Objectives

1. convert between 8-bit binary and decimal

numbers.
2. classful/classless addressing & Subnet mask
3. calculate the appropriate addressing components.
Network / Broadcast Addresses
4. Types of addresses in an IPv4 network
5. ANDING Process.

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Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Introduction
The importance of addressing in the network

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Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 IP Addressing Structure
Describe the dotted decimal structure of a binary IP
address and label its parts

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 The anatomy of an IPv4 address
Dotted Decimal

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Binary to Decimal Conversion
x x x x x x x x

27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Keep these steps in mind:

Divide the 32 bits into 4 octets.
Convert each octet to decimal.
Add a "dot" between each decimal
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Type of addresses in IP v4
Network address - The address by which we refer to the
network.
Broadcast address - A special address used to send data to all
hosts in the network.
Host addresses - The addresses assigned to the end devices in
the network.
Example
for the address [Link]/ 25 find the network address,
broadcast address, and host addresses

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 For address [Link]/ 25

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 IPv4 Addresses
An IP address has two parts:
network number
host number

Which bits refer to the network number?

Which bits refer to the host number?

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Dividing the Network and Host Portions

Subnet Mask
Used to define the:
Network portion
Host portion
32 bits
Contiguous set of 1 s followed by a contiguous set of 0 s
1 s: Network portion
0 s: Host portion

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Dividing the Network and Host Portions

Expressed as:
Dotted decimal
Ex: [Link]
Slash notation or prefix length
/16 (the number of one bits)

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Unicast, Braodcast, and Multicast

Unicast - the process of sending a packet from one

host to an individual host.
Broadcast - the process of sending a packet from one
host to all hosts in the network.
Multicast - the process of sending a packet from one
host to a selected group of hosts

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Public and private addresses
private addresses
The private address blocks are:
[Link] to [Link] ([Link] /8)
[Link] to [Link] ([Link] /12)
[Link] to [Link] ([Link] /16)

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Special IP addresses

Network and Broadcast Addresses

Default Route [Link]. to [Link]
Loopback [Link]
The loopback is a special address that hosts use to direct
traffic to themselves
From address [Link] to [Link] are reserved

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Types of IP Ip

classless classful

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 IPv4 Addresses
Newer technology - Classless IP Addressing
The subnet mask determines the network portion and the host
portion.
Value of first octet does NOT matter (older classful IP addressing)
Hosts and Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR).
Classless IP Addressing is what is used within the Internet and in
most internal networks.

Older technology - Classful IP Addressing (later)

Value of first octet determines the network portion and the host
portion.
Used with classful routing protocols like RIPv1.
The Cisco IP Routing Table is structured in a classful manner (CIS
82)
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Classful IP Addressing

When an organization received an IP network address, that address was

associated with a Class , A, B, or C.
This is known as Classful IP Addressing
The first octet of the address determined what class the network belonged to
and which bits were the network bits and which bits were the host bits.
There were no subnet masks.
It was not until 1992 when the IETF introduced CIDR (Classless Interdomain
Routing), making the address class meaning less.
This is known as Classless IP Addressing.

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Default Mask: [Link] (/8)
Class A addresses
First octet is between 0 127, begins with 0
Network Host Host Host

8 bits 8 bits 8 bits

With 24 bits available for hosts,
Number
between 0 - 127 there a 224 possible addresses.
That s 16,777,216 nodes!
There are 126 class A addresses.
0 and 127 have special meaning and are not used.
16,777,214 host addresses, one for network address and one for broadcast address.
Only large organizations such as the military, government agencies, universities, and
large corporations have class A addresses.
For example ISPs have [Link] and [Link]
Class A addresses account for 2,147,483,648 of the possible IPv4 addresses.
That s 50 % of the total unicast address space,
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
if classful was still used inCisco
© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
the Internet!
Public
 Default Mask: [Link] (/16)
Class B addresses
First octet is between 128 191, begins with 10

Network Network Host Host

8 bits 8 bits
With 16 bits available for hosts,
Number
between there a 216 possible addresses.
128 - 191 That s 65,536 nodes!
There are 16,384 (214) class B networks.
65,534 host addresses, one for network address and one for broadcast
address.
Class B addresses represent 25% of the total IPv4 unicast address space.
Class B addresses are assigned to large organizations including corporations
(such as Cisco, government agencies, and school districts).
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Default Mask: [Link] (/24)
Class C addresses
First octet is between 192 223, begins with 110

Network Network Network Host

8 bits
With 8 bits available for hosts,
Number there a 28 possible addresses.
between
192 - 223
That s 256 nodes!

There are 2,097,152 possible class C networks.

