Review of Literature

CHAPTER- 11
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Introduction
A review of literature mainly intended to review the serious point of current
knowledge comprising functional findings as well as hypothetical and organisational
contributions on a particular study topic. Review of literature should be specially inclined
towards reviewing and analyzing literature in relation to the specified topic of research. A
well organised literature review includes logical flow of ideas; recent references, fix
referencing style; proper definitions and a balanced and inclusive view of the preceding
research on the specified subject. The present chapter presents the review of literature
collected from various sources like journals, articles and books on the theme of poultry
farming.
The inscrutable feature of large requirement of employment force on agricultural
zone is a major concern for its significances such as unemployment and poverty. In the
absence of any perceptible growth in labour absorption size by the industrial sector, the
future remains bleak with regard to rural employment position. Now a days there has been
increased awareness among researchers as well as planners that allied activities in the rural
areas could be a potential source of employment. Although considerable attention has been
given to dairy farming these days, another emerging economic activity is poultry rearing.
Poultry farming plays significant contribution not only towards secondary income and
employment, but also plays major role in mitigating the malnutrition problem in the
country. Various reports have been studied by many researchers on poultry farming. But,
still there have been lacunae in the understanding of potential poultry farming due to the
lack of research on socio-economic characteristics of poultry farming. So in order to fulfil
this gap, an attempt has been made in this chapter to review various aspects of research
work done in the past few years. These review providing directional approach to the present
study. Keeping these facts in mind, some studies related to the present study have been
reviewed and presented in the present chapter. All the articles/papers reviewed in the
chapter ma not related to the theme of the present study. It covers various aspects related

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 Review of Literature

to research theme such as trend of production of poultry farming, production of poultry in

different states of India, cost, returns and marketing of poultry and various problems of
poultry farmers.

2.2 Review of Literature

Hunter (1965) has studied financial of egg production in Australian poultry farms.
He has found that feed costs conquer a main part of total cost of construction of eggs
monitored by cost of birds and labour.
Singh and Rai (1976) have studied economics of egg and broiler production in
Ambala and Gurgaon districts in Haryana. The study revealed that cost of raising chicks
up to laying stage (six months) for egg production was increasing worth the decrease of
size of farmers. On the other hand, the cost of raising a broiler to the age of two and half
months to three months was about Rs. 6.50.
Sethuraman et al (1978) have showed a study on cost and incomes of egg
production in around Madras (Chennai) city. A purposive sample of 65 layer farms was
taken to analysis the cost and returns on egg production. They found that, of the cost
components, feed was the major cost constituting about 72 percent of the total cost and net
returns per birds were Rs. 18.09.
Rao et al (1979) have studied finances of poultry farming at Bapatla in Guntur
district of Andhra Pradesh. They were selected five poultry units around Bapatla town and
the data collected by survey method was reduced to units of 1000 birds. Costs of production
and income from various items are calculated to arrive at the profitability of the poultry
units. The cost benefit ration worked out to be Rs. 0.60.
Sindhu and Rangi (1979) have worked out the price spread by using the model in
Ludhiana district of Punjab. It is found that poultry farmers got 94.77 percent and 78
percent of consumer’s rupee through direct sales, cooperative and commission agent,
respectively. Gross margins of intermediaries were found to be 22 percent of the
consumer’s rupee.
Saxena and Gupta (1971) carried out a study to carry out the evaluation of price,
profits and output characteristics of layer farming and broiler farming in India. They

