
proceed with their turn if it safe to do so.

• Red arrow — drivers must stop.

• Solid yellow arrow — drivers should prepare to
stop.
• Green arrow — drivers may proceed.
Flashing Yellow Arrow (FYA) Signal Video

[Link]
com/watch?v=80nuE
NJCeA8
 Navigating Turns
Risky Left Turn Behaviors
• Running red lights
• Failing to signal
• Entering intersection on stale green
• Blocking the intersection
• Failing to stop before the stop line
• Failing to follow right-of-way rules
• Failing to stay within the turning lane
• Failing to judge sufficient gap in
oncoming traffic
 Navigating Turns
Multi-lane Intersections

Multi-lane intersections
• are more dangerous;
• pose an increased risk for drivers;
• increase gap requirements; and
• require drivers to watch out for
vehicles that cut across lanes.
 Navigating Turns
Roundabouts

A roundabout is a circular intersection where

vehicle paths do not cross.
• It is controlled by yield signs.
• Entries and exits are at multiple locations.
• Drivers should reduce speed and yield
when approaching the roundabout. This
improves traffic flow and reduces delays.
 Navigating Turns
Advantages of Roundabouts

• Fewer points of conflict

• Reduction of 90% in fatal crashes
• Reduction of 75% in injury crashes
• Fewer delays as traffic keeps moving
• Less pollution and fuel use
 Roundabout

A circular, unsignalized
intersection with one or more
lanes where vehicles move in the
counter-clockwise direction. Single-lane Mini
Vehicles entering the roundabout
yield to vehicles already circulating
within the roundabout.

Double Multi-lane
 Benefits of a Roundabout
• Roundabouts have fewer opportunities for
vehicle collisions than a conventional
intersection and when collisions do occur,
they are typically a lower severity
• Less chance of head-on or t-bone collisions
• Side-swipes or other crashes of vehicles in the
same direction are usually of a lower severity
• Roundabouts minimize vehicle stops
• Roundabouts slow down vehicles
• Roundabouts save on maintenance costs
• Roundabouts may require more space and
may incur higher costs for purchase of land
Roundabout Signs and Pavement Markings

Lane Choice/Selection
Yield on Entry

Roundabout Ahead
 When to Yield and Not to Yield
• Always yield to circulating
traffic that conflicts with you
• Do not yield to all traffic
within the roundabout
Example (at right) 1
• Vehicle #1 properly yields to
Vehicle #2. If it enters now, it 2
will cause an accident
• Vehicle #3 enters properly
as there is no one to yield to
• Vehicle #4 is wrongly 5 4
yielding despite being able
to safely enter the 3
roundabout
• Vehicle #5 is frustrated
Developed by City of Frisco, Texas
How to Drive Through a Roundabout
 Test Your Knowledge
To get to A, a driver
should begin in Lane

B
C __.
To get to B, a driver
should begin in Lane
__.
A
To get to C, a driver
should begin in Lane
__.
1 2
 Bicycling Through a Roundabout

• Unless there is a Crosswa

separate bike path, lk
the bicyclist can
follow the same
path as vehicles
• If uncomfortable,
bicyclists can walk
their bikes through
pedestrian
facilities Bike
Lanes
 Walking Through a Roundabout
• Pedestrians should use designated
crosswalks to cross the street (usually
located at each leg)
• Pedestrians should stay on the sidewalks
• Pedestrians should not walk on the center
island as it is designed for truck traffic
• Vehicles should stop for pedestrians at
crosswalks
• Pedestrians should make eye contact with
the driver to verify they are stopping
 Navigating Turns
Innovative Intersections and Interchanges

Many new intersection/interchange designs are found in various parts of Virginia.

 Diverging Diamond Interchange (DDI)

An interchange with two

signalized crossing points to
temporarily put drivers on the
opposite side of the road to
allow them to enter/exit the
crossing highway without
making a left turn across
opposing traffic.
 Benefits of a Diverging Diamond Interchange

• Decrease in the frequency

and severity of crashes
• Fewer opportunities for
vehicle collisions than
traditional interchanges
• Fewer fatal/injury crashes
• Efficient design
• Lower construction cost
• Consume less land
• Better traffic flow
How to Drive Through a Diverging Diamond Interchange
 Test Your Knowledge
To go from START to A, a driver
C

1 Signal #2
should turn right at Number ___.
3 A
2
5 To go from START to B, a driver
4
B 7
should proceed through Signal #1 to
Number ___, and then turn left at
6 Number ___.