254 host addresses, one for network address and one for
broadcast address.
Class C addresses represent 12.5% of the total IPv4 unicast
address space.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 IPv4 Address Classes

Class D Addresses
A Class D address begins with binary 1110 in the first octet.
First octet range 224 to 239.
Class D address can be used to represent a group of hosts called
a host group, or multicast group.

Class E Addresses
First octet of an IP address begins with 1111
Class E addresses are reserved for experimental purposes and
ITE PC v4.0
should not be used for addressing hosts or multicast groups.
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Fill in the information
1. [Link] Class ________ Default Mask:_____________________
Network: _____________________ Broadcast: _____________________
Hosts: _____________________ through _____________________

2. [Link] Class ________ Default Mask:_____________________

Network: _____________________ Broadcast: _____________________
Hosts: _____________________ through _____________________

3. [Link] Class ________ Default Mask:_____________________

Network: _____________________ Broadcast: _____________________
Hosts: _____________________ through _____________________

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Fill in the information
1. [Link] Class C Default Mask: [Link]
Network: [Link] Broadcast: [Link]
Hosts: [Link] through [Link]

2. [Link] Class A Default Mask: [Link]

Network: [Link] Broadcast: [Link]
Hosts: [Link] through [Link]

3. [Link] Class B Default Mask: [Link]

Network: [Link] Broadcast: [Link]
Hosts: [Link]. through [Link]

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Class separates network from host bits
The Class determines the Base Network Mask!

1. [Link]
Class C Default Mask: [Link]
Network: [Link]
2. [Link]
Class A Default Mask: [Link]
Network: [Link]
3. [Link]

Class B Default Mask: [Link]

Network: [Link]

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 summary
Know the classes! (Write this out)

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
IP addressing crisis

Address Depletion
Internet Routing Table Explosion

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Classless IP Addressing

The subnet mask determines the network portion and the host portion.
Value of first octet does NOT matter (older classful IP addressing)
Classless IP Addressing is what is used within the Internet and in most
internal networks.

Is not the default mask

IP Add.======= [Link]
Subnet mask=== [Link]
Subnet== [Link]
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Benefits of subnetting :

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Cont. subnetting

(CIDR)Classless Interdomain Routing

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Cont. subnetting

n
No Of Hosts per sub net =2 -2 where n (no of zeros)

No Of sub net =2n -2 where n (no of ones hosts

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Cont. subnetting

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Cont. subnetting

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Cont. subnetting

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Example 1

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Example 2

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Example 3

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Subnet Masks Your Turn!

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Subnet Masks Your Turn!

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 subnetting

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 1 st sub net [Link]
1100 0000.1010 1000. 0000 1010.0000 0000 ([Link])
Hosts 1100 0000.1010 1000. 0000 1010. 0000 0001 ([Link]

To 1100 0000.1010 1000. 0000 1010. 0001 1111 ([Link])

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 sub net .32
1100 0000.1010 1000. 0000 1010. 0010 0000
Hosts 1100 0000.1010 1000. 0000 1010. 0010 0001 [Link]
1100 0000.1010 1000. 0000 1010. 0011 1111 - [Link]

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 3rd sub net .64
Hosts .65
To .95
--------------------------------------------------------
4th sub net .96
Hosts .97
To .127
--------------------------------------------------------------
5th sub net .128
Hosts .129
To .159
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 6th sub net .160
Hosts .161
To .191
----------------------------------------------------------------
7th sub net .192
Hosts .193
To .223
----------------------------------------------------
8th sub net .224
Hosts .225
To .255
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Network / Broadcast
Addresses

Network Fundamentals Chapter 6

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Types of addresses in an IPv4 network
Name the three types of addresses in the network and
describe the purpose of each type

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Network / Broadcast Addresses
- Network address :
the first IP address in it which all host part bits = 0
- Broadcast address:
the last IP address in the network which all host part bits = 1
no. of host bits
- other addresses are host addresses = 2 -2
-Here are some examples:

Class Network Address Broadcast Address

A [Link] [Link]
B [Link] [Link]
C [Link] [Link]

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Types of
Addresses
Network
Addresses have
all 0 s in the host
portion.

Network address - The address by which we refer to the network

Broadcast address - A special address used to send data to all hosts in
the network
Host addresses - The addresses assigned to the end devices in the
network
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Types of
Addresses

Broadcast
Addresses have
all 1 s in the host
portion.

Network address - The address by which we refer to the network

Broadcast address - A special address used to send data to all
hosts in the network
Host addresses - The addresses assigned to the end devices in
the network
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Types of
Addresses

Host Addresses
can not have all
0 s or all 1 s in the
host portion.

