15 March, 2026

Technological and
Design Aspects of High
-
Rise Buildings
Associate Prof. Eman Shaqour
Architectural Engineering Department,
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Al -Zaytoonah University of Science and Technology
Salfit, Palestine.
Lecture
Content HIGH -RISE BUILDINGS
1. Introduction to High -Rise Buildings
2. Historical Development of High -Rise Buildings
3. Urban and Environmental Considerations
4. Architectural Design Principles for High -Rise
Buildings
5. Structural Systems in High -Rise Buildings
6. Building Materials and Construction Technologies
7. Vertical Transportation Systems (Elevators and
Escalators)
8. Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing Systems
(MEP)
9. Fire Safety and Building Regulations

HIGH -RISE BUILDINGS

INDUSTRIAL
HIGH -RISE BUILDINGS

REVOLUTIONS
The 4 .0 Industrial
Revolution is leading the
Intelligent Information
Society the Digital
Transformation, its
advance Technologies .

By using 5G wireless
network which is 70 times
faster than 4G wireless.

Internet of Things
Cloud Computing
Big data
Artificial Intelligence
Mobile
First Industrial
HIGH -RISE BUILDINGS

Revolution
The First Industrial Revolution was a period from the
18th to the 19th century where major changes in
agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation,
and technology had a profound effect on the socio
economic and cultural conditions of the times.

It began in the United Kingdom, and then

subsequently spread throughout Europe, North
America, then the whole world

1. It started with the mechanisation of the textile

industries,
2. the development of iron-making techniques and
the increased use of refined coal.
3. Trade expansion was enabled by the introduction
of canals, improved roads and railways.
 First Industrial
HIGH -RISE BUILDINGS

• The beginning of the Industrial Revolution is

closely linked to a small number of innovations,
made in the second half of the 18th century:
Revolution
Three 'leading sectors', in which there were key
innovations, which allowed the economic take off
by which the Industrial Revolution is usually
defined

• Textiles – Cotton
The only
surviving
• Steam power – The improved steam engine
example of
invented by James Watt in 1775 was initially a Spinning
mainly used to power pumps for pumping water mule built
out of mines. by the
• Iron making – In the Iron industry, coke was finally inventor
applied to all stages of iron smelting, replacing Samuel
charcoal) Crompton

Model of the spinning jenny in a museum in

Germany. The spinning jenny was one of the
innovations that started the revolution
 First Industrial
HIGH -RISE BUILDINGS

Revolution
• The fundamental technical prerequisite to large-

Rise of Metal-frame Architecture

scale modern architecture was the
development of metal framing.
The industrial age can be divided into two parts:
the iron and steam phase (. 1750-1900) and the
steel and electricity phase ( 1900-present).
• The “iron and steam phase” is also the age of
iron-frame architecture. During this period, cast
iron framing was introduced to masonry
buildings
• Masonry walls were relieved of their structural
role, eventually becoming a cosmetic “skin” over Since iron was becoming cheaper and more
an iron skeleton of columns and arches. plentiful, it also became a major structural
material following the building of the innovative
The Iron Bridge in 1778 by Abraham Darby .
 First Industrial
HIGH -RISE BUILDINGS

• Iron-frame architecture, which flourished

(eventually) the United States, occupies Revolution

primarily in England, France, and

Rise of Metal-frame Architecture

the transitional zone between traditional
and modern architecture.

• Iron-frame buildings were erected mainly

during the “age of iron and steam” (1750-
1900). As noted earlier, this architecture
included:
1. iron-frame masonry buildings,
2. iron-and-glass buildings, and
3. iron bridges.
 First Industrial
HIGH -RISE BUILDINGS

Iron was used in two main ways in buildings:

1. iron supports in grand architecture were
often hidden behind masonry (such that the
buildings retained a traditional appearance),
Revolution

Rise of Metal-frame Architecture

2. they were left exposed in structures where
appearance was deemed unimportant (e.g.
mills, factories) or where masonry was
unnecessary (e.g. bridges, railway stations).

