5th
Electromagnetics
전기자기학
Magnetostatics – part 1 (Magnetic field)
1st semester, 2025
Sung-Jun, Yang 양성준
Department of Electronic Engineering
Contents
1. Why we need magnetic field?
2. Biot-Savart’s Law
3. Current distributions
4. Ampere’s Law
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1. Why we need magnetic field?
Motivation: forces between currents
magnetostatics: constant current flow
observations: ‘force’ How can we explain the phenomena?
observation in electrostatics observation in magnetostatics
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1. Why we need magnetic field?
Observation: forces between currents
magnetic force currents on magnetic fields (H-field)
Magnetic field intensity, H: circulate around the current (source)
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1. Why we need magnetic field?
Observation: forces on a moving charge by currents
electric field magnetic field (4:51 ~ 11:00)
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2. Biot-Savart’s Law
General law of magnetostatics
to calculate magnetic field due to current
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2. Biot-Savart’s Law
General law of magnetostatics – ([Link]
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2. Biot-Savart’s Law
General law of magnetostatics
direction of magnetic field
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2. Biot-Savart’s Law
General law of magnetostatics
magnitude of magnetic field
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3. Current distributions
Point current; 0-D
just a vector on a point (no length)
Biot-Savart’s Law
r̂ : unit vector toward
observation point
Idl rˆ
dH
4 R 2
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3. Current distributions
Line current; 1-D
differential currents on a line
line integral of Biot-Savart’s Law
(for a closed loop)
Idl rˆ
H : general line
L
4 R 2
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3. Current distributions
Surface current; 2-D
differential line currents on a surface
r̂ : unit vector toward
observation point
surface integral of Biot-Savart’s Law
dS dL
dS = b dL
: current within b
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3. Current distributions
Volume current; 3-D
differential surface currents on a volume
volume integral of Biot-Savart’s Law
dv Sdl
S : area of the cross section
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3. Current distributions
Example #1) infinite line current
infinite line current from z = -∞ to z = +∞
direction of H?
coordinate system?
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3. Current distributions
Example #1) infinite line current
start from Biot-Savart’s law
Using the drawing, we identify:
so that:
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1 x
3. Current distributions ( x a )
2 2 3
dx
a 2
x a
2 2
C
*additional: How about the finite line current?
Example #1) infinite line current
Integrate this over the entire wire:
I
z ' tan
dz ' sec 2
finally:
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3. Current distributions
Example #2) loop current derive H on z-axis
direction of H?
coordinate system?
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3. Current distributions
Example #2) loop current derive H on z-axis
start from Biot-Savart’s law dH
where:
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3. Current distributions
Example #2) loop current derive H on z-axis
substitute:
carry out cross product:
canceled
cylindrical coordinate
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3. Current distributions
*additional: How about the multi-loops on a coil?
Example #2) loop current coil
the most typical form of H-field source
current area of coil
coil for induction cooker coil for wireless charging
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3. Current distributions
Example #3) Solenoid ‘expanded coils’
Solenoid:
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4. Ampere’s law
Ampere’s circuital law
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4. Ampere’s law
Ampere’s circuital law
The line integral of H around a closed path
= net current (I) enclosed by that path.
a, b: closed path (or line)
c: open path (or line) cannot apply Ampere’s law
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4. Ampere’s law
Condition to apply Ampere’s law
If we want to apply Ampere’s law, which path is chosen?
a? b? c?
Ampere’s law = a special case of Biot-Savart’s law
H should be constant along the path!
current distribution should be (cylindrical) symmetry!
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4. Ampere’s law
Example) Infinite line current
Is H constant along the path? current distribution? path?
easily solved!
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4. Ampere’s law
Example 2) Two infinite line currents
Problem) H-field at point P? z
Biot-Savart’s law? Ampere’s law?
I
a
P(0, a, c)
b
Superposition!
y
x
I
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4. Ampere’s law
Example 3) Coaxial transmission line
inner conductor: current I into screen
outer conductor: current I from screen
Problem 1) H-field between the conductors?
Problem 2) H-field outside the conductors?
Can we apply Ampere’s law?
(a < < b)
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4. Ampere’s law
Example 4) Infinite current sheet z components is canceled
surface current density, K flows to +y
Guess direction of the total H-field on the plane.
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4. Ampere’s law
Example 4) Infinite current sheet
Prediction: H-field is parallel to x-axis.
apply Ampere’s law
path: 11’2’21
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4. Ampere’s law
Example 4) Infinite current sheet
Problem) How about distance from the plane?
3 3’ 2’ 2 3
1 1’ 2’ 2 1
constant in each region
(but, opposite direction)
independent of distance z
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4. Ampere’s law
Example 4-2) Two infinite current sheet
Superposition!
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4. Ampere’s law
Example 5) Solenoid
( )
integration of multiple loops
Problem) derive H-field at center of solenoid z
d
d
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4. Ampere’s law
Example 6) Toroid
doughnut-shaped of solenoid Tokamak (equipment for nuclear fusion)
Toroid
Tokamak
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4. Ampere’s law
Example 6) Toroid
doughnut-shaped of solenoid
cross-section: circular with radius a
Guess: H-field in toroid? Outside of toroid?
Random problem (10 min.)
Toroid
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4. Ampere’s law
Example 6) Toroid
consider contour C at radius ρ
Apply Ampere’s law
Random problem - solution (10 min.)
How about or ?
net current = 0 in the ampere path H = 0
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Review
Magnetic field
from magnetic force (like Coulomb’s force electric field)
current magnetic field (H-field)
Biot-Savart’s Law
how to calculate H-field from current distribution
point, line, surface, volume current
typical: straight line and coil
Ampere’s Law
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Thank you
for listening!
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