IRR (INFRARED RADIATION)
Notes for SEM 1
Reference –
1. Clayton’s Electrotherapy: Theory & Practice
2. Kisner & Colby’s Therapeutic Exercise: Foundations and
Techniques
3. Brunnstrom’s Clinical Kinesiology
4. O’Sullivan & Schmitz’s Physical Rehabilitation: Assessment and
Treatment
Definition and Units
Definition: Infrared Radiation (IRR) is electromagnetic
radiation with wavelengths longer than visible light, commonly
categorized into near (IR-A), mid (IR-B), and far (IR-C) infrared
bands. This differentiates depth of thermal effects and
penetration patterns. IRR is used in physiotherapy for
superficial heating and as an adjunct to soft tissue therapy.
Units: Irradiance or radiant flux density is measured in watts
per square meter (W/m^2); wavelength is measured in
nanometres (nm) or micrometres (μm).
2) Physical Principles and Classifications
Classifications:
Near Infrared (IR-A): approximately 0.7–1.4 μm (700–
1400 nm). Often appears as “luminous” because a
portion of visible light is emitted; deeper tissue heating
is possible.
Mid Infrared (IR-B): approximately 1.4–3.0 μm (1400–
3000 nm).
Far Infrared (IR-C): approximately 3.0–1000 μm (3000
nm–1 mm); often non-luminous, perceived as radiant
warmth.
Practical implication: Near IR tends to penetrate more deeply;
far IR primarily heats the superficial layers and is often
perceived as gentler radiant heat.
Flow cue: “Device on → careful distance → monitor heat
sensation → adjust depth of heating by selecting IR sub-type
and distance.”
3) Production of Infrared Radiation
Infrared Radiation (IRR) is emitted by all matter due to molecular
vibrations; anybody with a temperature above absolute zero emits IR. The
frequency and wavelength of IR emissions depend on the temperature of
the emitting body: higher temperatures produce higher frequency and
shorter wavelength IR waves.
According to the types of Infrared Generators
1. Luminous Generators:
Use incandescent tungsten filament lamps enclosed in glass
bulbs (may contain inert gases to prolong filament life).
When electrical current passes through the filament, it heats
up and emits infrared rays along with visible light and minor
ultraviolet (UV).
The glass front is often tinted red to filter short-wave visible
and UV radiation, focusing on IR production.
These lamps produce deeper tissue heating due to the near-IR
component.
2. Non-Luminous Generators:
Comprise a coil of wire wrapped around an insulating material
such as porcelain or fireclay.
Electrical resistance heats the coil, which emits IR rays
primarily in the mid-to-far IR range.
The radiation is more uniform but requires preheating before
full output.
Non-luminous IR typically results in superficial heating due to
longer wavelengths.
4) Physiological Mechanisms
Mechanisms:
Local heating increases microcirculation, leading to
vasodilation and greater tissue perfusion.
Enhanced blood flow can promote tissue oxygen
delivery and metabolic waste removal.
Mild cellular heating can influence biochemical
signalling, potentially affecting collagen turnover and
extracellular matrix remodelling.
Thermal effects may modulate nociceptive thresholds
indirectly via increased tissue temperature and
relaxation.
Analogies: IRR acts like a controlled “internal campfire”
warming superficial and mid-skin tissues to prepare them for
movement.
5) Clinical Indications and Contraindications
Indications:
Sub-acute to chronic musculoskeletal pain and stiffness.
Pre-mobilization warm-up to reduce tissue resistance.
Muscle tightness or spasms where gentle warming may
facilitate stretching.
Contraindications:
Acute inflammation or infection at the target area.
Impaired sensation or compromised circulation in the
treatment region.
Over malignant tissue, pregnancy in the
abdominal/petal region when applicable, and over the
eyes.
Open wounds or skin conditions where IRR safety is
uncertain.
6) Application Technique and Safety
Preparation:
Verify indications and assess skin sensation to tailor
intensity.
Explain sensations expected (mild warmth) and
document any sensory changes.
Equipment setup:
Ensure device is functioning and set at an appropriate
initial intensity.
Position the IRR source at a safe distance (commonly
about 50–75 cm from the skin), perpendicular to the
treatment area when possible.
Expose only the target area; remove or secure metallic
jewellery and tight clothing; ensure patient comfort and
privacy.
Application:
Begin with a brief warming period to prevent
uncomfortable sudden warmth.
Typical duration: 10–20 minutes, depending on the
device and clinical goal.
Monitor skin response and patient comfort continuously;
stop if skin reddening, burning, or discomfort occurs.
Aftercare:
Inspect skin for erythema or burns; document any
adverse responses.
Combine IRR with subsequent exercises or manual
therapy as part of a comprehensive plan.