QUESTION BANK

Department Name: Electronics and Communication Engineering

Year/Sem/Branch/Sec. : II / IV /ECE/ A, B, C, D Batch 2024-2028
Subject Code & Name: ECB1204 – ANALOG INTEGRATE CIRCUITS Regulation: R2023
Name of Faculty member : [Link], [Link] Aadithiya,
Mr. [Link], [Link] Kumar

2- Marks
[Link]. Questions BTL
1 Mention the advantages of integrated circuits. BTL1
i) Miniaturization and hence increased equipment density.
ii) Cost reduction due to batch processing.
iii) Increased system reliability due to the elimination of soldered joints
iv) Improved functional performance.
v) Matched devices.
vi) Increased operating speeds.
vii) Reduction in power consumption.

2 Define an operational amplifier. BTL1

An operational amplifier is a direct-coupled, high gain amplifier consisting of one or more
differential amplifier. By properly selecting the external components, it can be used to perform
a variety of mathematical operation.

3 Enumerate the basic blocks Associated with op-amp schematic. BTL2

4 Mention the characteristics of an ideal op-amp. BTL1

 Infinite voltage gain (A = ∞).
 Infinite input resistance/impedance (Ri = ∞)
 Zero output resistance/impedance (Ro = 0)
 Infinite bandwidth (from 0 to ∞ Hz)
 Infinite Common Mode Rejection Ration (CMRR = ∞)
 Infinite slew rate (SR= ∞)
 No effect of temperature.
5 BTL1
Sketch the IC- 741 Pin Diagram

6 BTL1
Define input offset voltage.
A small voltage applied to the input terminals to make the output voltage as zero when the
two input terminals are grounded is called input offset voltage.

7 Define CMRR of an op-amp. BTL1

The relative sensitivity of an op-amp to a difference signal as compared to a common –mode
signal is called the common –mode rejection ratio. It is expressed in decibels.
CMRR= Ad/Ac
8 Define slew rate. BTL1
 Slew rate is described as the maximum rate of change of output voltage over
time in an amplifier or other electronic devices.
 It is usually expressed in volts per second (V/S).
 The concept of slew rate is important because it determines how quickly an
amplifier can respond to changes in the input signal.
9 BTL1
Define Input bias current of an op-amp.
Input bias current I B is the average of the currents that flow into the inverting and non-
inverting input terminals of the op-amp.
i.e. IB = (IB1+IB2)/2
10 Define Input offset current of an op-amp. BTL1
The algebraic difference between the current into the inverting and non-inverting
terminals is referred to as input offset current Iio. Mathematically it is represented as Iio = |I B+
- I B- | Where IB+ is the current into the non-inverting input terminals. IB- is the current into the
inverting input terminals.
11 Why IC 741 is not used for high frequency applications? BTL2
The IC 741 is not suitable for high-frequency applications due to its limited bandwidth
and relatively low slew rate. Its gain-bandwidth product is typically around 1 MHz, meaning it
can't maintain high gain at higher frequencies. Additionally, its internal compensation slows
the response to fast input changes, leading to signal distortion. These limitations make the 741
ineffective for applications requiring high-speed signal processing. High-frequency op-amps
with better performance are preferred instead.
12 Define input offset voltage. BTL1
A small voltage applied to the input terminals to make the output voltage as zero
when the two input terminals are grounded is called input offset voltage.
13 Why open loop OP-AMP configurations are not used in linear applications? BTL2
The open loop gain of the op-amp is not a constant and it varies with changing the
temperature and variations in power supply. Also the bandwidth of the open loop op-amp is
negligibly small. For this reasons open loop OP-AMP configurations are not used in linear
applications.
14 Justify why an ideal op-amp has infinite input resistance. BTL2
An ideal op-amp is modeled with infinite input resistance to ensure that no current
flows into the input terminals. This prevents the op-amp from loading the preceding circuit,
allowing it to sense the input voltage without drawing any current. By doing so, it achieves
perfect voltage amplification. Infinite input resistance also maximizes signal integrity. This
is crucial in applications requiring precise voltage control.
15 Outline the Equivalent circuit of an op-amp. BTL1