Signal #1 ST
AR To go from START to C, a driver
T
should proceed through Signal #1 to
Number ___, and then proceed
through Signal #2 to Number ___.
Common Signs in a Diverging Diamond Interchange

No Left Turn/No Right Merge (Left and

Turn Right)

Straight DDI Guide Pedestrian

Signs
Bicycling Through a Diverging Diamond Interchange

• Bicyclists can
follow the same
path as vehicles.
• If uncomfortable,
bicyclists can
walk their bikes
through
pedestrian
facilities.

Developed by VDOT
Walking Through a Diverging Diamond Interchange

• Use designated crosswalks

to cross the street
• Use pedestrian signals if they
exist
• The highway ramps may or
may not be signalized – be
aware of oncoming vehicle
traffic
• Stay on sidewalks
Module Five, Topic Five
Negotiating Curves
 Negotiating Curves
SOL DE. 6 The student will demonstrate appropriate adjustments
when approaching controlled and uncontrolled intersections,
curves, work zones, railroad crossings, and hills with line-of-sight or
path-of-travel limitations.

Key concepts/skills include:

b) roadways signs, signals, and markings;
c) slope/grade of terrain; and
d) vehicle position and speed control.
 Negotiating Curves

• You will learn …

A. How to interpret signs related to curves
B. How to safely navigate curves
C. The risks associated with driving in curves
and on curved roadways
 Negotiating Curves

Winding road How will you compensate for the line-of-

sight and path-of-travel restrictions (e.g.,
trees, hills) on this curvy road?
 Negotiating Curves

Sharp Curve Winding Road

Curve to right Road curves right,

followed by curve to vehicle’s weight
left shifts left
 Negotiating Curves
Basic Parts of a Curve
Exit

Apex

Entrance
 Negotiating Curves
Forces at Work in Curves: Traction
Traction refers to the friction It is reduced by
between tires and the road • speed
surface. • centrifugal force
• road conditions
It keeps vehicles on the road • worn tires
and allows the vehicle to • vehicle weight shifts.
respond to acceleration,
braking and steering. When traction is lost, the vehicle
does not respond to driver input.
 Negotiating Curves
Forces at Work in Curves: Inertia
Factors influencing inertia
• Sharpness of the turn or curve
• Speed
• Size, height, weight, and load of vehicle
• Roadway slope
• Roadway surface condition

An object in motion continues to move in a straight line

until acted upon by some outside force.
 Negotiating Curves
How do you overcome inertia in a curve?
• Traction is needed to overcome inertia.
• If a vehicle loses traction in a curve, the
vehicle will continue traveling in a
straight line and the driver will have no
control.
 Negotiating Curves
Forces at Work in Curves: Weight Transfer

• The weight of a vehicle rounding a

curve shifts to the opposite direction of
the curve.
• Rounding a curve to the right will
result in the vehicle’s weight Photo courtesy of AAA Foundation

transferring left.
• Right tires may lose contact with
the road, resulting in less traction.
 Negotiating Curves
Forces at Work in Curves: Weight Transfer

• Rounding a curve with too much

speed can result in the vehicle
turning over.
• Adding weight to the top of a
vehicle raises the center of gravity
and increases the tendency to
turn over.
 Negotiating Curves
Roadway Design: Crowned Curves

Many roadways have crowned curves—higher in the middle and sloping to the outside for
better drainage.

How will a crowned curve affect the weight of a vehicle?

 Negotiating Curves
Applying SEEiT in Curves

• Search far ahead.

• Approach the curve in the right
portion and reduce speed.
• Maintain speed through curve.
• Accelerate out of the apex.
 Negotiating Curves
Roadway Design: Banked Curves
A banked curve is one where the outside of the curve is higher than
the inside.

