Problem Statement

In a double pipe parallel flow heat exchanger, hot exhaust gases

(Cp = 1300 J/kg-K) flowing at 0.3 kg/s are cooled from 460◦ C to 180◦ C .
Cooling water (Cp = 4180 J/kg-K) enters at 20◦ C with a flow rate of 0.42
kg/s.
Overall heat transfer coefficient:

U = 140 W /m2 K
Determine the heat exchanger surface area using the
Effectiveness–NTU method.

Effectiveness-NTU Method 1 / 26
Step 1: Heat Transfer Rate

Heat removed from hot gas:

Q = ṁh Cp,h (Th,i − Th,o )

Q = 0.3 × 1300 × (460 − 180)

Q = 109200 W = 109.2 kW
Heat capacity rates:

Ch = 0.3 × 1300 = 390 W /K

Cc = 0.42 × 4180 = 1755.6 W /K

Effectiveness-NTU Method 2 / 26
Step 2: Capacity Ratio

Cmin = 390 W /K

Cmax = 1755.6 W /K

Cmin
Cr =
Cmax

Cr = 0.222
Maximum possible heat transfer:

Qmax = Cmin (Th,i − Tc,i )

Qmax = 390(460 − 20) = 171600 W

Effectiveness-NTU Method 3 / 26
Step 3: Effectiveness

Q
ε=
Qmax
109200
ε=
171600

ε = 0.636
For a parallel flow heat exchanger:

1 − e −NTU(1+Cr )
ε=
1 + Cr

1 − e −NTU(1+0.222)
0.636 =
1.222

NTU = 1.23
Effectiveness-NTU Method 4 / 26
Step 4: Surface Area

UA
NTU =
Cmin
140A
1.23 =
390

A = 3.43 m2

Surface area of heat exchanger

A = 3.43 m2

Effectiveness-NTU Method 5 / 26
“‘latex

Effectiveness-NTU Method 6 / 26
Problem Statement (Shell and Tube Exchanger)

In a 1–2 TEMA E shell-and-tube heat exchanger, water enters the

shell at 21◦ C at a rate of 1.4 kg/s.
Engine oil flows through the tubes at a rate of 1.0 kg/s. The inlet and
outlet temperatures of the oil are 150◦ C and 90◦ C respectively.
Overall heat transfer coefficient:

U = 225 W /m2 K
Specific heats:

Cp,water = 4.19 kJ/kgK

Cp,oil = 1.67 kJ/kgK

Determine the surface area of the exchanger.

Effectiveness-NTU Method 6 / 26
Step 1: Heat Transfer Rate

Heat lost by hot oil:

Q = ṁh Cp,h (Th,i − Th,o )

Q = 1.0 × 1.67 × (150 − 90)

Q = 1.0 × 1.67 × 60

Q = 100.2 kW

Q = 100200 W

Effectiveness-NTU Method 7 / 26
Step 2: Heat Capacity Rates

Ch = ṁh Cp,h

Ch = 1.0 × 1.67 = 1.67 kW /K

Cc = ṁc Cp,c

Cc = 1.4 × 4.19 = 5.866 kW /K

Cmin = 1.67 kW /K

Cmax = 5.866 kW /K

Cmin
Cr = = 0.285
Cmax
Effectiveness-NTU Method 8 / 26
Step 3: Effectiveness
Maximum possible heat transfer:

Qmax = Cmin (Th,i − Tc,i )

Qmax = 1.67(150 − 21)

Qmax = 215.4 kW

Q
ε=
Qmax
100.2
ε=
215.4

ε = 0.465

Effectiveness-NTU Method 9 / 26
Step 4: NTU and Area
For a 1–2 shell-and-tube heat exchanger
 
2
q
ε= p 2
1 − exp(−NTU 1 + Cr )
1 + Cr + 1 + Cr2
Substituting Cr = 0.285

NTU ≈ 0.72

UA
NTU =
Cmin
225A
0.72 =
1670

A = 5.34 m2

A = 5.34 m2
Effectiveness-NTU Method 10 / 26
“‘ “‘latex
“‘latex “‘latex “‘latex

Effectiveness-NTU Method 11 / 26
Problem Statement (Medical Heat Exchanger)

During open-heart surgery under hypothermic conditions, blood is cooled

before surgery and warmed afterwards.
A concentric tube counter-flow heat exchanger is proposed.
Given
Length: L = 1.5 m
Tube inner diameter: D = 55 mm
Water: Th,i = 60◦ C , ṁh = 0.1 kg /s
Blood: Tc,i = 18◦ C , ṁc = 0.05 kg /s
U = 500 W /m2 K
Cp,blood = 3500 J/kgK
Determine the exit temperature of blood.