• Utilitarian buildings also often lacked

traditional ornamentation, again due to lack
of concern for appearance.
• As the nineteenth century drew on, many
architects began to embrace these features
(plain industrial materials and lack of
ornamentation) as aesthetically desirable.
 First Industrial
HIGH -RISE BUILDINGS

The Severn Bridge1850-1900

Revolution
• Abraham Darby commissioned this
painting by William Williams in

Rise of Metal-
1780 to promote the Bridge. There

Architecture
are 482 main castings, but with the
deck facings and railings the
number rises to 1,736. ) 1781(

frame
• Universally recognised as the
symbol of the Industrial
Revolution, Severn the Iron Bridge
stands at the heart of the Iron
bridge Gorge World Heritage Site.
•
 First Industrial
HIGH -RISE BUILDINGS

The Crystal Palace File:Crystal Palace General view from Water [Link]

• Iron-and-glass architecture culminated in

Revolution
the mid-nineteenth century, with

Rise of Metal-
London’s Crystal Palace (destroyed),

Architecture
designed by Joseph Paxton (a renowned
architect of greenhouses).

frame
• The Crystal Palace was a cast-iron and
plate-glass building originally erected in
Hyde Park, London, England, to house the
Great Exhibition of 1851. More than
14,000 exhibitors from around the world
gathered in the Palace's 990,000 square
feet (92,000 m2) of exhibition space to
display examples of the latest technology
developed in the Industrial Revolution.
 First Industrial
HIGH -RISE BUILDINGS

The Crystal Palace

• Because of the recent invention of the

Revolution

Rise of Metal-
cast plate glass method in 1848, which

Architecture
allowed for large sheets of cheap but
strong glass, it was at the time the
largest amount of glass ever seen in a

frame
building and astonished visitors with its
clear walls and ceilings that did not
require interior lights.

• The ‘Crystal Palace’ in 1851 used cast

iron framing and vast amounts of plate
glass.
.
The Second
HIGH -RISE BUILDINGS

Industrial
Revolution
The Next Phase of
Industrial Advancement

The Second Industrial Revolution,

spanning the late 19th to early
20 th century, introduced
electricity, steel
advancements , and assembly
lines, drastically improving
production efficiency .
Innovations in communication
and transportation further
integrated global economies and
paved the way for modern
industrialization .
 Second
HIGH -RISE BUILDINGS
 No phenomenon in the history of urban planning
has altered the fabric and form of cities as much as
the automobile. The car changed the scale of cities


and removed them from a human scale.
Modernity brought key institutions and buildings
Industrial
into the city, including universities, ministries,
railway stations, museums, city halls, courts, and
parliaments.
Revolution
 Development of new construction materials such as
steel, reinforced concrete and glass. Late 19th to Early 20th Century
 Advancement of new building techniques, including
skyscrapers and prefabricated homes.
 Emergence of new building types such as airports,
highways, and
 Standardization and optimization were among the
most significant achievements of this revolution,
 giving rise to mass production lines globally. The
emergence of mass production was largely a
response to rapid population growth and major
events like the world wars.
 Second
HIGH -RISE BUILDINGS

Eiffel Tower

• The Eiffel Tower, designed by Gustave Eiffel.

The Eiffel Tower is an iron lattice tower
Industrial
located on the Champ de Mars in Paris,
named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel,
Revolution
whose company designed and built the tower.
• The Eiffel Tower (1887-89, Paris)
• 1,063’ high (81 floors)
• Designed by Gustave Eiffel, designed bridges.
• Iron tower constructed as entrance for Paris’
• 300 workers, one death during construction
• Tower was criticized as an eyesore
• Shape of the tower designed to withstand the
force of wind
 Second
HIGH -RISE BUILDINGS

• The next step in the development of modern

architecture was the shift from iron-frame to
steel-frame construction. Steel-frame
architecture emerged in Chicago, among a circle
Industrial
of architects known as the Chicago school,
which flourished 1880-1900. Revolution

Home Insurance Building

• At this point in history, architects faced growing
pressure to extend buildings upward, as cities
grew. In response, the Chicago school built the
world’s first skyscrapers. (A good definition
of “skyscraper”, for the purposes of architectural
history, is “a metal-frame building at least one
hundred feet tall”.) The Home Insurance
Building (1884; demolished), by William Le
Baron Jenney (a member of the Chicago school),
is usually considered the very first skyscraper.
 Second
HIGH -RISE BUILDINGS

• During the period 1920-40 (i.e. the interwar

period), another short-lived rival to
mainstream modernism flourished: Art Deco.
Industrial
Like the modern aesthetic, Art Deco rejects
traditional decoration in favor of plain
geometric forms. The main difference is that,
Revolution
compared with the light minimalism of the
modern aesthetic, Art Deco works typically look
heavy and contrived.
• Distinctive features of Art Deco architecture Art Deco
include setbacks (inward steps), as well as
narrow strips of windows (with strips of
concrete/masonry between them, which gives
the building a sense of heavy construction).
• Although Art Deco was primarily a French style,
it culminated architecturally in the United
States. The foremost examples are found in
New York: the Chrysler Building, and the
Empire State Building.
 New City
Futurist Architecture