How does a banked curve help the vehicle stay on the road?
 Negotiating Curves
Applying SEEiT in Curves: Search
Search the road ahead.
• Is it uphill or downhill?
• Is it a blind curve?
• Is the curve crowned or banked?
• How sharp is the curve?
• What are the conditions of the road
surface?

What can you determine as

you search the image
above?
 Negotiating Curves
Negotiating Curves: Blind Curve
A blind curve is one in which only the entrance is visible—the driver has
no idea what the rest of the curve looks like or if there are any objects in
the path of travel.
 Negotiating Curves
Applying SEEiT in Curves: Evaluate

A driver must evaluate the following:

• Lane position—visibility, space management
• Speed control—controlled braking before reaching the apex of the
curve; accelerating out of the curve
• Steering—push or pull
• Line of sight—looking through the curve and evaluating path of travel
 Negotiating Curves
Lane Position: Left Curve

It is generally best to approach

the curve in Lane Position 3, as
far away as possible from
oncoming traffic. This position
provides the best targeting point
for your line of sight.
Begin in
Lane Position 3
 Negotiating Curves
Lane Position: Right Curve

• Assume outside road position on the entry

to a right curve (Lane Position 2).

• This position allows for a longer braking

distance on entry and a better chance of
establishing line of sight to the apex and
exit of the curve.
Begin in Lane Position
2
Module Five, Topic Six
Hills and Mountains
 Hills and Mountains
SOL DE. 6 The student will demonstrate appropriate adjustments
when approaching controlled and uncontrolled intersections,
curves, work zones, railroad crossings, and hills with line-of-sight or
path-of-travel limitations.

Key concepts/skills include:

b) roadways signs, signals, and markings;
c) slope/grade of terrain; and
d) vehicle position and speed control.
 Hills and Mountains

• You will learn …

A. How to start driving uphill when using
automatic transmission
B. To apply SEEIT when navigating hills
C. The significance of runaway ramps
 Hills and Mountains
Automatic Transmission
• Some steep hills require using the accelerator and
the brake together to keep the vehicle from rolling
backward.
• The driver should maintain brake pressure with the
left foot until ready to move and should use the
right foot to accelerate while slowly releasing the
brake.
 Hills and Mountains
Applying SEEiT in Hills and Mountains: Search

Search ahead for advisory speed signs, oncoming

traffic, indicators of road condition or surface
traction, and slow-moving vehicles.
 Hills and Mountains
Applying SEEiT in Hills and Mountains: Evaluate

Evaluate if the hill has curves,

determine the type of curve, and
make a decision about safe speed
and lane positions.

Photo courtesy of AAA Foundation

 Hills and Mountains
Applying SEEiT in Hills and Mountains: Evaluate

• Be prepared for limited line of sight at hill

crest.
• Be prepared for stopped vehicles, slow
moving vehicles, or oncoming vehicle in your
lane.
• Be prepared to adjust speed or position to
avoid a hazard.

What potential hazards may exist on the other

side of the hill crest?
 Hills and Mountains
Applying SEEiT in Hills and Mountains: Execute in Time
Execute your decision. Adjust speed
and/or position as needed.

What would you do if an

approaching vehicle crossed the
center of the road?
 Hills and Mountains
Applying SEEiT in Hills and Mountains: Execute

• Heavier vehicles going

downhill will gain speed.
• Check the rear zone for
vehicles that may have
trouble controlling speed.
• Turn off cruise control.
What should the pickup truck driver be
concerned about when passing the
tanker truck?
 Hills and Mountains
Applying SEEiT in Hills and Mountains: Execute

Gravity will make the vehicle go faster.

Downshift and use the transmission to

reduce speed and help keep brakes from
overheating.

What clues in this picture indicate

roadway conditions?
Hills and Mountains
Runaway Ramps

• Runaway ramps are designed

for large trucks that lose braking
control on steep hills.
• They have deep gravel, sand
barrels, and other materials to
help slow down the runaway
vehicle.
Module Five, Topic 7
Passing
 Passing
SOL DE 7 The student will identify the characteristics of an
expressway and apply risk reducing driving strategies.

