Types of application
Front end: when the user can directly interact with the application.
Example: Java, .net
Back end: user can’t directly interact with the application.
Example: The registration form after filling the details the information will be
stored in [Link] develop back end we need some tools like sql and oracle.
Types of user interface
1. GUI(Graphical User Interface)
2. CUI(Character User Interface): purely commands based.
Oracle
Oak Ritz analytical computational logical engine
Developed by oracle corporation
Platform independent
CUI
SQL
Structural Query Language
Developed by Microsoft company in 1989
Platform dependent: you must install windows OS
Both GUI & CUI
DB
Database is a collection of related information organised as table.
Table represents file
Row representsrecord
Column represents field
DBMS
DBMS is a software which helps to done the manipulation of a large amount of data.
Example: Ms-access
Types of Database
1. Relational DBMS:Stored in the form of table
2. Hierarchical DBMS: The data is stored in the form of tree structure
3. Networking DBMS: The data is stored in the form of records having pointer in
between them which represents the relation.
Structured Query Language (SQL) as we all know is the database language by the use of
which we can perform certain operations on the existing database and also we can use this
language to create a database. SQL uses certain commands like Create, Drop, Insert etc. to
carry out the required tasks.
These SQL commands are mainly categorized into four categories as:
1. DDL – Data Definition Language
2. DQl – Data Query Language(select)
3. DML – Data Manipulation Language
4. DCL – Data Control Language
5. TCL– Transaction Control Language
1. DDL (Data Definition Language): DDL or Data Definition Language actually consists
of the SQL commands that can be used to define the database schema. It simply deals
with descriptions of the database schema and is used to create and modify the structure of
database objects in the database.
DDL is focus external structure
Examples of DDL commands:
CREATE – is used to create the database or its objects (like table, index, function,
views, store procedure and triggers).
Desc: Describe command is used to see the structure of the table.
desc s;
DROP – is used to delete objects from the database.
ALTER
o Is used to alter the structure of the database.
o Used to adding new column or to modify the structure of the existing table.
We can increase the column size by using modify
TRUNCATE–is used to remove all records from a table, including all spaces allocated
for the records are removed.
COMMENT –is used to add comments to the data dictionary.
RENAME –is used to rename an object existing in the database.
2. DQL (Data Query Language) :
DML statements are used for performing queries on the data within schema objects. The
purpose of DQL Command is to get some schema relation based on the query passed to
it.
Example of DQL:
SELECT – is used to retrieve data from the a database.
Single record
Multiple Records
3. DML (Data Manipulation Language): The SQL commands that deals with the
manipulation of data present in the database belong to DML or Data Manipulation
Language and this includes most of the SQL statements.
Examples of DML:
INSERT – is used to insert data into a table.
Single record
Multiple record
Insert into s values ( &rno, ‘&name’);
SQL>/
Buffer command (/): is used to store the previous query.
UPDATE – is used to update existing data within a table(to modify internal
structure of a table).
DELETE – is used to delete records from a database table.
4. DCL (Data Control Language): DCL includes commands such as GRANT and
REVOKE which mainly deals with the rights, permissions and other controls of the
database system.
Examples of DCL commands:
GRANT-gives user’s access privileges to database.
REVOKE-withdraw user’s access privileges given by using the GRANT command.
5. TCL (transaction Control Language): TCL commands deals with the transaction
within the database.
Examples of TCL commands:
COMMIT– commits a Transaction.
ROLLBACK– rollbacks a transaction in case of any error occurs.
SAVEPOINT–sets a savepoint within a transaction.
SET TRANSACTION–specify characteristics for the transaction.