CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
UNIT I CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS
• pre-cast concrete
•pre- fabrication system - Modular coordination.
PRECAST - CONCRETE
•produced by casting concrete in reusable mold.(Cured in controlled
environment)
•Precast stone is distinguished from precast concrete by using a fine aggregate in
mixture.
•Closely monitored by plant employes.
•Offers many potential advantages over site casting of concrete.
•Performed on ground level – helps with safety throughout a
project.
•Control of quality of materials and workmanship in precast
plant rather than on construction site.
•Form – can be reused 100 to 1000 times before they have to
be replaced.
•Have to be certified.
HOW ITS DONE:
1. Production of reinforced cages and main connections:
The precast factory often has specialist workshops for the manufacture and
maintenance of moulds, and for the production of jig-built reinforcing cages
and connections.
REFERENCE: [Link]
2. Assembly of moulds: 3. Mix being poured:
The reinforced cage is positioned in Carefully specified concrete is
the partly assembled mould, then placed into the mould. Many precast
the remaining mould section is works now employ computer
completed. controlled batching plants.
4. Compaction of concrete 5. Precast concrete being moved to
using poker vibrator: the storage area:
Once an appropriate strength has been
To ensure that optimum density is reached, the precast units are moved to the
obtained and that specified strengths storage area. Units are usually handled
are achieved, concrete is placed and within hours of casting as part of the rapid
compacted using high-frequency production cycle.
external vibrators or pokers.
6. Storage of high-quality units in works area:
The finished precast components are stacked on clean battens or plastic
pads positioned to suit the design of the component. Care is taken to
keep the stacks vertical and to ensure that battens are placed directly
above one another within the stack.
[Link] to site:
The components are delivered to site in a pre-determined sequence to
ensure that hardened concrete are ready for instant erection.
8. Erection at site:
The components are erected
straight from the lorry. This leads
to faster erection times with
reduced on-site activity.
9. Finished building:
ADVANTAGES:
•Superior quality is produced.
• Not necessary to provide joints.
•Low cost
•Labour required in manufacturing process can be trained.
•The mould employed for preparing the precast unit are of steel.
•This moulds are more durable
•Can be used several times
•Can be given the desired shape with accuracy
DISADVANTAGES
• Becomes difficult to produce satisfactory connection between
precast members
•Necessary to arrange for specific equipments – for lifting and moving
• the amount to be spent in transport and handling
• if not properly handeled - may damaged
UNIT I CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS
•Structural systems and design
• pre-stressed, concrete constructions
• pre-cast concrete
•pre- fabrication system - Modular coordination.
DEFINITION :
Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in a
factory or other manufacturing site, and transporting complete assemblies or
sub-assemblies to the construction site where the structure is to be located
The term is used to distinguish this process from the more conventional
construction practice of transporting the basic material to the construction
site where all assembly is carried out.
•The assembly of buildings or their
components at a location other than the
building site.
•The method controls construction costs by
economizing on time, daily wages, and
materials.
Prefabricated units
may include
• doors,
•stairs,
•window,
• walls,
• wall panels,
• floor panels,
• roof trusses,
• room-sized components
and panels,
•floor panels,
•roof trusses,
• room sized
components,
•and even entire buildings.
STAGES INVOLVED IN PREFABRICATION
1. The structure is divided into number of units.
2. The different units are precast in permanent factories(plant fabrication) or
temporary plants (site prefabrication).
3. Transported to the site.
4. Hoisted set into their final places and assembled to form a complete
structure.
ADVANTAGES OF PREFABRICATION
•High quality product
•Labor related savings
•Savings in time
•Overall efficiency is greatly increased
•Mass production is easier and quick
•Protected and controlled production environment
•Potential for lower production costs and other cost savings
•Independence of climatic conditions
•The disruption of traffic is avoided Ensures high degree of Safety
DISADVANTAGES OF PREFABRICATION:
•Careful handling of prefabricated components such as
concrete panels or steel and glass panels is required.
•Attention has to be paid to the strength and corrosion-
resistance of the joining of prefabricated sections to avoid
failure of the joint.
•Similarly, leaks can form at joints in prefabricated components.
•Transportation costs may be higher for voluminous
prefabricated sections than for the materials of which they are
made, which can often be packed more compactly
• Large prefabricated sections require heavy-duty cranes and
precision measurement and handling to place in positioning
COMPONENTS OF PREFAB
•Flooring and Roofing Scheme
•Beams
•Columns
•Walls
• Staircase
• Lintels Sunshade/Chajja
Projections
PREFABRICATION SYSTEMS
The system of prefabricated construction depends on the extent of the use of
prefab components, their materials sizes and the technique adopted for their
manufacture and use in building.
VARIOUS PREFABRICATION SYSTEMS
OPEN PREFAB SYSTEM
This system is based on the use of the basic structural elements to form whole or
part of a building.