Key concepts/skills include:

b) selecting vehicle position and changing lanes

SOL DE 8 The student will demonstrate the ability to communicate

presence and intentions to other highway users.

Key concepts/skills include:

a) vehicle position and driver actions;
b) vehicle communications devices.
 Passing

• You will learn …

A. How to apply SEEIT when passing
B. Areas and conditions where it is
illegal or unsafe to pass
 Passing
Passing Another Vehicle: Search

When passing another vehicle, a driver must pay attention to:

• No passing zones and solid lines on the road;
• Obstructed views;
• Approaching vehicles; and
• Hills or curves.
 Passing
Passing Another Vehicle: Search
Ask yourself the following:
1. Is passing allowed here?
2. Is it worth the risk?
3. Is there adequate space?
4. Is it safe to pass?

It is against the law to exceed the speed limit to pass.

 Passing
Estimating Passing Gap Needs: Evaluate

• Count the seconds it takes for an

oncoming vehicle to pass in the
opposite lane.
• Do this until you can accurately
estimate the time.
• If you can see a vehicle
approaching, it is not safe to pass.
 Passing
Passing Another Vehicle: Execute

1 - Prepare to pass
2 - Overtake the vehicle
3 - Return to lane
 Passing
Passing Another Vehicle: Execute
1. Two to three seconds behind the vehicle ahead, confirm the gap
and turn on your headlights.
2. Signal left.
3. Re-check mirrors and all zones.
4. Look over your shoulder.
5. Accelerate—do not slow down.
6. Signal right.
7. See headlights in your rearview mirror and look over your
shoulder.
8. Move back into original travel lane.
 Passing

When Being Passed:

• Check the passing vehicle’s position.
• Move away slightly if the vehicle is too close.
• Maintain speed.
• Once passed, create space ahead and behind.
 Passing
Passing on the Right

This is allowed when another vehicle is waiting to make a left turn and multiple
lanes are available.
 Passing
Passing Is Not Allowed

©2018
 Passing
What do you know about passing?

Complete the following sentences:

• If the oncoming car seems to be getting closer, I
should…
• When curbs or hills keep me from seeing far enough
ahead, I should…
• I should not start to pass another vehicle unless…
 Passing
Passing on Multi-lane Roads
• This is one of the most dangerous
maneuvers a driver can attempt.
• The higher the speed, the greater the
risk.
• A high volume of traffic increases the
chance of collisions.
• Passing may occur on the left or on
the right.
Module Five, Topic 8
Urban and Rural Roadways
 Urban and Rural Roadways
SOL DE.7 The student will identify the characteristics of an
expressway and apply risk reducing driving strategies.

Key concepts/skills include:

b) selecting vehicle position and changing lanes

SOL DE. 8 The student will demonstrate the ability to communicate

presence and intentions to other highway users.

Key concepts/skills include:

a) vehicle position and driver actions;
b) vehicle communications devices.
 Urban and Rural Roadways

• You will learn …

A. How to apply SEEIT when travelling
on urban or rural roadways
B. How to use a shared turn lane
C. Specific risks to consider when
travelling on urban or rural
roadways
Urban and Rural Roadways
Characteristics of Urban Roadways
Urban roadways typically have
• high volume of traffic with many hazards
• more roadway users to interact with
• multiple intersections with left and right turn
lanes, stop signs, and traffic signal lights
• stores and businesses
• public transportation
• “rush hour” traffic
Urban and Rural Roadways
Adjusting to Urban Roadways

• Stay within the posted speed limit.

• Look at least two blocks or two traffic
signals ahead.
• Use the SEEiT system.
• Watch for situations with closed zones
and line-of-sight restrictions.
Urban and Rural Roadways
Driving on Urban Roadways
When following other vehicles, be alert for
areas where sudden stops may occur.

