Chapter 2
Circuit Elements
Presented By Dr. Aser Matarneh
Agenda
• Voltage and Current sources
• Electrical Resistance (Ohm’s Law)
• Construction of a Circuit Model
• Kirchhoff’s Laws
• Analysis of a Circuit Containing Dependent Sources
Voltage and Current
Sources
• Electrical source: a device capable of converting non-
electric energy to electric energy and vice versa
• Discharging a battery: Converting from
from chemical energy to electric energy
• Charging batteries: Converting from
electric energy to chemical energy
Voltage and Current
Sources
• Ideal Voltage Source: A circuit element that
maintains a prescribed voltage a cross its terminals
regardless of the current flowing in those terminals
• Ideal Current Source: A circuit element that
maintains a prescribed current through its terminals
regardless of the voltage across those terminals
Classifications
of Sources
1. Independent Source: Establishes voltage or current in a
circuit without relying on voltage or current elsewhere
in the circuit
Classifications
of Sources
2. Dependent Source: Establishes voltage or current
whose value depends on voltage or current
somewhere in the circuit
Dependent, Dependent, Dependent, Dependent,
voltage-controlled current-controlled voltage-controlled current-controlled
voltage source voltage source current source current source
Classifications
of Sources
• Multiplying constants
𝜇 is unitless 𝑝 has a unite 𝛼 has a unite 𝛽 is unitless
of 𝑉Τ𝐴 of 𝐴Τ𝑉
Example 1
• Using the definitions of the ideal independent voltage and current
sources, state which interconnections in the Figures below are
permissible and which violate the constraints imposed by the ideal
sources.
Example 1
Electrical Resistance
(Ohm’s Law)
• Resistance (R): The capability of materials to impede the flow of
the current.
• Relation between the current (𝑖) , the voltage (𝑣) and the
resistance(𝑅)
𝑣→𝑉
𝑖→𝐴
𝑅→Ω
Electrical Resistance
(Ohm’s Law)
_ _
+ +
𝑖 𝑖
𝑣 = 𝑖𝑅 𝑣 = −𝑖𝑅
Conductance
• The measurement of how well an element will conduct
electric current
℧ 𝑜𝑟 𝑆 Semiens
Power in Resistor
𝑃 = 𝑣𝑖
But… 𝑣 = 𝑖𝑅 → 𝑃 = 𝑖𝑅𝑖 → 𝑖 2 𝑅
𝑣 𝑣 𝑣2
Also… 𝑖 = →𝑃= 𝑣 →
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
1 𝑖2
Wait… 𝐺 = 𝑃= →
𝑅 𝐺
Also… 𝑃 = 𝑣 𝐺 2
Construction of
a circuit model
Short Circuit (S.C) Open Circuit (O.C)
Kirchhoff’s Laws
• A circuit is solved when we find the voltage and current, across
every element in it.
• Ohm’s Law is an important tool to solve the circuits.
• However, sometimes we need two additional algebraic laws to help
us solve the circuit
• Kirchhoff has derived two laws:
• Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
• Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
KCL
• “The algebraic sum of all currents at any node in a
circuit equals zero”
• Currents entering node = currents leaving node
• What is a node?
• A point where two or more circuit
elements meet
KCL
𝑖1 𝑖1
a
KCL at node a 𝑖2
𝑖2 = 𝑖1 + 𝑖𝑐 𝑖𝑐
KVL
• “The algebraic of all the voltages around any closed
path (loop) in a circuit equals zero ”
• What is closed path or loop?
•It is a path in a circuit that starts with
an arbitrary node through basic elements
and returning to the original node
without passing through any intermediate
node more than once.
KVL
+ 𝑣1 − + 𝑣2 −
KVL for outer loop
+𝑣1 + 𝑣2 − 𝑣𝑐
+ 𝑣3 − 𝑣𝑑 − 𝑣𝑎
=0
− 𝑣3 +
Example 2
• The current 𝑖0 in the circuit in the Figure below is 1 A
1. Find the current 𝑖1 .
2. Find the power dissipated in each resistor.
3. Verify that the total power dissipated in the circuit equals the
power developed by the 150 V source.
Analysis of a circuit
containing dependent source
Example 1
• Find the currents 𝑖0 , 𝑖1 and 𝑖2
Analysis of a circuit
containing dependent source
Example 2
1. Find 𝐼𝑥 and 𝑉0
2. Calculate the power of 6A current source.
Analysis of a circuit
containing dependent source
Example 3
1. Find 𝐼𝑎 and 𝑉𝑏
2. Calculate the power of 3𝐼𝑎 voltage source.
Thank You
Any Questions?