STANDARD FIRST AID
First Aid
• Immediate, temporary and continuing
care given to a person who has been
injured or suddenly taken ill.
Objectives of First Aid:
• Prevent further injury
• Promote recovery
• Preserve life
Roles and responsibilities of a
first aider:
• Provide needed care for the victim.
• Determine any threats
• Bridge that fills the gap between the
victim and the physician
• Record all findings and care given to the
victim.
Characteristics of a
Good First Aider:
• Gentle
• Resourceful
• Observant
• Tactful
• Empathy
• Respectful
Guidelines in giving Care
A- Ask for help
I - Intervene
D- Do not Further Harm
• Survey the scene
• Activate Medical Assistance
- Phone first or Phone Fast
Guidelines in giving Care
• Primary Survey
- (ABC) Airway,Breathing & Circulation
Guidelines in giving Care
• Secondary Survey
Vital Signs
- Are measures of various physiological
statistics to assess the most basic body
functions.
The Primary Four of Vital Signs
1. Respiratory rate – number of breaths per
min/cycle per minute.
Normal Values:
• Adult - 12 to 20 cycles per minute
• Children (age 1 to 8 yrs. Old) - 15 to 30cpm
• Infants (age 1 to 12 months) - 25 to 50 cpm
• Neonates (age 1 to 28 days) - 40 to 60 cpm
Pulse/Heart Rate ( Normal Values }
• Adult - 60 to 100 beats per minute
• Children - 80 to 100 bpm
• Infants - 100 to 120 bpm
• Neonates - 120 to 160 bpm
Definition of terms:
• Tachycardia – refers to rapid beating of the heart.
• Bradycardia – defined as the resting heart rate of
lower than 60 beats per minute.
3. Body temperature
• Normally fluctuates over the day, with lowest levels
at 4 a.m. and the highest at 6pm.
• Thermometer – is used to measure the body
temperature.
Normal Values & Route:
Rectal & otic temperature
• 37.3oC – 38.0oC (100.4oF)
• 1-3 minutes
Oral temperature
• 36.8oC – 37.5oC (99.5oF)
• 3-5 minutes
Axillary temperature
• 36.5oC – 37.2oC (99.0oF)
• 5-8 minutes
Definition of Terms:
• Hypothermia – is characterized by lower
temperature than normal.
• Hyperthermia – higher temperature than normal.
4. Blood Pressure – refers to the force exerted by
circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels.
Normal Values:
• Older adult - 140/90 mmHg
• Young & middle adult -120/80 mmHg
Definition of Terms:
• Systolic pressure – is the force with which the blood
is pumped when the heart muscle is contracting.
• Diastolic pressure – blood pressure during the time
the heart muscle relaxed
• Hypertension - characterized by high blood pressure
than the normal.
• Hypotension -lower blood pressure than the normal.
WOUNDS & BURNS
What is wound?
It’s a break in the continuity of a tissue of the body either internal or external.
Classifications of wounds:
1. Close wound – have fewer categories but are just as dangerous as open
wound.
Categories:
• Contusion – commonly known as bruises, cause by blunt force trauma that
damage tissue under the skin.
• Hematoma – also called blood tumors, caused by damage to a blood vessels
that in turn causes blood to collect under the skin.
• Crushing injuries – caused by a great or extreme amount of force applied over
a long period.
Signs & Symptoms of close wound:
• Pain & tenderness
• Swelling bruises
• Vomiting or cough of blood
• Passage of blood in the urine
First Aid
• I – ice
• C – compress
• E – elevation
2. Open Wound – a break in the skin or the protective skin layer
is damage.
Types of open wound:
• Abrasion – superficial wounds in which the topmost layer of
the skin (epidermis) is scraped off. Abrasion are often caused
by a sliding fall onto a rough surface.
• Laceration – irregular wounds caused by a blunt impact to
soft tissue that lies over hard tissue ore tearing of skin. The
term laceration is commonly misused in reference to injury
with sharp objects, which would not display bridging.
• Incision – caused by a clean, sharp- edged object such as
knife, razor or a glass splinter. Incisions which involve only the
epidermis are legally classified as cuts.
• Puncture – caused by an object puncturing the skin such as a
nail, needle, ice picks or daggers.
• Avulsion – tissue forcefully separated from the body caused
by explosion or animal bites.