When driving on a road with oncoming

traffic:
• Keep as much space as possible from
oncoming vehicles.
• Take action if a driver in the oncoming
lane crosses the center line.
Urban and Rural Roadways
Driving on Urban Roadways
Select the best lane by considering the following:
• Potential hazards in each available lane
• Slower traffic on the right lane
• Other vehicles on the road
• Arrows on pavement indicating turning lanes
• Your intended destination
 Urban and Rural Roadways
Changing Lanes on Urban Roadways
1 2 3

Check behind
Use signal Head check
4 5

Change lanes without

slowing down Turn off signal
 Urban and Rural Roadways
Searching for Risks
• Parked cars— entering, exiting, doors opening, brake lights, and
movement around the vehicle
• Delivery trucks— speed, size, stopping
• Buses— loading, unloading, stops
• Other roadway users— pedestrians, bicycles, jaywalking, disobeying
traffic rules
• Blind alleys and streets
• Limited sight distance and intersections closer together
• Aggressive and impatient drivers
• Stop and go traffic
Urban and Rural Roadways
Reducing Risk on Urban Roadways
• Increase following distance.
• Search ahead, to the sides and the rear.
• Move slightly to the right and signal early to
prevent tailgaters.
• Slow down as you approach traffic signals and
do not block intersections.
• Select the lane with fewest number of hazards.
Urban and Rural Roadways
Special Urban Situations
• One-way streets
• Parked vehicles
• Blocked intersections
• Unexpected situations
on crowded streets
• Pedestrians and
bicyclists
• Public transportation
 Urban and Rural Roadways
Shared Left Turn Lanes
Vehicles making left turns from a roadway
should not travel more than 150 feet in this
lane. The lane facilitates through traffic.

Vehicles making left turn onto the roadway

from a side road/parking lot may use this lane
while waiting for traffic to clear.
 Urban and Rural Roadways
Using a Shared Left Turn Lane

1 2 3 4

Check traffic Signal Adjust speed Wait for gap,

and enter lane complete left turn
when clear
 Urban and Rural Roadways
Using a Shared Left Turn Lane to Enter a Street from a
Driveway

1 2 3 4

Signal left and stop at Check for traffic. If there is a gap to the When traffic is
the edge of the left, but not to the clear, enter the
roadway. right, move your nearest lane.
vehicle into the shared
lane.
 Urban and Rural Roadways
Shared Left Turn Lane

• Look for other drivers using the

shared lane.
• You can only travel 150 feet in a
shared lane.

Identify the vehicles in this picture

waiting in the shared lane for a gap
in traffic.
 Urban and Rural Roadways
Characteristics of Rural Roadways
• Low volume of traffic and high speeds
• Road and shoulders may be narrow
and of varying surfaces
• Few signs, signals, and pavement
markings
• Steep hills and curves
• Open bridge gratings, uncontrolled
railroad crossings, and intersections
 Urban and Rural Roadways
Adjusting to Rural Roadways

• Manage speed to increase control.

o This allows more time to respond to a hazard
and brake and steer without losing control.
o Adjust speed when conditions are unsafe.
• Position vehicle to maintain a 20- to 30-second
visual lead.
 Urban and Rural Roadways
Applying SEEiT to Rural Roadways
• Remember that path of travel is unpredictable.
• Take 20 to 30 seconds to look for hazards that will close
the front zone.
• To avoid losing vehicle control, drive at speeds that allow
time to search for and evaluate problems and still be
able to execute braking and steering techniques in time.
 Urban and Rural Roadways
Risks on Rural Roadways

• Gravel or dirt surfaces

• Dust
• Narrow bridges and roads
• Open bridge gratings or steel bridges
• Vision limitations (wooded areas)
• Steep hills and curves
• Uncontrolled railroad crossings
• Uncontrolled intersections
 Urban and Rural Roadways
Driving on Rural Roadways

• Intersections may be controlled or

uncontrolled. Side roads may intersect with a
main road.
• Drivers should maintain at least a three-
second distance when following other
vehicles.
• If there are oncoming vehicles, drivers should
slow down and move to the right side of the
lane without getting on the shoulder.
 Urban and Rural Roadways
Passing on Rural Roadways

• Passing is more dangerous on

two-lane roadways.
• Only pass one vehicle at a time.
• If you can see an oncoming
vehicle, do not attempt to
pass.
 Urban and Rural Roadways
Special Rural Road Conditions
Slow-moving vehicles
• Use caution.
• Do not honk your horn.