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 Review of Literature

revealed the productivity increased by involving their own labour but the proportionate
increase more that of revenue was observed in the input cost like feed, chicks, labour and
medicines. The increased demand of the product caused the enhanced production of fowls
which made the final cost per unit to come down.
Karanjkar and Soni (1980) studied observation of the finances of poultry farming
in Jabalpur by calculating input and output of poultry farms. They observed that large size
of poultry farmers were found the net cost per chick higher as compared to small size
poultry farmers. They were found that as the poultry farms size increased as well as labour
earnings also increased.
Punia et al (1981) have analyzed the factors related through poultry farming in
Haryana. They recognised the difficulties based on pragmatic study of 29 farmers in the
region and highlighted the major problems. The problems identified in the study were
mainly high cost of feed, lack finance, marketing problem, non-availability of veterinary
services and risk.
Kothandaraman and Narahari (1982) have analyzed economics of broiler
production in India. They observed that 53 percent of broiler farmers were cost of feed is
one of the main items of expenditure in broiler production and about 98 percent of the
income has been obtained from the sale of broiler only.
Kulkarni (1982) analysed on economics of poultry business in Hyderabad city. As
per study, the rearing costs per layer were found to increase in the size of farmers. He was
observed that there is an inverse relationship between the cost of egg production and farm
size. The proportion of the fixed cost also has inverse relation with the size of farms.
Sewak and Dhillion (1983) have studied economics of poultry farms in Ludhiana
districts of the Punjab state. They selected 109 commercial poultry farms in the study area.
The analysis has showed that expenditure on feed accounts for about 75 percent of the total
input costs. The income from eggs accounts for about 93 percent of the gross income. They
worked out feed conversion ratio (i.e., the ratio of feed consumed per birds in Kg and
dozens of egg laid per birds) egg feed price ratio (i.e. the ratio of the value of egg produced
per birds and the cost of feed consumed per bird) and benefit cost ratio as Rs. 2.52,
Rs.1.39,Rs. 1.14 and Rs. 1.00 respectively.

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 Review of Literature

Raghuram et al (1987) have conducted a study on financial analysis of poultry

production in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh. They have observed that the size of
poultry farms increase as well as the production costs abruptly decline. Similarly the total
production costs per 100 layers also declines but marginally increase with increase in the
size of farm. However, the proportion of flexible costs to the total costs is directly
proportion to the size of farm.
Chikara and Singh (1989) analysed on cost structure of poultry farms in Gurgaon
district of Haryana. The total cost’s main item observed to be feed (70.12 percent) followed
by interest associated with the working capital (10.72 percent). However the other
components observed are cost of chick, fixed cost and labour cost. The total cost per chicks
per year found to be increased with decrease in the farm size. The gross income per bird as
well as net return has positive relationship with the size of poultry farm.
Jadhav and Kasar (1990) have evaluated the cost and returns in poultry business in
the district of Kolhapur in Maharashtra. Sixty poultry units were selected randomly. An
increase in net return per bird has observed along with the size of poultry unit. The net
production cost reveals an inverse relation with farm size providing the existence of
economics of sale.
Moorti et al (1990) have evaluated the potential of poultry farming and its
profitability using data for the year 1988-89 from Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh.
They have worked out the cost of production and net returns from poultry farming, the
break-even size of layers and broilers separately. They have also studied the marketing
problem of commercial poultry production.
Chauhan (1990) has assessed the egg production trend and poultry production in
Himachal Pradesh during 1997-78 to 1987-88. The poultry population and egg production
have gained a record increase in the state. However it was noticed that the higher level of
production can be attained in Himachal Pradesh by using improved poutry birds.
Yeshwant (1990) has studied the demand for poultry products in Kerala state. The
composition of the livestock population revealed poultry accounted for 76.4 percent of
livestock wealth. The infrastructure like mortality, feed, veterinary, care, training,
insurance and finance have also been examined. The main conclusions are that the

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 Review of Literature

production of fodder and feed supplements need to be encouraged to reduce the cost of
production.
Seema (1990) has drawn a linear trend equation to analyze the trends in egg prices
between 1973 and 1989 in Hyderabad, Andra Pradesh. The monthly price data of eggs
revealed 12 paisa rise in the price of 100 eggs per month. This might be due to rising
demand or production costs. The poultry industry has also appeared to be more vulnarable
to large seasonal price variation which in turn affects farmer’s decision.
Shanmugam (1991) has studied on broiler production and marketing features in
Salem district of Tamil Nadu and found the benefit-cost ratio at total cost to be Rs. 1.19.
The payback period approximately consists of eight production cycles to repay the total
investments.
Shiva Prasad (1991) has evaluated the potential of egg production, marketing and
production of broilers in Bellary district. The results for economical expediency revealed
that per farm net present value, benefit cost ratio and payback period are found to be highest
i.e. Rs. 2,77,632.94, Rs. 2.83 and 2 years 6 month, respectively in broiler farms as
compared to layer farms. However the internal rate of return is observed to be minimum in
broiler farms i.e. 46.21 percent as compared to layer farms (50.22 percent). He was found
that layer farms to be more practicable than the broiler farms as per study.
Lobar (1992) has conducted a study in Western Maharashtra with an objective of
estimating per farm, per bird and per egg cost of production in the low rainfall areas of
Kolhapur, Sangli and Sattara districts. Three stage sampling design has been adopted for
the selection of talukas, villages and poultry farms. The total cost of production is divided
into variable cost and fixed costs. The working cost has been estimated for the period from
one day old chicks to 72 weeks. The fixed cost is proportionately distributed. The study
has revealed that poultry feed accounts for 78.69 percent of the total expenditure being the
major item of total cost. The items of income are eggs sales of birds, gunny and manure.
The estimated net profit per bird is Rs. 17.61 and Rs. 0.58 for per egg cost of production.
Kumar (1993) has studied the egg price variation in 4 selected cities of Hyderabad,
Madras, Delhi, and Mumbai over the period 1986-89. Results have revealed that egg price
varied according to seasons. Low egg price are noted during March, April and May while

