Path Loss - Large-Scale Fading

Lecture 2:Path Loss

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 Path Loss - Large-Scale Fading

Problem

How to locate the position of access point/base station?

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Coverage probability

Definition
Coverage probability is the probability in which the SINR of the user is greater than a
required threshold

P = P (SIN R > T ) (1)

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Radio Wave Propagation

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Radio Wave Propagation

The wireless radio channel puts fundamental limitations to the performance of

wireless communications systems
Radio channels are extremely random, and are not easily analyzed
Modeling the radio channel is typically done in statistical fashion
Fast Fading or Small Scale Fading
Slow Fading or Large Scale Fading

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 Path Loss - Large-Scale Fading

10
Pathloss + Shadowing + Multipath
Pathloss
5
Pathloss + Shadowing

/P t) (dB)
0

r -5

-10

-15

-20

-25
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
log(d)

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 Path Loss - Large-Scale Fading

Linear Path Loss

Suppose s(t) of power Pt is transmitted through a given channel

The received signal r(t) of power Pr is averaged over any random variations due
to shadowing.
Linear path loss as the ratio of transmit power to receiver power
Pt
PL = (2)
Pr
The path loss of the channel also in dB
 
Pt
PL (dB) = 10 log10 (3)
Pr

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Line-of-Sight (LoS) Propagation

Attenuation
The strength of a signal falls off with distance

Free Space Propagation

The transmitter and receiver have a clear line of sight path between them. No
other sources of impairment!
The free space power received by an antenna which is separated from a radiating
antenna by a distance is given by Friis free space equation

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Friis Free Space Equation

 2
λ
Pr = Pt Gt Gr (4)
4πd

1 Gt and Gr the transmit and receive antenna gains

2 λ is the wavelength
3 d is the distance between the Transmitter - Receiver
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Path loss power (linear unit)

 2
1 4πd
PL = (5)
Gt Gr λ

Statements
PL falls off as the square of λ
PL increases with the square of d

Path loss power (dB)

PL (dB) = −10 log10 (Gt Gr ) − 20 log10 (λ) + 20 log10 (4πd) (6)

Example
A macro base station transmits at 43 dBm. 10 / 26
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Free Space Propagation I

Using a reference point

(dB) (dB) (dB)
PL = Pt − Pr (d)(dB) = Pt − Pr (d0 )(dB) + Pr (d0 )(dB) − Pr (d)(dB)
 
d
= L0 + 20 log10 (7)
d0

L0 is the path loss at the reference distance d0

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General Path Loss model I

The recieved power at a distance d with reference point
 d0
(dB) d
PL = L0 + 10γ log10 (8)
d0

L0 is the path loss at the reference distance d0

Some typical values of γ

1 Free Space γ = 2
2 Urban Area γ = 2.7 to 3.5
3 Obstructed building γ = 4 to 6
4 Indoor (line-of-sight) γ = 1.6 to 1.8

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General Path Loss model II

Example - Cell Radius Prediction

The signal level is same on a circle centered at the base station with radius R
Find the distance R such that the received signal power cannot be less than Pmin
dBm

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Example: Received signal power

If a transmitter produces 50 watts of power, express the transmit power in units of (a)
dBm, and (b) dBW.
If 50 watts is applied to a unity gain antenna with a 900 MHz carrier frequency,
Find the received power in dBm at a free space distance of 100 m from the antenna,
What is Pr (10 km) 2 Assume unity gain for the receiver antenna.

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Log-normal shadowing I

The power loss in dB is a random variable

Pr(dB) = E[Pr(dB) ] + p (9)

in which p is a lognormal random variable with PDF

(ln p − µ)2
 
1
f (p) = √ exp − (10)
pσ 2π 2p2

The probability that the received signal is greater than p0

!
(dB)
p0 − E[Pr ]
P (p > p0 ) = Q (11)
σ

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Log-normal shadowing II

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1. Four received power measurements are shown in the following table. The
path loss for these measurements follows the free path loss model with path
loss exponent γ and d0 = 100m
1 Find the minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimate for the path loss exponent
2 calculate standard deviation about the mean value
3 estimate received power at d = 2 km using resulting model
4 predict the likelihood that th recieved signal level at 2km will be greater than - 60
dBm
Distance from transmitter Received Power
100 m 0 dB
200 m - 20 dB
1000 m - 35 dB
2000 m - 70 dB
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Solution The MMSE estimate may be found using the following method.
Let pi be the received power at a distance di and let p̂i be the estimate for pi
The sum of squared errors between the measured and estimated values is given by
k
X
J(n) = (pi − p̂i )2 (12)
i=1

The value of n which minimizes the mean square error can be obtained by
equating the derivative of J(n) to zero, and then solving for n.

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(a) We find p̂i = pi (d0 ) − 10n log(di /100 m).

Recognizing that P (d0 ) = 0 dBm, we find the following estimates for p̂i in dBm:

pˆ1 = 0, pˆ2 = −3n, pˆ3 = −10n, pˆ4 = −14.77n. (13)

The sum of squared errors is then given by

J(n) = (0 − 0)2 + (−20 − (−3n))2 + (−35 − (−10n))2 + (−70 − (−14.77n))2

= 6525 − 2887.8n + 327.153n2 .

dJ(n)
= 654.306n − 2887.8.
dn
Setting this equal to zero, the value of n is obtained as n = 4.4.
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(b) The sample variance σ 2 = J(n)/4 at n = 4.4 can be obtained as follows.

J(n) = (0 + 0) + (−20 + 13.2)2 + (−35 + 44)2 + (−70 + 64.988)2 = 152.36. (14)

152.36
σ2 = = 38.09 (15)
4
therefore

σ = 6.17 dB, (16)

which is a biased estimate. In general, a greater number of measurements are needed

to reduce σ 2 .

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(c) The estimate of the received power at d = 2 km is given by

p̂(d = 2 km) = 0 − 10(4.4) log(2000/100) = −57.24 dBm. (17)

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Exercises
2. Consider the set of empirical measurements given in the table below for an indoor system
at 2 GHz.
Distance from transmitter Received Power
10 m -70 dB
20 m - 75 dB
50 m - 90 dB
100 m - 110 dB
300 m - 125 dB

1 Find the minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimate for the path loss exponent
2 Find the path loss exponent γ assuming that d0 = 1 m and L0 is determined from the free space
path loss formula at this d0 .
3 Find the received power at 150 m for with this path loss exponent and a transmit power of 1
mW (0 dBm).

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3GPP model

ETSI TR 138 901 V14.3.0 (2018-01)

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3GPP model

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Problem Formulation

The user experiences LoS and nLoS model with a probability of pL = exp(−d/d0 ).
The path loss of LoS and nLoS are Ll = r−α1 and Ln = r−α2
The received signal power is S = P L where L is the total power loss
Find the maximum distance from the receiver to transmitter so that the
received power at the receiver is greater than Pmin

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Thanks for your attention!

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