Introduction to Network Analysis and Synthesis

Gafat Institute of Technology

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Megabit 2018 E.C

By Dessie Fikir
 Introduction to Network Analysis and Synthesis

What are Network Analysis and Synthesis?

In a general accepted definition of network analysis and synthesis, there
ara three key words:
1 Excitation
2 Network
3 Response

1. Network: any possible interconnection of electrical circuit elements

that responsible to provide a response (effect) based on the excitation
(cause).

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 Introduction to Network Analysis and Synthesis

What are electrical circuit elements?

Elements: are any individual circuit element with two terminal which
can be connected to other circuit element.
Examples are
Voltage
Current
Resistor
Capacitor
Inductor
Switches
Transmission lines...etc.
Network elements can be active or passive

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 Introduction to Network Analysis and Synthesis

Active Elements: are the elements which supply power or energy to

the network. Examples are:
Voltage
Current
They are called ideal sources of energy.
Passive Elements: are the elements which either store energy or dis-
sipate energy in the form of heat. Examples are:
Resisitor: dissipate energy in the form of heat (where voltage drop
occurs at the resistor element)
Capacitor: store energy in an electric field.
Inductor: store enrgy in magnetic field.
Therefor the three common passive elements are resistor (energy dis-
sipates has no memory) and capacitor and inductor (store energy, i.e
has memory).
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 Introduction to Network Analysis and Synthesis

An electrical circuit is a network that has a closed loop connection of

elements providing a return path for current.

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 Introduction to Network Analysis and Synthesis
2. Excitations (Causes): the input of the network (system)

3. Responses (Effects): the output of the system or network due to the

excitation

Network Analysis: Determining the response when the excitation and net-
work are known.

Network Synthesis: Designing the network when excitation and response

are given.

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 Signal Analysis
In electrical networks, excitation and response are expressed as:
Voltages since, voltage and current are signals, we need to
know signal analysis
Currents
These signals are functions of time.
Signals are described in two domains:
Time domain
Frequency domain
Transformation between domains is done using:
Fourier Series The most easy and simple to analysis, we required
Fourier Transform to transform from time to Laplace (s domain)
Laplace Transform
NB: for simple or easiness of the analysis we may required to transform
signals from one domain to the other. Specially from time to Laplace (s
domain).
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 Sinusoidal Signal

A sinusoidal signal can be expressed as:

s(t) = A sin(ωt + φ)
Where:
A = amplitude
ω = angular frequency
φ = phase shift

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 General Characteristics/Properties of Signal Processing by
Linear Network/System

A system is a combination and interconnection of several components de-

signed to perform a desired task.
Types of System (Network) and Basic Definitions:
1. Linear : A system (network ) is linear, if that holds the superposition
principle i.e., additivity and homogeneity (or scaling)

Linearity = Superposition = Additivity + Scaling (Proportionality)

The Ohm's law can be applied for such network (linear)

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 Types of System (Network) and Basic Definitions

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 Types of System (Network) and Basic Definitions

Example 1.1: Determine if the systems are linear or non-linear

(a) y (n) = nx(n)

(b) y (n) = x(n2 )
(c) y (n) = x 2 (n)
(d) y (n) = Ax(n)
(e) y (n) = e x(n)

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 Types of System (Network) and Basic Definitions

2. Passive System: A linear network is passive if:

It cannot generate energy; it can only dissipate (resistors) or store
(inductors and capacitors) energy.
Energy delivered to the network is non–negative for any arbitrary exci-
tation.
No voltage or current appears between any two terminals before exci-
tation is applied

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 Types of System (Network) and Basic Definitions

3. Reciprocal System: A network is reciprocal: when excitation and response

locations are interchanged, the relationship between them remains the same.

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 Types of System (Network) and Basic Definitions

4. Causal System: A system is causal if the output depends only on:

Present input &
Past input
It does not depend on future input values.

Example:
Discrete time signal
y [n] = x[n] + x[n − 1]
Continuous time signal

y (t) = x(t) + x(t − 1)

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 Types of System (Network) and Basic Definitions

Example 1.1: Determine if the systems described by the following

input-output equations are causal or non causal.

(a) y (n) = x(n) − x(n − 1)

(b) y (n) = nk=−∞ x(k)
P

(c) y (n) = ax(n)

(d) y (n) = x(n) + 3x(n + 4)
(e) y (n) = x(n2 )
(f) y (n) = x(2n)
(g) y (n) = x(−n)

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 Types of System (Network) and Basic Definitions

5. Time Invariant System: A system is time invariant if the input-output

relationship does not change with time.