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 Review of Literature

high egg price were seen in June, July, November and December. The price flexibility
causes problem in egg marketing. The study suggests that government needs to intervene
and make efforts to collect store and make efforts to collect store and market eggs. A rural
marketing system needs to concentrate on increasing demand through increased consumer
education and promotion of eggs.
Balister (1993) has examined the costs, margins and producers share of the
consumers in egg marketing in Ajmer, Rajasthan, India. In this study 10 poultry farms have
been randomly selected during 1991 and compared with data collected in 1986. Result
indicates that there has not been a significant change in the producer’s share from 1986 to
1991 and that efficiency of egg marketing has not improved. It is suggested that grading
and standardization of eggs should be introduced and made compulsory. Transport costs
may be minimized if the wholesales arrange to collect eggs from the producers.
Singh (1994) has calculated the profitability of broiler farming in Haryana state of
India. The study used data for 1987-88 which has been collected from 29 small, 9 medium
and 9 large size farms in Ambala and Gurgaon districts. A number of measures of
commercial efficiency are employed such as net return, break-even price and farm size,
broiler feed price ratio, cost benefit ratio and profit. It has concluded that the industry is
very profitable and that profitability increase with farm size indicating economics of scale
in feed costs. A minimum economic farm size of 3500 birds is suggested by the study for
poultry farming.
Sharma (1994) has carried out a study to examine the level of egg production
required to fox total cost which is based on primary survey collected from 145 farms and
60 poultry farms in Ludhiana district and Faridkot district of Punjab during 1989-90,
respectively. The study reveals that large farms having bird capacity above 10,000 can
recover fixed capital asset within 2 years and 15 days in Faridkot and 1 year and 89 days
in Ludhiana and. Layer farms needs fewer time to attain even point and get better fixed
capital cost.
Sharma et al (1994) has studied the marketable surplus of eggs according to size in
Ludhiana and Faridkot districts in Punjab. The marketable surplus for eggs is determined
by the excess or balance left with the poultry farmer after meeting farms family

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 Review of Literature

consumption. The results depict that breaking and home feasting observed to be maximum
in large poultry farms and reverse in case of small poultry farms in both the districts. The
seasonality is observed in the egg production as 65% of the total numbers of eggs are found
to be produced between the months of October and March every year.
Mani et al (1995) have analyzed the average monthly wholesale egg prices for the
period 1959-1989 and monthly feed prices for the period 1978-1989 to investigate trends
and seasonal fluctuation in prices in Coimbatore distinct of Tamil Nadu in India. They have
found feed price has increased faster than egg prices and higher variations are observed in
wholesales egg prices than feed prices.
Jadhav (1995) has conducted a survey with 100 household, 80 farmers and 20
wholesalers in Rathangiri districts of Maharashtra, India. He has estimated egg production,
arrivals of eggs from outside the districts and egg consumption and gap between production
and consumption. The results indicate that there is scope for increased production in the
districts. The gap between consumption and supply of eggs is estimated to be 377.41
percent of eggs which were purchased from outside the districts.
Rajput et al (1995) have examined the finances study of poultry business in Indore
district of Madya Pradesh. They have analyzed the cost and returns per egg. The data has
been collected by survey method during the year 1992-93. A growing trend is detected in
the egg production and net returns on large farms. It was Rs. 0.63 cost to produces an egg.
It is maximum on the small poultry farms due to lesser egg production per layer. The profit
cost ratio on an average is Rs. 1.18 which is higher in large size farms. The study concluded
that poultry farms of all categories are economically viable in Indore district of Madhya
Pradesh. The finding of the study indicates that it is more profitable to allow cross breeding
program for improving the potentiality of the layer.
Singh (1995) has assessed the trend of broiler marketing in Ambala and Gurgaon
districts of Haryana. It was found to be the producer-wholesaler-retailer consumer as per
study. The price spread could be decreased by eliminating the mediators. In the present
study, two indices i.e. concentration ratio and the Hirschman Herfindahl index have been
analysed through the market structure.