Tower of Babel

Le Corbusier, The Metropolis of

FLW, Mile High City Tomorrow
 Second
HIGH -RISE BUILDINGS

Four main categories of production are

recognised as ‘offsite’ and these link closely
with the manufacturing sector.
Industrial Non-
volumetric
Volumetric
pre-assembly
❖Offsite is most commonly associated with
pre-fabricated post war building but is
increasingly technology driven
Revolution pre-assembly

Component Complete
sub-assembly buildings
❖Offsite includes modules, homes, small scale
items assembled offsite, such as windows and Offsite
doors

❖Mass production is the manufacture of large

quantities of standardized products, frequently Mass production
utilizing assembly line technology. Mass production
refers to the process of creating large numbers of
similar products efficiently.

❖Four main categories of production are

recognised as ‘offsite’ and these link closely with
the manufacturing sector.
 Third HIGH -RISE BUILDINGS

 The rise of digital technologies and the

internet at the end of the 20th century
marked the onset of the Digital Revolution
Industrial
 British sociologist David Harvey describes
Revolution
this revolution as a process of accelerating
the compression of time and space, to the The Digital Revolution – 1970s
point where "distance" became virtually
irrelevant. While the Second Industrial
Revolution, with the invention of
automobiles, brought time and distance
closer together, the Third Industrial
Revolution further collapsed them through
the use of computers and the internet—
taking in an era of "real-time" experience
 Third HIGH -RISE BUILDINGS

 Development of new building materials,

such as composites and nanomaterials.
Industrial
 Advancement
techniques
of new construction
Revolution
 Emergence of new types of buildings, such as

The Digital Revolution – 1970s

sustainable buildings and smart cities.
 The impacts of the Third Industrial
Revolution on architecture and urban
planning manifested in both software and
structural aspects.
 Advances in software systems significantly
enhanced design capabilities, both
conceptually and computationally, enabling
the emergence of ideas involving highly
transformative volumetric changes.
WHAT ARE THE MAIN
PILLARS OF INDUSTRY 4.0?
Spinn ing Machine

Robotics deals with the design,

construction, operation and its
Replacing humans on assembly line .

o 3 D Printing is any of various

processes in which material is joined
or solidified under computer control
to create a three dimensional object,
the manufacturing customized
components

Big Data – Collecting performance

parameters, used to refer to data
HIGH -RISE BUILDINGS sets that are too large or complex
for traditional data - processing
application, analytics –
Understanding collected data
 Third
HIGH -RISE BUILDINGS

Industrial
Revolution Concepts such as cosmic leap and
folding, facilitated by computer
technology, allowed complex
structures to be realized from an
The Digital Revolution – 1970s architect’s vision. Indeed,
computational power provided by
these software tools enabled
designers to create intricate and
organic volumetric forms
What is HIGH -RISE ?
A high-rise building is defined as a building 35
meters or greater in height.
DEMAND FOR HIGH-
DEFINITION RISE BUILDINGS
High-rise buildings are the icons of • Scarcity of land
modern society. • Increasing demand for
These symbolize the power of business and residential
commerce in the present world space
system. • Economic growth
They also add the 3rd dimension to • Technological advancement
the city. • Innovations in structural
Generally constructed using a • systems Desire for aesthetics in urban
structural frame, provided with settings
high-speed elevators • Cultural significance and
Buildings higher than 100m is termed • prestige
Human aspiration to build
as skyscraper according to emporis. higher
Buildings 300m or higher is termed as
super tall and buildings 600m or taller
is termed as mega-tall.
HIGH -RISE BUILDINGS Emporis
CTBUH
 HIGH -RISE BUILDINGS
Building Elements of a
High-Rise building
Tower
There are 3 basic Parts
of a high-Rise building: Escalator

1. Tower
2. Shaft Core
3. Podium
Shaft Building Elements of a Stairs
High-Rise building :
• Court / Atrium Fire Escape

• Escalator
• Core Atrium

Podium • Fire Escape

• Lift Lobby
• Stairs Lobby

Parking
Building Elements of a
High-Rise building
Refuge Floors
 Core CORE CORE
Building Elements of a Contains: A core is a vertical space used for circulation and
• Elevator shafts
services. It may also be referred to as a
• Elevator lobbies circulation core or service core. A core allows
• Staircases people to move between the floors of a building,
• Fire protected lobbies and distributes services efficiently to the floors.
• Toilets
High-Rise building
• Ancillary rooms eg.
Pantry, space for
cleaning material
• Riser ducts
• MPE services plant
• Walls