Railroad crossings
• Look left and right before crossing tracks.
• Be alert for multiple tracks.

Animals
• Do not swerve into oncoming traffic or off roadway with no shoulder.
• Keep in mind that the safest alternative may be hitting the animal.
Module Five, Topic 9
Expressway Driving
 Expressway Driving
SOL DE. 7 The student will identify the characteristics of an
expressway and apply risk reducing driving strategies.

Key concepts/skills include:

a) managing interchanges;
b) entering, merging, and exiting from traffic flow;
c) selecting vehicle position and changing lanes; and
d) managing toll facilities.
 Expressway Driving

• You will learn …

A. How to identify characteristics of an
expressway
B. How to safely navigate interchanges
C. How to apply SEEIT when travelling on
expressways
D. Strategies when driving on multiple lanes
 Expressway Driving
Characteristics
• High speed (up to 70 mph)
• Controlled access (entry and exit)
• Divided by barrier or median
• Multiple lanes going in the same direction
• Only for motorized vehicles
• Designed to carry a lot of traffic quickly
and efficiently
 Expressway Driving
Highway Safety Design Features

• Rumble strips • Reflective signs

• Median barriers • Mile markers
• Protected turn bays
• Breakaway sign supports
• Collector/
• New design guard rails distributor lanes
• Crash barrels • Message signs
 Expressway Driving
Expressways – Higher Speeds

Is there a relationship between speed and injury severity in a crash?

Photo courtesy of AAA Foundation
 Expressway Driving
Virginia Expressways

• Virginia has the third largest

state-maintained highway
system in the country behind
Texas and North Carolina.
• There are 6 major routes and 10
loops and spurs from the
mainline routes.
 Expressway Driving
Expressway Numbering
• Even numbers go east-west (I-64, I-66).
• Odd numbers go north-south (I-77, I-81, I-95).
• Odd numbers begin in the west and get higher
as they move east.
• Even numbers begin in the south and get
higher as they move north.
 Expressway Driving
Expressway Numbering
• Three-digit numbers designate an alternate
interstate route.
• If the first digit is even, the alternate route
goes around the city (I-495). Is there a loop
around your city?
• If it is odd, it leads into the city (I-395). Is
there a spur going into your city?
I-495 goes around Washington
I-395 leads into Washington
 Expressway Driving
TYPES OF INTERCHANGES

Cloverleaf Diamond Trumpet Frontage Road

 Expressway Driving
Cloverleaf Interchange
Cloverleaf interchanges have shared entrance and exit lanes
known as weave lanes.

This type of design allows

for the interchange of
two expressways or
major roadways.
 Expressway Driving
Weave Lane

• A weave lane serves as both an

entrance and an exit lane; traffic
entering and exiting must use the same
lane.

• The driver entering from the entrance

ramp should yield to the driver leaving
the expressway.
 Expressway Driving
Diamond Interchange

Traffic is permitted to move only

in the direction indicated by the
arrows.

This interchange is designed to be

used when a road that has little
traffic crosses a busy expressway.
 Expressway Driving
Trumpet Interchange

Traffic is permitted to move

ONLY in the direction
indicated by the arrows

This interchange is used when a

side road forms a T intersection
with an expressway.
 Expressway Driving
Frontage Road Interchange

Traffic is permitted to
move ONLY in the direction
indicated by the arrows

This design allows for the interchange

of vehicles using parallel secondary
two-way or one-way roadways and a
major multiple lane roadway.
 Expressway Driving
Entering the Expressway

Expressway Entrance Components

Entrance Ramp Acceleration Lane Merge Area
 Expressway Driving
Entrance Ramp

Entrance ramps provide limited access to the expressway.