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 Review of Literature

Joseph (1995) has carried out a study on economics of poultry farming in Kerala
with more focus on broiler farms. His research involved the impact of cost and revenue
items on the economic performance of commercial poultry farms in Kerala. He has mainly
focussed on the farm size impact on the profit and financial position and optimised an
appropriate size for poultry farms suited for the state of Kerala. An inverse relationship
was observed between farm size and capital intensity. His study suggested that the feed
compounding units would be an effective method to achieve a profitable input cost.
Biswaneith (1996) has assessed the economic problems associated with poultry
farming in Midnapore district of West Bengal. He revealed that the poultry business can
survive at low profit by the family employment of owners. Also his study recommended
that financial aid can be provided at low interest rate to meet the requirements such as
establishing storage facilities of eggs and meat.
Pandey et al (1996) have carried out a study related to the status of poultry
production along with the behaviour of production cost of poultry products in the selected
areas in India. They revealed that, poultry farming has proved to be a supplementary source
of income and employment in the rural area. The feed alone contributes about two-third of
the total cost. The feed availability at reasonable cost would be an incentive to the
producers for enhanced poultry production.
Ranga Reddy et al (1997) have studied the economic analysis of broiler production
in Kamarajar district of Tamil Nadu. The study reveals that the total cost associated with
broiler production per bird found to be Rs. 22.18 out of which variable and fixed costs
comprised of 93.24 percent and 6.76 percent respectively. Feed cost alone contributed >50
percent of total cost followed by chicks cost i.e. 25 percent. The total cost can be reduced
by replacing the least cost farm mixed rations.
Nakeeran (1997) has evaluated the economic and managerial analysis of broiler
farming in Coimbatore District of Tamil Nadu. His study also revealed the role of various
funding agencies in broiler farming as well as financial management and problems faced
by broiler chain. He categorises the farm into two main categories i.e. self-farm and
commercial farm and was analyzed based on that.

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 Review of Literature

Rajendran (1998) has focussed on economics of broiler production in and around

Palladam Area of Coimbatore District in Tamil Nadu. The net return was found to be more
in farms functioning in batch system rearing as compared to own system and own mixed
feed.
Negasekher and Ram (1998) have analyzed the price differences and price feast in
poultry egg promotion in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh. The seasonal changes in the
price of egg, efficacy of egg marketing channels and income demand for eggs for rural and
urban consumers have also been analysed in the present study. The data analysed in the
study is collected from 120 poultry farms, 10 wholesales and 15 retailers randomly. The
price indices remained <100 through the summer season, however it was recorded to be
>100 but for half of the period in other seasons. The large fluctuation in demand is due to
variations in price indices.
Ashutosh and Shrivastava (1999) have assessed the economics of poultry
production and marketing in Jabalpur district. As per results of the study, commercial the
larger farms in layer and broiler units are found to be more managed and cost effective than
the small and medium. Out of four marketing channels, the egg market alone accounts for
75 percent share and 90 percent is contributed by broiler marketing. The scenario of poultry
farming has been considered at its peak in the district because of cheaper land and labour
input especially. So, the benefits should be exploited for commercialisation.
Bhattu and Sharma (1999) have studied the regional constraints faced by broiler
farmers in Haryana. The major problems associated with broiler farming observed to be
high cost and poor input quality, oligopoly marketing structure, more electricity charges,
disease episodes, non-remunerative prices of broilers, complexity for loan process, and
lack of broiler insurance schemes.