The placement of the services core stems from four generic types

IBM Headquarters,Tokyo
Landmark Tower, Yokohama Mitsui Marine Insurance, Nagoya
Building Elements of a 1. CENTRAL CORE
Core
It allows all window space to be utilized as rental office
space. Permits offices to varying depth to receive natural
light. It is suitable in terms of access and in some cases may
be equidistant from all sides. Simplifies area division.
High-Rise building
2. SPLIT CORE CENTRAL CORE SPILT CORE END CORE ATRIUM CORE

The double cores are placed on the hot sides (east, west)
thus, provide buffer zones, and minimum air-conditioning is
required. The window openings run through north and
south. Lift lobbies, stairways and toilets are naturally
ventilated and a view out is possible. The double core has
more flexibility in floor area division.
3. END CORE
It permits all windows and the building perimeter space to
be used for offices. It has more flexibility depth and
arrangements of spaces. This can be particularly desirable
where large open spaces are required.
4. ATRIUM CORE
Allows all window space to be utilized as rental of the CENTRAL CORE SPILT CORE
building plan will permit offices of verging depths to receive
natural light. Extremely convenient of access and in some
cases may be equidistant for all side. Simplifies area division
& provides good flexibility of tenant distribution in the
some way. Horizontal utility runs may also relatively
equidistant from the core.

END CORE ATRIUM CORE

Building Elements of a SERVICE CORE
Core
The service core is the distinctive feature of a tall building:
it provides the skyscraper with structural solidity, room
for elevators, toilets, and other amenities, and constitutes
the main network for utility services, power and data. The
High-Rise building
area for service core is 25% to 30% of the total floor area.

Elements of Service Core :

• Lift - Lobby
• Stair Cases
• Fire Unit
• Air Handling Unit (AHU)
• Lavatories
• Riser - Duct
• Service Rooms
• Mechanical / Electrical Room
 Core CORE
Building Elements of a TENANT DISTRIBUTION CORE TRANSITION

High-Rise building
Slender
ratio for
tower
maximum is
1:10 or 1:12

HIGHEST COOLING LOAD

LOWEST COOLING LOAD

DESIGN SYSTEM
SHOULD AVOID THE
HIGHEST COOLING
LOAD

Net Lettable Area - NLA)

 CORE
Building Elements of a TYPOLOGY Core ELEVATOR
Major Types of Definition advantage disadvantage CAR
elevator ARRANGEMENT:
a. Hydraulic elevator: [Link] 1. efficient, safer, and friendlier 1. if there is a
elevator to the environment. catastrophic oil line
[Link] is 2. Does not require brakes, failure (it has
applied 3. Can use very small motor to happened) the
High-Rise building
by a liquid under pump fluid . elevator will drop
pressure in a cylinder 4. Very powerful uncontrolled
equipped with a 2. limited to about 6 or 7
plunger or piston. floors max.

b. Electric elevator: [Link] is [Link] elevators consume less Failure of electricity

applied by energy than hydraulic elevators. creates panic .
electric driving [Link]. of floors are not limited
machine .
[Link] in
tall buildings

•Capsule lift: similar to Machine room is not essential largest version of electric
electric elevator.
elevator.

Hydraulic elevator Electric elevator Capsule lift

Building Elements of a
High-Rise building
Lobby depth
ELEVATOR
ELEVATOR
Building Elements of a Different Forms of High-Rise buildings : The Skin
1. EXTRUDER
Buildings of this type have the same cross section for their
High-Rise building
full height. An example can be a rectangular or square solid.

2. ROTOR
A building form generated by the rotation of a constant or
varying cross-section around a central vertical axis.
3. TWISTER & TOROS
Buildings of this type are in the form of a twisted solid with
the “twister” facade repeated on all floors. Buildings with an
orthogonal core and one or two twisted towers belong to the
category of “toros”.

