Integration

Standard Integrals
The following integrals are directly obtained from the derivatives of standard functions.
i.  0 . dx = c
ii. 1 .dx = x + c
iii.  k .dx = kx + c (k R)
x n 1
iv.  x n dx =
n 1
+ c (n–1)
1
v.  x dx = loge x + c
vi. e dx = ex + c
x

ax
vii.  a x dx =
log e a
+ c = ax loga e + c

viii.  sin x dx = – cos x + c

ix.  cos x dx = sin x + c
x.  tan x dx =log sec x +c = – log cos x + c
xi.  cot x dx = log sin x + c
 x
xii.  sec x dx = log(secx+tanx)+c = – log(secx – tan x)+c = log tan    + c
4 2

= log (cosec x – cot x) + c = log tan   + c

x
xiii.  cos ec x dx = – log (cosec x + cot x) + c 2

xiv.  sec x tan x dx = sec x + c

xv.  cos ec x cot x dx = – cosec x + c
xvi.  sec x dx = tan x + c
2

xvii.  cos ec x dx = – cot x + c

2

tan–1   + c
1 1 x
xviii. x 2
 a2
dx =
a a

log 
1 1 x–a
xix. x 2
– a2
dx =
2a xa
+c

xa
log 
1 1
xx. a 2
– x2
dx =
2a x–a
+c

dx = sin–1   + c = – cos–1   + c
1 x x
xxi.  a –x2 2 a a
 1
xxiii.  2
x a 2
dx = log (x + x 2  a 2 ) + c

1
xxiv.  2
x –a 2
dx = log (x + x 2 – a 2 ) + c

x a2 x
xxv.  a2 – x2 dx =
2
a2 – x2 +
2
. sin–1 + c
a
x a2
xxvi.  x2  a2 dx =
2
x2  a2 +
2
. log (x + x2  a2 )+c

x a2
xxvii.  x2 – a2 dx =
2
x2 – a2 –
2
. log (x + x2 – a2 )+c

1 1 x
xxviii. x x –a2 2
dx =
a
sec–1 + c
a

e ax
xxix.  e ax sin bx dx =
a 2  b2
(a sin bx – b cos bx) + c

e ax  b 
= sin bx – tan –1    + c
2
a b 2  a

e ax
xxx.  e ax cos bx dx =
a 2  b2
(a cos bx + b sin bx) + c

e ax
cos bx – tan –1  + c
b
=
2
a b 2  a