Bhatta et al (1999) have carried out a study on impact of socio-economic issues on

the acceptance of broiler farming in Haryana. They found the farm size, educational status
and land holding as major factors in the implementation of broiler farming in Haryana.
Broiler farming was found to be the additional source of income for majority of the farmers.
Educational status found to play a significant role in the development of broiler farming
and about 88.67% of farmers gained knowledge through innate tradition from neighbours,

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updated farmers, friends and relatives. However, no significant relationship of land holding
was observed with rationalization to start a farm, knowledge achievement and
communication source. The study also revealed that input cost can be reduced and returns
can be maximised by employing good management practices, latest biotechnology and
breeding techniques and bio-security measures.
University of Allahabad (2000) has carried out a study entitled “Report on
Economics of Poultry Production and Role of Poultry Production on Organized Sector in
Uttar Pradesh”. The study focussed on the economic feasibility has of different sizes of
poultry farm. The study found the average utilization of material input per farm to be Rs.
1457, the average profit per farm to be Rs. 1113.25, the average profit per bird to be Rs.
70.03 and the average profit per egg to be Rs. 0.095 in the state. The average production
of eggs per farm is Rs. 1797 and average input per farm, average input per bird, the average
output per farm and average output per bird found to be Rs. 2701, Rs. 160.28, Rs. 3814
and Rs. 230 respectively.
Nair and Ghadoliya (2000) have assessed economic viability of layer farming in
Goa state. They study compiled that layer farming found to be economically feasible in
Goa state. The large size farms possessed high benefit cost ratio (Rs. 1.25) and the small
size farms possessed lower i.e. Rs. 1.11. The net cost of preservation associated with small
size farms found to be more. The net return per layer per year for large farms, medium
farms and small farms found to be Rs. 62.28, 44.94 and Rs. 30.78 respectively.
Kumar and Mahalathi (2000) have assessed the price spread, egg cost and margins
in various marketing channels in 50 defendants in south-west Madhya Pradesh. The study
depicts that producer's share in consumer's rupee found to be maximum in egg marketing
under producer-consumer direct channel as compared to other channel where in more than
one mediator exists.
Karim et al (2001) have evaluated the profitability under constant rate of price
located at Bajitpur Upazila of Kishoreganj district, Bangladesh. Total 75 farmers i.e. 25
small, 25 medium and 25 large farms were selected for the study. The profitability of the
broiler farms were studied by calculated the cost and returns. The estimated total cost per
bird found to be Rs. 78.31 whereas, the average gross returns per bird per batch found to

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be Rs. 89.87 and these does not vary significantly across the farm size. The profit or net
returns per bird for small, medium, large and all broiler farms are Rs. 10.80, Rs. 10.85, Rs.
12.40 and Rs. 11.75 respectively. The present research indicated that all broiler farms
makes good contribution towards, however, large farms earned a little higher profit.
` Rajendran et al (2003) have carried out economic analysis and constraints of eggs
production in India. The findings of the present study indicated that the total returns per
bird from egg and other sources for small, medium and large groups found to be Rs. 217.15,
Rs. 218.88 and Rs. 220.25. The net return found to be higher for large size farms for deep
litter system.
Biswas et al (2003) have identified broiler chicken production and marketing
situation in coastal belt of West Bengal. They revealed that amiable and superior conditions
of the state have contributed towards enhanced and sustainable broiler production and
farming in the locality. Further improvements have also been studied and illustrated in the
study.
Singh and Sharma (2003) have studied problems faced by broiler farmers in
Haryana. They have done extensive review for the relationship between background
variables such as quality chicks, feed and veterinary aid, chicks cost and feed, middleman
involvement and high transportation charges etc.
Landes et al (2004) have studied India’s poultry sector. They have discussed that
the development of poultry area in India is mainly driven by rising livelihoods, along with
the developed plumb coordinated poultry makers who has decreased the buyer costs by
reducing the generation and promoting costs. The have opined that market transformation
from live feathered creatures to chilled and solidified items, and approaches that guarantee
supplies of intensely estimated local or imported corn also, soyabeans are keys to upcoming
poultry business development in India.
Prasad et al (2005) have assessed problems in broiler farming as faced by the
farmers in Andhra Pradesh. The difficulties faced by non-contract farmers include high
feed cost (90.6 percent, unremunerated price (87 percent), high charges of electricity (77
percent), high cost on chicks (69 percent), low feed quality of ingredients (69 percent),
delaying in lifting of birds (53 percent), disease and mortality (43 percent), delayed chick