4. FREE FORM
The free geometry building form is constructed using a
combination of geometrically simple objects (lines, surfaces
and solids), when the sequence of the architect’s actions is
not obvious and the form does not fit into any other
category.
Building Elements of a Structural Systems
ACTION OF EXTERNAL FORCES ON A BUILDING
High-Rise building
• Compression / Compressive force will cause a member of
a structure to be Squashed

• Tension / Tensile force will cause a member of structure

to be Stretched

• Torsion / Torsional force cause a member to be Twisted

• Shear force cause a member to be Slide / Tilt to a side

• Bending force is a complex force state associated with the

bowing of a member such as beam. It causes fiber on one
face of the member to be Elongated and hence to be in
Tension and fibers on the opposite face to Compress
 CLASSIFICATION OF TALL BUILDING
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

A composite tall building

utilizes a combination of
both steel and concrete
acting compositely in the
main structural elements.

A mixed—structure tall
building is any building that
utilizes distinct steel or
concrete systems above or
below each other.

Structural material
usage from 1930 to
2013
 Structural Systems
Foundations
Can be classified based on the structural
material used such as concrete or steel
Structural Systems INTERIOR
1)INTERIOR STRUCTURES EXTERIOR
STRUCTURES
2)EXTERIOR STRUCURES STRUCTURES
By clustering
In newer
steel columns
• This classification is based on the skyscrapers, like the
and beams in the
distribution of the components of the Sears Tower in
core, engineers
primary lateral load-resisting system Chicago, engineers
create a stiff
over the building. A system is moved the columns
categorized as an interior structure backbone that
and beams from the
when the major part of the lateral can resist
core to the
load resisting system is located within tremendous
perimeter, creating
the interior of the building. Likewise, wind forces. The
if the major part of the lateral load- a hollow, rigid tube
inner core is
resisting system is located at the as strong as the core
used as an
building perimeter, a system is design, but
elevator shaft ,
categorized as an exterior structure. It weighing much,
and the design
should be noted, however, that any much less.
interior structure is likely to have some allows lots of
minor components of the lateral load- open space on
resisting system at the building each floor
perimeter, and any exterior structure
may have some minor components
within the interior of the building.
INTERIOR STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

RIGID FRAME
SHEAR WALL
• A rigid frame in STRUCTURE
structural engineering is
• Concrete or masonry
the load-resisting
continuous vertical
skeleton constructed
walls may serve both
with straight or curved
architecturally
members
partitions and
interconnected by
structurally to carry
mostly rigid connections
gravity and lateral
which resist movements
loading. Very high in
induced at the joints of
plane stiffness and
members. Its members
strength make them
can take bending
ideally suited for
moment, shear, and
bracing tall building
axial loads.
• Usually built as the
• Consist of columns and
core of the building
girders joined by
moment resistant • Can build upto 35
connections. Floors
• Can build upto 20 to 25
floors
EXTERIOR STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

Tube system
• The tube system concept is based on
the idea that a building can be
designed to resist lateral loads by
designing it as a
hollow cantilever perpendicular to
the ground. In the simplest
incarnation of the tube, the perimeter
of the exterior consists of closely
spaced columns that are tied together
with deep spandrel beams through
moment connections. This assembly
of columns and beams forms a rigid
frame that amounts to a dense and
strong structural wall along the
exterior of the building.
The different tubular systems are-
1)Framed tube 2)Braced tube
3)Bundled tube 4)Tube in tube
TYPES OF
TUBULAR
SYSTEMS
 EXTERIOR STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

Diagrid systems
With their structural efficiency as a varied version
of the tubular systems, diagrid structures have been
emerging as a new aesthetic trend for tall buildings
in this era of pluralistic styles.
• Early designs of tall buildings recognized the
effectiveness of diagonal bracing members in
resisting lateral forces.
• Most of the structural systems deployed for
early tall buildings were steel frames with
diagonal bracings of various configurations such
as X, K, and chevron. However, while the
structural importance of diagonals was well
recognized, the aesthetic potential of them was
not appreciated since they were considered
obstructive for viewing the outdoors.
• Efficiently resists lateral shear by axial forces in
the diagonal members but have Complicated
joints
 EXTERIOR STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

Space truss Exo skeleton structure

Space truss structures are In exoskeleton structures,
modified braced tubes with lateral load-resisting systems
diagonals connecting the exterior to are placed outside the building
interior. In a typical braced tube lines away from their facades.
structure, all the diagonals, which Due to the system’s
connect the chord members – compositional characteristics,
vertical corner columns in general, it acts as a primary building
are located on the plane parallel to identifier – one of the major
the facades. roles of building facades in
However, in space trusses, some general cases.
diagonals penetrate the interior of Fire proofing of the system is
the building. not a serious issue due to its
location outside the building
line.
 EXTERIOR STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