The standard prefab concrete components which can be used are:-
•Reinforced concrete channel units,
•Hollow core slabs,
•Hollow blocks and battens,
• Precast planks and battens,
•Precast joists and tiles
•Precast joists and tiles,
•Cellular concrete slabs,
•Prestressed/reinforced concrete slabs,
•Reinforced/prestressed concrete beams,
•Reinforced/prestressed concrete columns,
• Precast lintels and chajjas,
•Reinforced concrete waffle slabs/shells, Room size
•Reinforced/prestressed concrete panels,room size
•Reinforced/prestressed concrete panels,
•Reinforced/prestressed concrete walling elements, and
•Reinforced/prestressed concrete trusses
CATEGORIES OF OPEN PREFAB SYSTEMS
There are two categories of open prefab systems depending on the
extent of prefabrication used in the construction as given below:
•Partial prefab open system
•Full prefab open system
PARTIAL PREFAB SYSTEM
• This system basically emphasizes the use of precast roofing and flooring
components and other minor elements like lintels, chajjas, kitchen sills in
conventional building construction.
•The structural system could be in the form of in-situ framework or load
bearing walls.
FULL PREFAB OPEN SYSTEM
•In this system almost all the structural components are Prefabricated.
•The filler walls may be of bricks or any other local material.
LARGE PANEL PREFAB SYSTEM
This system is based on the use of large prefab
components.
The components such as Precast concrete large
panels for walls, floors, roofs, balconies, staircase, etc.
The casting of the components could be at the site
or off the site.
CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURAL SCHEME WITH PRECAST
LARGE PANEL
WALL SYSTEMS
• CrossWall System - In this scheme, the cross wall are load bearing walls
whereas the façade Walls are non load bearing - this system is suitable for
high rise
•non-load bearing this system is suitable for high rise buildings.
•Longitudinal Wall System - In this scheme the cross walls are non-load
bearing whereas Longitudinal walls are load bearing walls- This system is
suitable for low rise [Link] buildings.
•A combination of the above system with all load bearing walls can also be
adopted.
PRECAST FLOORS
precast flooring units could be
• homogeneous or
• non homogeneous.
Homogeneous floors :- could be solid slabs, cored slabs, ribbed or waffle
slabs.
Non-homogeneous floors :- could be multi-layered ones with combinations
of light weight Concrete or reinforced/prestressed concrete, with filler blocks
STAIRCASE SYSTEMS
• Staircase system could consist of single flights with in-built risers and
treads in the element only.
•The flights are normally unidirectional transferring the loads to supporting
landing slabs or load bearing walls.
BOXTYPE CONSTRUCTION
• In this system, room size units are prefabricated and erected at site
•Toilets and kitchen blocks also be similarly prefabricated and erected at
site.
•This system derives its stability and stiffness from the box unit which are
formed by the four adjacent walls.
•Walls are jointed to make rigid connections among themselves.
•The box unit rests on the plinth foundation which may be of conventional
type or precast type.
MODULAR COORDINATION
• Modular coordination is a concept of coordination of dimension and space in
which buildings and components are dimensioned and positioned in terms of
basic unit or module.
• It is internationally accepted by the International Standard Organization and
many other countries
• Less wet work site.
•Non dependence on unskilled labor Less modification on site
•Promote Industrialization (component manufactured in factory) Through
Standardization Improves Productivity
A module:
• a basic dimension which could for example form the basis of a planning grid in
terms of multiples and submultiples of standard module.
•Provide guide to building component sizing: this can reduce as much as
possible the needs to further trim and shape the materials to fit together in
construction; thus, reducing wastage of labor and material.
BASICS OF MODULE
The basic module is known as 1M which is equivalent to 100mm.
1M = 100mm
There are three type of MODULE :-
(I) Basic Module
(II) (II) Multi Module
(III) (III) Sub Module
Basic Module
It is the fundamental unit of size in modular coordination and for general
application to building & components .
The size of basic Module is taken as 100mm denoted by “M” It is considered
to be large enough to effect some variety reduction in range of
component size and is small enough to provide a flexible unit of
measurement for the purpose of design.
Multi Module
Certain whole multiples of basic module usually expressed in as “M” with
numeric prefix as 2M , 3M, 4M etc are referred to as multi module.
Sub Module
Certain submultiples of basic module which are whole simple fractions shall
be chosen when absolutely necessary for an increment smaller than the
basic module.
For practical considerations, this sub modular increment shall be expressed
as “M” with fractional prefix as 1/5M, 1/4M, 1/3M,etc
MODULAR REFERENCE SYSTEM
• The term modular reference systems is the three
dimensional system of orthogonal space coordinates
within the positions and sizes of components, elements
and installations can be related by references to points,
lines, or planes.
• A system of points, lines and planes grids.
• Used mainly during planning / design stage.
MODULAR REFERENCE SYSTEM
• The term modular reference systems is the three
dimensional system of orthogonal space coordinates
within the positions and sizes of components, elements
and installations can be related by references to points,
lines, or planes.
• A system of points, lines and planes grids.
• Used mainly during planning / design stage.
POSITIONING OF COMPONENTS AND SPACE
INTERAXIAL REFERENCE
POSITIONING OF BUILDING COMPONENTS
NON-MONOLITHIC 3-D COMPONENTS
NEXT SESSION
UNIT II CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE
•
Modern Construction Materials-
•Manufacture, storage, transportation and erection of pre-
cast
component forms, moulds and scaffoldings in construction
•safety in erection and dismantling of
constructions.
THANK YOU