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supply (40 percent) and insufficient attention of hatchery men (39 percent). Contract farms
have cited delayed supply of chicks (87 percent of the respondents), heavy electricity
charges (69 percent), mortality and diseases (40 percent), delayed payments (27 percent),
less payment of hatchery to contract farmers (13 percent) and problems in the daily
supervision of the broiler unit by the supervisor (9 percent) as their problems.
Singh and Jilani (2005) have conducted a study of poultry business in Garhwal
Himalayas. It shows that maximum farmers are old aged with medium family size, less
annual income and high social contribution. Among the restraints perceived by the farmers
non- availability of chicks, substructure facility, costly chick, technical disability, non-
availability of vaccine, government policy and credit facility of farmers are graded as most
important problems.
Singh and Jilani, (2005) have conducted a study of poultry farming in Garhwal
Himalayas and founded that nearly half (45 percent) of the poultry farmers had high school
and above high educational level whereas 35 percent defendants possessed up to primary
education and remaining farmers were found to be illiterate.
Kumar and Rai (2006) have studied ‘Financial Position of Poultry Farming in
Andaman and Nicobar Islands’. They have compares patterns of venture, utilization pattern
of labour, cost and returns and efficiency events across different class size of poultry farms.
It shows that cost incurred per bird decreases with increase in farm size while return per
bird increases with the increased farm size. The study suggests that the broiler farming is
a profit activity and a very good source of income to a sizeable section of farmers in
Andeman and Nicobar Islands.
Thangamani (2006) has investigated the social and monetary improvement through
poultry farming in Namakkal locale in Tamil Nadu. She has found that poultry farming has
given a district identity to Namakkal area in India. This area is well known for meat and
egg production in the country. Beside poultry farming this area is known to sustain ventures
like egg powder enterprises, paper board businesses and transport enterprises where give
additional income and employment to the people.
Mahapatra et al (2006) has studied poultry development in various parts of Orissa
in recent decade. There is an expansion in poultry populace in every part during the time.

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Nonetheless, in south and north regions the expansion is more purported. Egg production
is most astounding in south zone. Per capita eggs accessibility in the state has expanded
from 13 eggs to 24 eggs in 1989-90 to 1998-99. Nonetheless, in south zone, the per capita
availability of egg is higher, i.e. 44.
Mehta and Nambiar (2007) in their study have brought out major issues in poultry
farming in Pakistan. It evaluates the share of various partners in the profit accrued from
this economic pursuit. The outcome of the study shows that commission specialists take 47
percent of the aggregate benefit in poultry business, followed by sellers (28 percent) and
makers (25 percent). It shows that sustainability of poultry business lies in the fact that
share of poultry farmers have to be increased in the business of the poultry.
Gnanakumar (2007) has analyzed the possibility of financial asset of contract
poultry growers in Tamil Nadu. He concludes that farmers received a growing cost of Rs.
2.36 per kg of bird with a profit of Rs. 1.50 per chick initially. There is 11.5 percent
estimated returns on inital investment and increased to 20 percent after that.
Chidananda (2007) has done a study on finances of contract farming in broiler
production in Karnataka and concluded that all classes of grill agriculturists have the same
relations and circumstances under a composed contract which inclined towards the
integrators than the agriculturists with a glaring routine of gathering two limitless tickets
to ride. Furthermore, none of the integrators has protection to cover the hazard.
Mane et al (2007) have conducted a study entitled “Constraint Analysis of Poultry
Farming in North Konkan Region of Maharashtra” which reveals that poultry farming has
been opted as subsidiary occupation by small farmers. The costly chicks, costly feed and
difficulties in loans are the main problems encountered by the poultry farmers. The study
suggests that remunerative price is essential for poultry products, availability of feed at
cheaper rates must be in time and organized poultry units on co-operative basis and
collection and transportation of layer and broilers products through co-operative societies.
Prasad et al (2007) have calculated the economy of contract and non-contract
farmers found that 75 poultry contract farmers under the situation in Chittoor district of
Andhra Pradesh. The analysis includes the contract farming impacts on poultry exercises