Network address - The address by which we refer to the network

Broadcast address - A special address used to send data to all
hosts in the network
Host addresses - The addresses assigned to the end devices in
the network
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Bringing it all together

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Range of hosts Your Turn!

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Range of hosts Your Turn!

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Subnet Masks: Non-Natural Boundaries

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Subnet Masks: Non-Natural Boundaries

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Subnet Masks: Non-Natural Boundaries

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Subnet Masks: Non-Natural Boundaries

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Given------------ IP Add. &subnet mask
Determine ----- the network ID which this IP belongs.
------ the broadcast IP Add. Of the network.
---- the range of usable IP Addresses.

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Calculating network, hosts, and broadcast
addresses

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Determine if this IP is network address or host address
or broadcast address [Link]/23

Solution :
- subnet mask = [Link]
- interesting octet is 254
- hop count = 256 254 = 2
- The first subnet is [Link]/23
- The second subnet is [Link]/23
- The third subnet is [Link]/23

[Link]/23
- The fourth subnet is [Link]/23
So [Link]/23 is a host address
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 - Which IP address should be assigned to PC B ?

A . [Link]
B . [Link]
C . [Link] A
B
D . [Link]
[Link]/27
E . [Link] ?

Answer : C

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 - Given the choices below, which address represents a
unicast address?

A. [Link]
B. FFFF. FFFF. FFFF.
C. [Link]/30
D. [Link]
E. [Link]/18

Answer : E

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Types of addresses in
an IPv4 network

Network Fundamentals Chapter 6

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Unicast, multicast, broadcast - types of
communication
difference between limited B.C
& directed B.C?

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Unicast communication is used for the normal host-to-host
communication in both a client/server and a peer-to-peer
network.
Unicast packets use the host address of the destination device as
the destination address and can be routed through an
internetwork.
Broadcast and multicast use special addresses as the destination
address. Using these special addresses, broadcasts are
generally restricted to the local network.
The scope of multicast traffic also may be limited to the local
network or routed through an internetwork.

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Broadcast Transmission
Because broadcast traffic is used to send packets to all hosts
in the network, a packet uses a special broadcast address.
Broadcast transmission is used for the location of special
services/devices for which the address is not known or when a
host needs to provide information to all the hosts on the
network.
examples for using broadcast transmission are:
Mapping upper layer addresses to lower layer addresses.
Requesting an address.
Exchanging routing information by routing protocols.

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 broadcast

broadcast packets are usually restricted to the local

network.
This restriction is dependent on the configuration of the
router that borders the network and the type of
broadcast.
There are two types of broadcasts: directed broadcast
and limited broadcast.

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
What is difference between Limited Broadcast
address and Directed Broadcast address
Limited broadcast is the broadcast limited to a single LAN and
which is to be received by all. It is sent to reserved Class E , IP
address [Link]. The destination MAC address for
such frames will be FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF. The router simply drop
the Limited broadcast address and does not forward it.
Directed Broadcast address is the local subnet broadcast
address. If the subnet is [Link] , the directed broadcast
address will be [Link] , which will be heard by all in the
same subnet hosts. The router will receive such packet and
process [Link] destination mac address will still be
FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF, as it is to be received by all hosts.
DHCP packets are Limited broadcast packets and NBNS uses
directed broadcast packets.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Multicast Transmission
Multicast transmission is designed to conserve the bandwidth of
the IPv4 network. It reduces traffic by allowing a host to send a
single packet to a selected set of hosts.
With multicast, the source host can send a single packet that
can reach thousands of destination hosts.
Some examples of multicast transmission are:
Video and audio distribution.
Routing information exchange by routing protocols.
Distribution of software.
News feeds

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Multicast
Multicast Clients
Hosts that wish to receive particular multicast data are called
multicast clients.
The multicast clients use services initiated by a client program to
subscribe to the multicast group.
Each multicast group is represented by a single IPv4 multicast
destination address.
IPv4 has set aside a special block of addresses from [Link]
to [Link] for multicast groups addressing

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Reserved IPv4 address ranges
Identify the address ranges reserved for these special
purposes in the IPv4 protocol

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 multicast address range

multicast address range is subdivided into different types of

addresses:
reserved link local addresses([Link] to [Link] )
globally scoped addresses. ([Link] to [Link])
administratively scoped addresses ([Link]/8)
(limited scope addresses.)