 Expressway Driving
Entrance Ramp
The entrance ramp allows the driver time to search traffic flow for
gaps and evaluate speed and space requirements before entering the
expressway.
 Expressway Driving
Entrance Ramp
• As you enter the ramp, turn on proper signal, and immediately
begin searching for a gap.
• Accelerate to the speed of traffic.
• Determine the open space and merge safely.
 Expressway Driving
Entrance Ramp Problems
• Heavy traffic and short ramps and
acceleration lanes
• High walls that may block visibility
• “Weave lane” conflicts
• Traffic ahead on the ramp that slows or
stops abruptly
• Sharp curves on the ramp that restrict
visibility
 Expressway Driving
Entering the Expressway

1 2 3

Identify entrance a Check traffic. Use signal light.

half mile in advance.
 Expressway Driving
Entering the Expressway

4 5 6

Enter ramp and Identify gap for merging, Adjust to speed of

adjust speed. use signal, and merge traffic.
into travel lane.
 Expressway Driving
Entrance Ramp from the Left

Potential for conflict is greater.

Monitor and search to the right.
Additional lane changes to the right
may be necessary to allow merging
traffic to enter.
 Expressway Driving
Good Habits on Entrance Ramps

• Make sure you are on the correct ramp.

• Search for Do Not Enter or Wrong Way signs.
• Check front and rear zones.
• Observe traffic conditions on the limited access roadway.
• Signal and check mirrors and blind spots.
• Prepare to adjust speed for heavy traffic on the ramp.
• Avoid stopping or backing up on a ramp.
 Expressway Driving
Entrance Ramp Mistakes

What to do if you accidentally enter an exit ramp

• If you see the ramp area marked with “DO NOT ENTER” and/or
“WRONG WAY” signs, immediately pull over to the edge of the
road.
• The possibility of a head-on collision is very high.
• When the way is clear, turn around and get off the ramp.
• Avoid backing or stopping on ramp.
 Expressway Driving
Ramp Meters

• Entrance ramp traffic lights are designed to distribute traffic onto the
expressway when traffic is heavy.
• Ramps permit one car at a time to enter the expressway.
 Expressway Driving
Acceleration Lane

This lane is used to accelerate, monitor gaps, and

match the speed of traffic on the expressway.
 Expressway Driving
Good Habits on the Acceleration Lane

• Maintain speed and safe following distance

• Use signal lights
• Accelerate to the speed of vehicles on the expressway
• Continuously check front and rear zones, mirrors, and
blind spots
• Decide when and where to merge
 Expressway Driving
Reducing Risk in the Acceleration Lane

• Search ahead and to the side for a

gap on the expressway.
• Prepare to adjust speed with traffic.
• Prepare to use the shoulder if no gap
is available.
 Expressway Driving
Merge Area
The merge area provides a designated space to blend into
expressway traffic.
 Expressway Driving
Merge Area

The merge area is usually

marked with a broken white line.
 Expressway Driving
Merging: Selecting a Gap

• Check front, rear, and left rear zones.

• Select a gap.
• Move into the open space on the expressway.
 Expressway Driving
Merging Problems

• Heavy traffic
• No gap to move onto expressway
• Traffic slowing or stopping ahead
 Expressway Driving
Assist Others to Merge Safely

Help drivers enter expressway by adjusting speed or

changing lanes if it is safe to do so.
 Expressway Driving
Expressway Lane Markings
High Occupancy Vehicles
• During heavy traffic periods, HOV
lanes are reserved for buses, carpools,
and other high occupancy vehicles.
• Motorcycles and certain clean special
fuel vehicles are also allowed to use
the HOV lane.
 Expressway Driving
Mile Markers

• Mile markers show the number of miles from

where the Interstate route entered a state.
• These numbers are useful if a driver needs to
call for assistance by giving an exact location.
• Exit numbers align with mile marker numbers.
 Expressway Driving
Reversible Lanes
• A green arrow over a lane means the lane is open for
travel.

• A red X over a lane means travel in that lane is closed or

prohibited.