Super frame structures

Superframe structures can
create ultra high-rise
buildings up to 160 floors.
Super frames or Megafarms
assume the form of a portal
which is provided on the
exterior of a building.
The frames resist all wind
forces as an exterior tubular
structure. The portal frame
of the Superframe is
composed of vertical legs in
each corner of the building
which are linked by
horizontal elements at
about every 12 to 14 floors.
.
HYBRID STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
 HYBRID STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

OUTRIGGER STRUCTURES

• The core may be

centrally located with
outriggers extending on
both sides or in some
cases it may be located
on one side of the
building with outriggers
extending to the
building columns on the
other side
Depending on the number of stories, different structural systems are recommended
EXAMPLES OF
STEEL
STRUCTURAL
SYSTEMS
 CASE STUDY
SHANGHAI TOWER
SCULPTED FOR EFFICIENCY
The wind tunnel test is used to find the most beneficial
scaling factor of about 55% and rotation at 120°, which is
account for the 24% savings of the wind load working on
the structure.
TECHNICAL INNOVATION
The concrete core acts with outriggers and super columns
are the advances science of super-high rises.
VERTICAL COMMUNITY
Shanghai tower embodies a new concept of super-tall
building by emphasizing public spaces at the atrium levels.
SUSTAINABLE ACIEVEMENTS
There are two lays of skin wrapping the entire building. The
atriums created by the skins features as an insulation which
keep the temperature stable.

General information
Status: Topped-out
Location: Lujiazui, Pudong,Shanghai
Architectural: 632 m (2,073 ft)
FIRM: Gensler
Architect: Marshal Strabala, Jun Zia and
Aurthur Gensler
Floor count: 121
Floor area: 380,000 m2 (4,090,300 sf )
above
PLAN DETAIL SHANGHAI TOWER

MAIN STRUCTURE
ONE STORY RADIAL
TRUUS BUILDING SYSTEM
CORE WALL
TWO STOERY OUTRIGGER
TRUSS
DIAGONAL CORNER
COLUMN

SUPER
COLUMN

INNER CYLINDICAL TOWER

• CORE
• OUTRIGGERS
• MEGA FRAME: SUPER COLUMN
BELT TRUSS SYSTEM AND BELT TRUSS
 SSH
HAAN
NGGH
HAAII TTO
OWWEERR
CORE

CASE STUDY

ZONE 1 AND BASEMENT CORE

CAR ARRANGEMENT
STRUCTURAL FEATURE
Inner Cylindrical Tower SHANGHAI TOWER
MEGA FRAME
Super column System: two at each end of each orthonormal axis SECTION OF THE SUPER COLUMN
four diagonal super columns along each 45-degree axis
CONNECTION DESCRIPTION
• Complexity of stress state.
• Connections should be broken after the
destructiveness of members
1-6 ZONE 7-8 ZONE • Different connections have different design criteria,
according to the variation of structure members.
Type A: The Joint of Outrigger to
Super-column

Outrigger
Double stories
In the steel section of the super columns, there are
perpendicular cross ribs that align with belt trusses

TECHNICAL FEATURES
• The chords of outrigger truss
• Gusset plates, 120mm thickness,
Q390GJC steel
• The steel reinforced dual web of the
super-column
• The belts trusses

Radical Outrigger
One story
Technical Feactures
• Since there exist large
member force of the
chords in the belt trusses,
there are large quantity of
the bolts, and super
length of the bolts set.

Type B: The Long Bolt Joint of the Belt Truss

 SHANGHAI TOWER

Type C: The Detail of Interior Curtain Type D: The Detail of Exterior Curtain Wall
Wall
LOADING ANALYSIS
Tower Top
• Vertical fin-like truss
• Two-way truss

CASE STUDY
• Octagonal steel frame
bracing system

GRAVITY LOAD TRANSFER PATH LATERAL LOAD TRANSFER

THE MEGA
FRAME
50% STRUCTURE
COMPONENT
SHEAR FORCE OVERTURNING
MOMENT
The tuned mass damper
THE MEGA 47% 76%
TUBE OF 50% FRAME
COLUMN TUBE OF 53% 24%
COLUMN

Multi-frame Analysis
Building resist to Lateral
loads through 3 layers
of structure, they
transfer wind and
seismic load one by
one, from inside to
outside.
The Supper core is the
first layer of Resistance.
The double belt truss
and super column are
SHEAR MOMENT TENSION DEFLECTION the second layer of
Resistance.
The outriggers and
radial trusses are the
third layer.
HIGH -RISE BUILDINGS

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