If

e(t) → r (t)
then

e(t − T ) → r (t − T )
In other words, if the network is time-invariant, applying the same input at
a different time will produce the same output, but shifted in time.

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 Types of System (Network) and Basic Definitions

A relaxed system T is time invariant or shift invariant if and only if

T
x(n) −
→ y (n)
T
x(n − k) −
→ y (n − k) (1)
for every input signal x(n) and every time shift k

Example 1.1: Determine if the systems are time invariant or time

variant

(a) y (n) = x(n) − x(n − 1)

(b) y (n) = nx(n)
(c) y (n) = x(−n)
(d) y (n) = x(n) cos ω0 n

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 Ideal System Models
Amplifier: scales up the magnitude of the input.

r (t) = Ke(t)
Differentiator: the input signal is differentiated.

de(t)
r (t) =
dt
Integrator: output is the integral of the input.
Z
r (t) = e(t)dt

Time Delay: the output is delayed by an amount T but remains the same
wave shape.

r (t) = e(t − T )

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 Network Elements
In electric network analysis, ideal linear models are used to represent physical
circuit elements. The most common elements are the resistor (R) in ohms,
capacitor (C) in farads, and inductor (L) in henrys. The energy sources that
makeup the excitation functions are ideal current or voltage sources.
Resistor
Has no memory
Dissipates energy
Relationship:
as a function of time
1
v (t) = Ri(t), i(t) = V (t)
R
as a function of frequency
1
V (s) = RI (s), I (s) = V (s)
R
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 Network Elements

Inductor
Has memory
Stores energy in magnetic field
Time domain is difficult to analysis
Relationship: it is differential

di(t)
v (t) = L
dt

V (s) = sLI (s)

you can understand how s domain

or Laplace is simpler it is algebraic
equation

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 Network Elements

Capacitor
Has memory
Stores energy in electric field
Relationship: Time domain, differential equation, difficult

dv (t)
i(t) = C
dt

I (s) = sCV (s)

Lapace transform, Algebraic equation, easy

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 Network Analysis

In the time domain, voltage–current relationships are described by dif-

ferential equations with time t as the variable.
In the complex-frequency domain, these relationships become algebraic
equations, which are usually easier to solve.
When a network is made up of an interconnection of linear circuit
elements, the network is described by its system or transfer function
H(s).
The response R(s) and the excitation E (s) are related by the equation

R(s) = H(s)E (s)

In network analysis, we are given E (s), and we can obtain H(s) directly
from the network. Our task is to determine R(s)).

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 Network Synthesis

In network synthesis, we are given the excitation and response and we are
required to synthesize the network from the system function.
Excitation and response are given
The network must be designed
System function:

R(s)
H(s) =
E (s)
The end points of elements are called terminals.

A Port is defined as any pair of two terminals into which energy is supplied,
drawn or variables measured.

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 System Function

Excitation and response of a linear system are related by a differential

equation.
In Laplace domain:

R(s) = H(s)E (s)

Where:

H(s)
is the system transfer function.

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 Methods to Obtain System Function

Methods of determining the system function

The system function can be obtained using:

Kirchhoff’s Laws
Nodal Analysis
Mesh Analysis

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 Types of System Functions

Types of system function

Driving point impedance Deriving Point (dp) immittance

Driving point admittance
Transfer function
Voltage ratio
Current ratio
Major difference between Deriving point (dp) function and
Transfer function
dp function: The variables are measured at the same port

Transfer function: When excitation and response are

taken from different ports.

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 Driving Point Immittance

Since R(s) or E (s) are voltages or currents, then H(s) is denoted

generally as an immittance if R(s) is a voltage and E (s) is a current,
or vice versa.
A deriving point immittance is defined to be a function for which the
variables are measured at the same port. It can be either impedance
or admittance
Driving point impedance

V (s)
Z (s) =
I (s)

Driving point admittance

I (s)
Y (s) =
V (s)

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 Transfer Function

When excitation and response are taken from different ports.

General form:

Output
H(s) =
Input

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 Transfer Impedance

When excitation is current and response is voltage.

Vo (s)
H(s) =
Ii (s)

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 Transfer Admittance

When excitation is voltage and response is current.

Io (s)
H(s) =
Vi (s)

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 Current Ratio Transfer Function

Io (s)
H(s) =
Ii (s)

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 Voltage Ratio Transfer Function

Vo (s)
H(s) =
Vi (s)

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 Thank You
Start reading and raise questions!

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