16 What factors can impact the slew rate of an Op-Amp? BTL2

 The slew rate is determined by a number of factors such as the amplifier gain,
compensating capacitors and the change in polarity of output voltage.
 It is also a function of temperature, and the slew rate generally reduces due to rise in
temperature.
17 Mention some of the linear applications of op – amps. BTL1
 Voltage followers (buffers) – to provide unity gain without loading the source.
 Summing amplifiers – to combine multiple input signals into a single output.
 Integrators – to produce an output proportional to the time integral of the input signal.
 Differentiators – to output a signal proportional to the rate of change of the input.
 Amplifiers (inverting and non-inverting) – to amplify input signals with desired gain.
18 Mention some of the non – linear applications of op-amps. BTL1
 Comparators – to compare two input voltages and output a high or low signal.
 Precision rectifiers – to rectify signals without the voltage drop found in traditional
diodes.
 Logarithmic amplifiers – to compress a wide range of input signals into a smaller
output range.
  Analog multipliers – to multiply two input signals together.
 Oscillators – to generate waveforms like sine, square, or triangular waves.
19 Conduct an in-depth analysis of thermal drift in operational amplifiers, elucidating its BTL2
causes, effects on performance, and strategies for minimizing its impact on circuit
functionality.
Thermal drift in operational amplifiers occurs due to temperature-induced variations in
transistor parameters, causing offset voltage, bias current, and gain to change over time.
This can degrade circuit accuracy, particularly in precision applications. Thermal drift
affects stability and introduces errors in DC-coupled circuits. To minimize its impact,
designers use op-amps with low temperature coefficients, apply proper thermal
management, and utilize external compensation techniques like offset nulling and feedback
stabilization.

20 Under what conditions is an operational amplifier circuit considered unstable? BTL2

The circuit is unstable if the loop gain equals or exceeds 1 (0 dB) at a point where the
phase shift around the loop is 180 degrees.

• Gain is equal to or greater than 1 (0 dB): This means that the loop gain has sufficient
magnitude to sustain any oscillations.
• Phase shift is exactly 180 degrees: This condition causes the feedback to become
positive, meaning that instead of cancelling the signal, the feedback reinforces it,
leading to sustained oscillations.
21 BTL1
Explain the magnitude and phase angle characteristics of an Op-amp.
1. For frequency f << f1 the magnitude of the gain is 20 log AOL in dB.
2. At frequency f = f1 the gain in 3 dB down from the dc value of AOL in dB. This
frequency f1 is called corner frequency.
3. For f >> f1 the Gain roll-off at the rate off -20 dB/decade or -6 dB/decade.
22 Sketch the Frequency Response of an Op-amp. BTL1
23 2. Identify and thoroughly describe the key terminals of an operational amplifier. BTL2
The key terminals of an operational amplifier are:

1. Inverting input (-) – receives the input signal that gets inverted at the output.
2. Non-inverting input (+) – receives the input signal that is not inverted at the output.
3. Output terminal – delivers the amplified signal as determined by the difference
between the two inputs.
4. Power supply terminals (+V, -V) – provide the necessary power to the op-amp for
proper operation.
5. Offset null terminals (optional) – allow fine-tuning of the output to correct any offset
voltage.

24 Recall roll-off rate in the frequency response of IC 741. BTL1

The roll-off rate in the frequency response of the IC 741 is typically -20 dB/decade beyond
the cutoff frequency. This indicates that for every tenfold increase in frequency, the gain
decreases by 20 dB. It reflects the limited bandwidth of the IC 741.

llustrate why Frequency compensation technique is necessary in operational BTL2

amplifiers.
 Frequency compensation is necessary in operational amplifiers to stabilize the gain
and prevent oscillations at high frequencies. Without compensation, the op-amp’s
gain increases with frequency, this can lead to phase shifts and instability.
25  Compensation techniques, such as internal compensation capacitors, reduce the gain
at high frequencies, ensuring a stable and predictable response.
 This is crucial for maintaining performance in applications requiring precise signal
amplification.
 Effective compensation helps achieve reliable operation across a wide frequency
range.

Compare pole zero and dominant pole frequency compensation technique. BTL2

Pole-Zero Compensation:

 This technique involves adding a zero and a pole to the transfer function of the op-amp
to improve stability. The zero is added to counteract the effects of an unstable pole,
while the additional pole (often through a compensation capacitor) helps to stabilize the
26 system.
 This method can be complex but allows for fine-tuning of the frequency response.

Dominant Pole Compensation:

 This method involves adding a single, dominant pole to the system’s transfer function
to ensure stability. By creating a low-frequency pole that significantly affects the
frequency response, it simplifies the design and provides a more straightforward
stabilization method.
  This approach is commonly used due to its simplicity and effectiveness in ensuring
stable operation.

State the advantages of negative feedback in op-amp. BTL1

• Reduces the distortion.
27 • Reduces and stabilizes the gain.
• Increases the bandwidth.
• Changes values of input and output resistance.
Reduces the effects of variations in temperature and supply voltage on the output of Op-amp

16- Marks
[Link]. Questions BTL
1 Use appropriate block diagram to explain the general stages of an Op-Amp IC. BTL2

Define and explain slew rate. Derive its equation. Also explain method adapted to improving BTL2
2
slew rate.
3 BTL2
Explain in briefly about open loop and closed loop configurations of an op-amp.
4 BTL2
Explain the DC and AC characteristics of an op-amp in detail.
5 Analyze the frequency response and the stability of an op-amp. BTL3

Explain in detail about the methods of frequency compensation used in operational BTL2
6
amplifiers.
Examine and provide a comprehensive explanation of the non-ideal DC characteristics of BTL2
7 operational amplifiers.

8 Analyze the performance of an op-amp with and without feedback, with specifically focusing BTL3
on the gain and bandwidth characteristics.