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in terms of assets value, involvement of family labour and total costs. The study is a
comparison of contract and non-contract farming.
In a study investigated by Ahire et al (2007) found that major portion of the
cooperative poultry humanity member farmers in Solapur district in Maharashtra were
found to lie in 36-45 age group and up to 35 years age group, respectively. Most of poultry
farmers lies medium age group and no significant association was observed between age
and adoption.
Verma and Singh (2008) have analysed the impact of educational status and
occupational status of the business persons on the finances of egg production in Haldwani
area of Nainital district. It is found that of the total cost the stable and adjustable cost
contributes 7.54 percent and 92.45 percent, respectively.
Babu (2008) has studied organisation of broiler farming in Andhra Pradesh.
Conclusion of the study finds that the total investment and total cost per bird are directly
proportional and total costs per kg live weight decrease with farm size. However the net
returns increase with farm size.
Zakir (2008) has analysed study on organisation of contract farming in poultry
business in Dharwad district. He has found that Rs. 1.52 and Rs. 1.02 the profit cost ratio
in case of contract farming and non-contract farming. This clearly specifies the non-
contract system is near gainful but at equilibrium of input and output.
Abdul et al (2008) have made a comparative study on the profitability analysis of
broiler production in Rawalpindi district of Pakistan. The benefit cost ratio and net present
worth are found to be more in large as compared to medium and small sized farms.
However, the investment on all sized farms turns out to be an economically feasible as the
net present worth is positive in all the farms.
Senthilkumar and Khandekar (2009) have studied the constraints perceived by the
poultry entrepreneurs in Namakkal District of Tamil Nadu. The study has adopted
purposive sampling to select two blocks each from two talukas taking higher concentration
of poultry populace. Stratified random sampling with proportional allocation has been used
to select 200 defendants from four blocks. They reveals that lack of economic resources is

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a main constraint is poultry production shadowed by raw materials, promotion, electricity

and labour restraints.
Rani and Subhadra (2009) have studied the major problems associated with
problems of poultry farmers in Thrissur district of Kerala. The study indicated that poultry
farming is facing mainly lack of knowledge problem, uneducated and untrained labour,
deficit of technology, viral and bacterial infection, financial problems.
Borthakur et al (2009) have observed the restraints faced by the farmers in poultry
background and advertising in Dibrugarh district of Assam. They have perceived that lack
of suitable advertising facility for poultry products is a main constraint stated by all
farmers. Other perceived constraints by poultry farmers are high cost of associated with
chick and feed i.e. 80%, incidence of disease like chronic respiratory disease (CRD) and
Ranikhet (60%) and non-availability of vetenarians i.e. 40%.
Mozumdar et al. (2009) have measured the changes in socio-economic status of
small scale broiler farmers in rural parts of Bangladesh. They have selected 50 farmers who
raised 300 to 2000 chicks in the rural part of Sadar Upazila of Mymensingh district. They
were collected data on socio-economic parameters through the primary survey from the
farmers through their personal interview from the pre-tested interview schedule. The main
results showed that annual employment opportunities for unemployed family members of
broiler farmers were 302.96 man-days. The study brings out that overall revenue and
spending of the farmers have increased significantly and cash in hand and savings with
bank have increased by 142.71 percent and 201.63 percent respectively. There is also
improvement in drinking water and sanitation condition of respondents. The respondents
have expressed positive and significant impacts in terms of the growth of socio economic
status of the broiler farmers as well as the development in rural livelihood.
Singh et al (2010) have analyzed the cost and returns of different sizes of broiler
farms in the Punjab state especially in three states viz. Ludhiana, Hoshiarpur and Muktsar
based on the primary data collected from 140 broiler farmers for the period March 2008 to
February 2009. Results of the present investigation revealed that total fixed investments
and variable cost. Total meat production cost per bird have found to be higher on small
farms, followed by medium and large farms. A positive relationship has been observed