Effectiveness-NTU Method 11 / 26
Step 1: Heat Transfer Area

A = πDL (1)
= π(0.055)(1.5) (2)
= 0.259 m2 (3)

UA = 500 × 0.259 (4)

= 129.5 W /K (5)

Effectiveness-NTU Method 12 / 26
Step 2: Heat Capacity Rates

Blood:

Cc = ṁc Cp,c (6)

= 0.05 × 3500 (7)
= 175 W /K (8)

Water (Cp ≈ 4180 J/kgK ):

Ch = 0.1 × 4180 (9)

= 418 W /K (10)

Effectiveness-NTU Method 13 / 26
Step 3: NTU and Effectiveness

Cmin = 175 W /K (11)

175
Cr = = 0.419 (12)
418

UA
NTU = (13)
Cmin
129.5
= (14)
175
= 0.74 (15)
Counter-flow effectiveness relation:

1 − e −NTU(1−Cr )
ε=
1 − Cr e −NTU(1−Cr )

ε = 0.49
Effectiveness-NTU Method 14 / 26
Step 4: Blood Exit Temperature

Q = εCmin (Th,i − Tc,i ) (16)

= 0.49 × 175(60 − 18) (17)
= 3601 W (18)

Energy balance for blood:

Q = ṁc Cp,c (Tc,o − Tc,i ) (19)

3601 = 175(Tc,o − 18) (20)

Tc,o = 38.6◦ C

Tblood,out ≈ 38.6◦ C

Effectiveness-NTU Method 15 / 26
“‘ “‘latex id=”t7n2gq” “‘latex id=”zq9j3x” “‘latex

Effectiveness-NTU Method 16 / 26
Problem Statement

A shell-and-tube heat exchanger with 2 shell passes and 4 tube passes

is used to cool oil from 125◦ C to 55◦ C .
Cooling water enters the shell side at 25◦ C and leaves at 46◦ C .
Determine the heat transfer area of the exchanger.

Effectiveness-NTU Method 16 / 26
Given Data

Oil flow rate:

ṁoil = 10 kg /s
Overall heat transfer coefficient:

U = 900 W /m2 K
Specific heats:

Cp,oil = 2000 J/kgK

Cp,water = 4178 J/kgK

Effectiveness-NTU Method 17 / 26
Step 1: Heat Transfer Rate

Q = ṁh Cp,h (Th,i − Th,o ) (21)

= 10 × 2000(125 − 55) (22)
6
= 1.4 × 10 W (23)

Q = 1400 kW

Effectiveness-NTU Method 18 / 26
Step 2: LMTD

∆T1 = Th,i − Tc,o = 125 − 46 = 79◦ C (24)

◦
∆T2 = Th,o − Tc,i = 55 − 25 = 30 C (25)

∆T1 − ∆T2
∆Tlm = (26)
ln(∆T1 /∆T2 )
= 50.2◦ C (27)

Effectiveness-NTU Method 19 / 26
Step 3: Correction Factor and Area

Th,i − Th,o 70
R= = = 3.33
Tc,o − Tc,i 21
Tc,o − Tc,i 21
P= = = 0.21
Th,i − Tc,i 100
From correction factor charts:

F ≈ 0.90

Q
A= (28)
UF ∆Tlm
1.4 × 106
A= (29)
900 × 0.90 × 50.2

A ≈ 34.4 m2
Effectiveness-NTU Method 20 / 26
“‘ “‘latex
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Effectiveness-NTU Method 21 / 26
Problem Statement
Hot water flows through the inner tube of a counter-flow double pipe heat
exchanger at a rate of 0.4 kg /s. The hot water enters at 90◦ C and leaves
at 60◦ C .
Cold water flows through the annulus at a rate of 0.6 kg /s and enters at
25◦ C .
The convection heat transfer coefficients are:
hi = 1200 W /m2 K
ho = 900 W /m2 K
The fouling resistances are:
Rf ,i = 0.0002 m2 K /W
Rf ,o = 0.0003 m2 K /W
The tube wall resistance may be neglected.
Assume the specific heat of water:

Cp = 4180 J/kgK
Determine:
Overall heat transfer coefficient U Method
Effectiveness-NTU 21 / 26
“‘

Effectiveness-NTU Method 22 / 26
Step 1: Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

1 1 1
= + Rf ,i + Rf ,o +
U hi ho
1 1 1
= + 0.0002 + 0.0003 +
U 1200 900
1
= 0.00244
U

U = 410 W /m2 K

Effectiveness-NTU Method 22 / 26
Step 2: Heat Transfer Rate

Q = ṁh Cp (Th,i − Th,o )

Q = 0.4 × 4180(90 − 60)

Q = 50160 W

Q = 50.16 kW

Effectiveness-NTU Method 23 / 26
Step 3: Capacity Rates

Ch = 0.4 × 4180 = 1672 W /K

Cc = 0.6 × 4180 = 2508 W /K

Cmin = 1672 W /K

1672
Cr = = 0.667
2508

Effectiveness-NTU Method 24 / 26
Step 4: Maximum Heat Transfer

Qmax = Cmin (Th,i − Tc,i )

Qmax = 1672(90 − 25)

Qmax = 108680 W

Q
ε= = 0.461
Qmax

Effectiveness-NTU Method 25 / 26
Step 5: NTU and Area
Counter-flow effectiveness relation:

1 − e −NTU(1−Cr )
ε=
1 − Cr e −NTU(1−Cr )

NTU ≈ 0.75

UA
NTU =
Cmin
410A
0.75 =
1672

A = 3.06 m2

U = 410 W /m2 K

A = 3.06 m2
Effectiveness-NTU Method 26 / 26
“‘

Effectiveness-NTU Method 26 / 26