• A yellow X over a lane means travel in that lane is about

to change or close.
 Expressway Driving
Virginia Law

Code of Virginia – 46.2 Motor Vehicles

“Any vehicle proceeding at less than normal speed of traffic at the
time and place under the conditions existing shall be driven in the lane
nearest the right edge or right curb of the highway when such lane is
available for travel except when overtaking and passing another
vehicle or in preparation for a left turn or where right lanes are
reserved for slow-moving traffic. A violation is punishable by a fine of
$100. “
 Expressway Driving
Lane Choice

Lane choice depends on several factors:

• Volume of traffic
• Type of traffic
• Speed
• Planned exit
 Expressway Driving
Lane Choice
You will be driving on this expressway for 20 miles.
Which lane would you choose and why?
 Expressway Driving
Changing Lanes on Expressways
Reasons for changing lanes
• Entering or exiting
• Allowing another driver to enter
• Following large or slow-moving vehicles
• Lane ahead blocked
• Being tailgated
• Construction
• Passing
 Expressway Driving
Changing Lanes on Expressways

• Check traffic ahead, behind, and to the sides. Use mirrors and check by
turning your head.
• Signal your intention to change lanes.
• Select a safe gap in traffic.
• Check traffic again.
• Maintain a safe following distance.
• Adjust your speed, steer smoothly to the new lane, and cancel your turns.
 Expressway Driving
Driving on Expressways

Managing Time and Space

• Establish space around your
vehicle and blend your speed
with the flow of traffic.
• Avoid exceeding the posted
speed limit.
 Expressway Driving
Establish a Safe Following Distance

• Drive at the speed of traffic.

• Maintain at least a four-second following distance.
 Expressway Driving
Establish a Safe Following Distance
Increase following distance when
• following large trucks or buses
• following motorcycles
• driving in bad weather
• being tailgated
• driving with a heavy load or pulling a trailer
• entering/exiting the expressway.
 Expressway Driving
Managing Time and Space
Establish space ahead— drivers have the most control over the space
directly in front of their vehicles.
• Following too closely is a leading cause of
traffic collisions.
• Following distance is critical on the
expressway.
• Distance creates the time needed to react
to danger and avoid collisions.
 Expressway Driving
Adjusting Your Speed in Response to Traffic Conditions

When merging, enter Adjust speed to When using the

at same speed as keep pace with deceleration lane, do
traffic. traffic flow. not slow down until you
have moved into lane.
 Expressway Driving
Avoid Wolf Packs

• Wolf packs are groups of drivers

traveling together at higher speeds.
• Driving in a wolf pack allows you little
or no margin of safety.
• Avoid wolf packs. If you see a wolf pack
approaching from the rear, move over
and let them pass you.
 Expressway Driving
Exiting an Expressway

• Identify the exit early.

• Exits are marked with guide signs, usually one to two miles
before the exit.
• You can determine if an exit is a right exit or a left exit by
the position of the exit number on the sign.
• Exit numbers correspond with mile marker numbers.
• About half a mile (20 to 30 seconds) before the exit, signal
and move to the lane closest to the exit.

Is this a picture of a right or left exit?

 Expressway Driving
Exiting an Expressway
The exit has two components:

1. Deceleration lane 2. Exit ramp

 Expressway Driving
Deceleration Lane

• The deceleration lane is an area where speed must be significantly

reduced. It allows drivers to reduce their speed without blocking
traffic.
• Look for the advisory speed sign for the deceleration lane. Wait until
you reach the deceleration lane before reducing speed.
 Expressway Driving
Exit Ramps
Exit ramps allow traffic to enter adjoining
roadways.
• Check the area behind your vehicle.
• Brake to warning sign speed.
• Search for traffic control signs or signals.
 Expressway Driving
Potential Exiting Problems
• Short deceleration lane
• Sharp curve on ramp
• Traffic stopped on the exit ramp
• Slow ramp speed, possibly due to a stop
sign or traffic light at the end of the exit
ramp (The driver must adjust from a fast
speed to a STOP in a short distance.)
• Weave lane conflicts
 Expressway Driving
Move Over Law

The Move Over Law requires drivers to slow down or

change lanes when approaching a roadside incident or
an emergency or police vehicle.

• Make a lane change away from the incident when

safety and traffic conditions permit.
• If a lane change is unsafe, slow down and proceed
with caution.
 Expressway Driving
Disabled Vehicles

• Don’t slow down and stare at the disabled vehicle.

• Give the disabled vehicle plenty of room.
• Pull as far off the roadway as possible if your vehicle becomes
disabled.