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Public and private addresses
Although most IPv4 host addresses are public addresses
designated for use in networks that are accessible on the
Internet,
there are blocks of addresses that are used in networks that
require limited or no Internet access. These addresses are
called private addresses

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Public Addresses

These addresses are designed to be used in the hosts

that are publicly accessible from the Internet
The vast majority of the addresses in the IPv4 unicast
host range are public addresses.
Even within these address blocks, there are many
addresses that are designated for other special
purposes

ITE PC v4.0
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 Private Addresses

The private address blocks are:

[Link] to [Link] ([Link] /8)
[Link] to [Link] ([Link] /12)
[Link] to [Link] ([Link] /16)
With services to translate private addresses to public
addresses, hosts on a privately addressed network can
have access to resources across the Internet.

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Network Address Translation (NAT)
With services to translate private addresses to public addresses,
hosts on a privately addressed network can have access to
resources across the Internet.
These services, called Network Address Translation (NAT), can
be implemented on a device at the edge of the private network.
NAT allows the hosts in the network to "borrow" a public address
for communicating to outside networks.

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Public and private address

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Special IPv4 addresses
Describe the purpose of several special addresses

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Special IPv4 addresses

There are certain addresses that cannot be assigned to

hosts for various reasons are Special IPv4 addresses such
as:
Network and Broadcast Addresses
Default Route ([Link]) The default route is used as a
"catch all" route when a more specific route is not available.
The use of this address also reserves all addresses in the
[Link] - [Link] ([Link] /8) address block.

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Special IPv4 addresses
Loopback [Link] The loopback is a special address that
hosts use to direct traffic to themselves.
. By using the loopback address instead of the assigned IPv4 host address, two
services on the same host can bypass the lower layers of the TCP/IP stack.

Ping
addresses [Link] to [Link] are reserved.
Link-Local Addresses
These addresses can be automatically assigned to the local host by the operating
system in environments where no IP configuration is available

TEST-NET Addresses
Unlike the experimental addresses, network devices will accept these
addresses in their configurations.

ITE PC v4.0
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 Planning to address the network
Explain the importance of using a structured process to
assign IP addresses to hosts and the implications for
choosing private vs. public addresses

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Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Static or dynamic addressing for end user
devices
Explain how end user devices can obtain addresses
either statically through an administrator or dynamically
through DHCP

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Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Who assigns the different addresses

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)

Registration companies are called Regional Internet
Registries (RIRs)

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 ISP s : Internet Service Providers
Most companies or organizations obtain their IPv4 address
blocks from an ISP.
An ISP will generally supply a small number of usable IPv4
addresses (6 or 14) to their customers as a part of their
services
the ISP loans or rents these addresses to the organization.
ISPs are designated by a hierarchy based on their level of
connectivity to the Internet backbone.

ITE PC v4.0
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 ISP s
Identify different types of ISPs and their roles in providing
Internet connectivity

The primary advantages for

customers of Tier 1 ISPs are
reliability and speed. The drawback
for Tier 1 ISP customers is its high
cost.

Tier 3 ISPs is the retail and

home markets in a specific
ITE PC v4.0

locale.
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Tier 2
Tier 2 ISPs generally focus on business customers
Tier 2 ISPs usually offer more services than the other two tiers of
ISPs.
These tier 2 ISPs tend to have the IT resources to operate their
own services such as DNS, e-mail servers, and web servers.
Other services that
Tier 2 ISPs may offer include website development and
maintenance, e-commerce/e-business, and VoIP.

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Tire 3
Tier 3 ISPs purchase their Internet service from Tier 2 ISPs
Tier 3 ISPs is the retail and home markets in a specific locale.
Tier 3 customers typically do not need many of the services
required by Tier 2 customers.
Their primary need is connectivity and support.
While they may have reduced bandwidth and less reliability than
Tier 1 and Tier 2 providers, they are often good choices for small
to medium size companies.

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 ISP s

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Overview of IPv6
Identify several changes made to the IP protocol in
IPv6 and describe the motivation for migrating from
IPv4 to IPv6.

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
E- Simpler header
IP v.6 packet is simpler than IP v.4. (no fragmentation field).

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Ipv6 features

Large address space

No need for NAT/PAT
IPsec.
Transition tools
Header improvements

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
ANDING Process.

Network Fundamentals Chapter 6

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Determine the network portion of the host
address and the role of the subnet mask
The prefix and the subnet mask are different ways of
representing the same thing - the network portion of an
address.

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 ANDing- What is in our network?
Use the subnet mask and ANDing process to extract
the network address from the IP address.

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Determine the network portion of the host
address and the role of the subnet mask
Routers use ANDing to determine an acceptable route
for an incoming packet.

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Determine the network portion of the host
address and the role of the subnet mask
An originating host must determine if a packet should
be sent directly to a host in the local network or be
directed to the gateway.

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
 Summary

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public