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TCP/IP MODEL
Introduction to TCP/IP Model
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The current Internet is based on a TCP/IP reference
model.
TCP and IP are two protocols of this model. TCP
stands for Transmission Control Protocol and IP
stands for Internet Protocol.
The architecture or model was defined by the US
department of defense and is used by ARPANET
(Advanced Research Project Agency Network).
Goals on which TCP/IP model was designed:
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The network should connect multiple networks
together.
The connection should withstand till the source
and destination machines are functioning.
The architecture should be so flexible that it should
be able to transfer data among different hardware
or software platforms.
(Host- to- Network)
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Host to Network Layer
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It is the bottom layer of TCP/IP model & lies
below the internet layer.
It is also known as Network Interface Layer.
Function of this layer is to connect the host to
the network & inform the upper layers so that
they could start sending the data packets.
This layer varies from network to network.
Internet Layer
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It is similar to Network Layer of OSI model in
functionality.
It allow the hosts to submit the packets to the
network & Packets should travel independently
using any possible route.
The order in which the packets arrive at
destination can be different from the order in
which they were sent. In such cases it is the
responsibility of higher layer to arrange these
packets in proper order.
Functions of Internet Layer
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• It keeps track of which layer receives the
information.
• It translates the logical address to physical
machine address.
• It breaks larger packets into smaller ones.
• It provides flow control & congestion control
services.
Transport Layer
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It is similar in functionality to transport layer of OSI model.
It allows the two processes on source & destination
machines to communicate with each other.
It divides the byte stream into messages.
It handles the flow control so that a fast sender ahould not
overflow a slow receiver.
Transport Layer also provides two types of services:
connection oriented & connectionless services.
Transport Layer
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Connection Oriented Services: TCP (Transport Control
Protocol is used for connection oriented services. By this the
receiving devices sends an acknowledge back to the source
after a packet is received.
Functions of TCP:
Error Control: Deliver byte stream from source to destination
without error.
Flow Control: It prevents the source form sending data packets
faster than the destination can handle.
It divides byte stream into small parts & pass it to internet layer on
sender side & reassembles it into original byte at receiver side.
Functions of Transport Layer
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Connectionless Services: UDP (User Datagram
Protocol) is used for unreliable connectionless services.
It does not sends an acknowledge back to the source. It
is faster transmission method.
Function of UDP:
UDP is used for client-server type request queries &
applications in which prompt delivery is more important
than accurate delivery such as transmitting speech or video.
Maninder Kaur [Link]
Application Layer
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It is the topmost of TCP/IP Model.
It is responsible for data transfer between applications.
It provides services such as e-mail, file transfer, access
to the world wide web etc. to the user applications.
It uses the protocols like FTP, SNTP & TELNET to
transfer the data between applications
Functions of Application Layer
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Mail Services: It provides various e-mail services.
File transfer & Access: It allows users to access files
in a remote host, to retrieve files from remote
computer for use etc.
Remote log-in: A user can log into a remote
computer and access the resources of that computer.
Accessing the World Wide Web: Most common
application today is the access of the World Wide Web.
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Introduction
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The OSI and TCP/IP models are
having many similarities in the
functionalities provided by the layers.
The layers of TCP model behave
similar to the layers of OSI model. But
these two models do have differences.
(Host- to- Network)
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SIMILARITIES
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The main similarities between the two models
include the following:
They share similar architecture. - Both of
the models share a similar architecture. This can
be illustrated by the fact that both of them are
constructed with layers.
They share a common application layer.-
Both of the models share a common "application
layer". However in practice this layer includes
different services depending upon each model.
SIMILARITIES
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Both models have comparable transport and
network layers- This can be illustrated by the fact
that whatever functions are performed between the
presentation and network layer of the OSI model
similar functions are performed at the Transport
layer of the TCP/IP model.
Both models assume that packets are
switched- Basically this means that individual
packets may take differing paths in order to reach
the same destination.
DIFFERENCES
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The main differences between the two models are as
follows:
TCP/IP Protocols are considered to be standards
around which the internet has developed. The OSI
model however is a "generic, protocol-
independent standard.“
TCP/IP combines the presentation and session layer
issues into its application layer.
TCP/IP combines the OSI data link and physical
layers into the network access layer.
DIFFERENCES
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TCP/IP appears to be a more simpler model and this
is mainly due to the fact that it has fewer layers.
TCP/IP is considered to be a more credible
model- This is mainly due to the fact because
TCP/IP protocols are the standards around which
the internet was developed therefore it mainly gains
creditability due to this reason. Where as in contrast
networks are not usually built around the OSI model
as it is merely used as a guidance tool.
The OSI model consists of 7 architectural layers
whereas the TCP/IP only has 4 layers.
COMPARISON
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OSI Model TCP/IP Model
OSI stands for Open System TP/IP stands for Transmission
Interconnection because it allows Control Protocol/Internet
any two different systems to Protocol. It is named after these
communicate regardless of their protocols, being part of this
architecture. model.
OSI model has seven layers. TCP/IP has four layers..
This model provides clear It does not clearly distinguish
distinction between services, between services, interfaces &
interfaces and protocols protocols.
COMPARISON
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OSI Model TCP/IP Model
In this model, Protocols do not fit TCP and IP protocols fit well in
well into the model. the model.
Session & Presentation layers are There is no session &
present in this layer. presentation layer in this model.
OSI model supports both TCP/IP supports only
connection oriented & connectionless comm. In network
connectionless in network layer layer but supports both in
but connection oriented comm. transport layer.
In transport layer.