First Aid
For minor wounds
• Direct pressure & elevate (sever bleeding)
• Wash with soap & water
• Apply anti- septic
• Cover with a clean dressing and secure with a bandage
For impaled objects
• Do not pull the impaled object
• Stabilize the object with a “doughnut bandage”
For chest wound
• Cover the wound with plastic sheet to prevent the entry of
the air to the chest cavity
For abdominal injuries
• Cover with moist dressing and plastic sheet
For amputations
• Cover with dressing
• Place the amputated part in a container with ice
BURN
Is an injury caused by heat, cold, electricity, chemicals, light,
radiation or friction. Burns can be highly variable in terms of
the tissue affected, the severity, and resultant complications.
Classifications according to its depth:
• 1st degree burn – are usually limited to redness, a white
plaque and minor pain at the sire of injury. These burns only
involve the epidermis.
• 2nd degree burn – manifest as redness with superficial
blistering of the skin, and can involve more or less pain
depending on the level of nerve involvement.
• 3rd degree burn – most of the epidermis is lost with damage to
underlying ligaments, tendons and muscle. Burn victims will exhibit
charring of the skin, and sometime hard eschars will be present.
Types of Burn injuries:
1. Thermal burn – contact with hot objects, vapor, steam, or hot liquid
First Aid
• Relieve pain by immersing the burned area in cold water or by
applying a wet, cold cloth.
• Cover the burn with moist dressing for burns with close blisters &
dry dressing for open blisters.
• Cover with dry, non sticking, sterile dressing.
2. Chemical burn – contact with chemicals with strong acid or
base. (e.g sodium hydrocide, silver nitrate etc.)
First Aid
• Remove the victim’s contaminated clothing.
• Remove the chemical by flushing with running water.
• Cover the burned area with a dry dressing
• seek medical attention immediately for all chemical burns.
3. Electrical burn – caused by an exogenous electrical shock,
such as being struck by lightning or defibrillated or
cardioverted without a conductive gel.
First Aid
• Unplug, disconnect or turn off the power if possible.
• Check the ABCs and provide rescue breathing or CPR if
necessary.
• If the victim fell, check for spine injury
• Treat the victim for shock.
• Seek medical attention immediately.
4. Frostbite (cold burn) – is a kind of burn which arises when the skin is in
contact with a low- temperature body. They can be caused by prolonged
contact with moderately cold bodies.
First Aid
• get into a warmer place as soon as possible.
• Cover the victim with blanket.
• Avoid walking on frostbitten feet or toes to avoid further damage.
• Immerse into a warm water.
• Warm the affected area using body heat.
• Avoid rubbing.
• Do not use anything hot to avoid further damage.
• Gently wash, dry & wrap the affected area in sterile bandage
CRAMPS/MUSCLE PAINS
What is cramps?
Are unpleasant, often painful, sensations, caused by contraction
or over shortening of muscles.
Causes of Cramps:
• Hyperflexion
• Inadequate oxygenation
• Dehydration
First Aid
• Massage therapy
• Stretch (dorsiflexion)
• Apply heat thearapy
• Offer water
• Deep breathing
Musculo – Skeletal Injuries
Oblique fracture: A type of fracture where
the fissure runs diagonal to the axis of the
bone.
Transverse fracture: A fracture caused is
right angled to the axis of the bone.
Spiral fracture: A section of the bone has
endured luxation.
Musculo – Skeletal Injuries
Comminuted: Also known as multi-
fragmentary fracture, the crack results in
several fragments of the bone.
Greenstick fracture: A partial fracture
where one side of the bone remains intact,
and a torsion is borne by the other side.
Compound fracture: Known as an open
fracture.
Bandage
• Use to hold dressing in place
over the wound
• Apply pressure over bleeding
wound
• Secure a splint and to provide
support to an injured part
wrist bandage
Arm bandage
Foot Bandage
Shoulder Bandage
Head bandage ( ears, eyes )
CARDIOPULMONARY
RESUSCITATION
• An emergency life-saving procedure used when
someone's heart stops beating or they stop
breathing.
• Its goal is to maintain circulation and oxygenation of
vital organs, particularly the brain, until
professional medical help arrives or the person's
heart starts beating again.
When to start CPR
• No breathing
• No pulse or signs of circulation
• Unresponsive
Involves two actions
1. Chest compressions
2. Rescue breaths
Steps of CPR
1. Ensure safety
2. Check for responsiveness
3, Call 911
4. Check for breathing
5. Check for pulse
6. Start chest compression
7. Give rescue breaths
8. Repeat the cycle of CPR until
• Emeggency medical help arrives
• The victim starts breathing or shows signs of life
• The first aider is too tired to continue
Be a .
Save .
is for
everyone, everywhere.