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between the meat-feed price ratio and benefit-cost ratio. The small sized broiler farms are
considered to be more vulnerable to increase in costs and decrease in net returns.
Shanaz et al (2010) have studied the different organization practices accepted by
commercial broiler farmers in the Ganderbal district of Jammu and Kashmir. This study
observed that most of the broiler farmers received a profit of Rs. 7–10 per bird. It has been
found that main section of the broiler farmers reread a flock size of more than 2100 birds
on deep litter system adopting all-in-all-out system.
Singh et al (2010) have done financial examination of broiler production in Punjab.
They concludes that the total cost of broiler production per bird is Rs. 83.82, Rs. 74.25 and
Rs. 67.56 on small, medium and large farms respectively. The gross returns per kg of live
weight are Rs. 59.61, Rs. 58.92 and Rs. 57.90 on large farms, medium and small farms
respectively.
Saran and Goyal (2010) have conducted a study on finances of broiler and layer
farming in Punjab. In Punjab, layer and broiler farming have found profitable. The cost can
be reduced and profit can be increased by adopting effective technology and scientific
methods, self-feed mixing and reduced mortality rate. The profits gained from broiler
farming are more as compared to layer farming.
Ahmed et al (2010) have done a study on broiler farming in Allahabad district. They
have observed that the net profit per chick increases with rise in the size of broiler farm.
Benefit-Cost ratio also increases with increase in farm size. They have found that large
farmers earn maximum profits as compared to medium and small farmers.
Sukhjeet et al (2010) have conducted a study on economics of broiler and layer
farming in Punjab by analysing the cost and returns of one unit (of 1000 birds) in poultry
farms during 2008-2009. In Punjab, layer and broiler farming have found profitable. The
cost can be reduced and profit can be increased by adopting effective technology and
scientific methods, self-feed mixing and reduced mortality rate.
Shaikh and Zala (2011) have evaluated the status of broiler farms with main focus
on production performance and economic appraisal in Anand district of Gujarat. The
benefit cost ratio was found to be 1.11 for the whole sample it showed positive relationship
with farm-size.

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Karthikeyan and Rengasamy (2012) have carried out an investigation on the poultry
farming and observed that it is being one of the fast-growing sector (20%) in India per
annum during last decades, as it has changed from unorganised to organised, small scale
to large scale and inefficient staff to efficient and trained staff. The market dynamics in
Indian poultry industry because of vertical combination and also decline prices of poultry,
burgeoning population and industrialisation, increased trading, health awareness.
Deswal and Jaglan (2012) have studied on socio-economic attributes and spatial
distribution pattern of poultry farms in Haryana. A sample of 215 poultry farmers (100
broiler, 50 hatchery and 65 layer farms) has been drawn using purposive sampling. The
samples have been taken from the areas of higher concentration of these activities. It
reveals that poultry farms are largely concentration in north and eastern part of the state
with maximum number in Yamunanagar district. One-third hatcheries are located in the
district of Jind. The study reveals that majority of broiler farms are less educated but the
proportion of educated farmers is comparatively very high among layer and hatchery
owners. Majority of farmers are small landowners (up to 10 acre). Only one-seventh
surveyed poultry farms in the state came into existence before 1991. The study reveals that
most of educated farmers have taken up poultry farming.
Balamurugan and Manoharan (2013) have assessed the cost and return of different
sized integrated broiler farms in Theni district of Tamil Nadu State by using data from 150
broiler farmers. It was revealed in the study that total cost per bird, meat production per
bird, returns per bird over the variable costs is shown to be highest on small farms followed
by medium and large farms. However, profitable investment in broiler farmer has been
recorded to be high in all farms. Small farms have been observed very sensitive to cost rise
and decrease in net returns. Broiler farming has considered as one of the profit ventures in
Tamil Nadu to boost economic sector.
Islam et al. (2014) have carried out a study on prospects and challenges in Broiler
Farming of Barguna District in Bangladesh during June 2014 to July 2014 by taking 21
frams having 10542 birds from twelve villages. Out of total farms, 47.62 percent were
found to be small and 52.38 percent were medium size. A major portion of the farmers
belongs to secondary level education whereas 61.90% farmers are not even trained in

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broiler farming. All the houses are having proper ventilation and around 85.71% houses
are well arranged roof with iron sheet. The sawdust is used as litter material by 95.20% of
the farmers and disposed litter as fertilizer. Electric brooders are used for brooding of birds
for seven days by all farmers and side by supply power during brooding period is provided
by hurricane lantern by while 85.70 percent farmers. According to the farmers opinion,
high feed cost is reducing the profit of broiler farming.
Acharya and Kaphle (2015) have focussed on the poultry farming in Nepal. It is
considered as one of the emerging sectors in Nepal. Rural areas of Nepal are mostly
dominated by scavenging poultry and around 45% of the total chicks is led by native flock
whereas 55% of chicks contributes for commercial poultry. The poultry farming is growing
fast i.e. three times more towards commercialisation from 1985 to 2014. It is one of the
low-cost sources of protein as compared to other commercial business. In spite of having
many advantages, poultry sector is still facing some constraints like diseases, lack of
technical efficiency, less advancement in genetic modifications, animal and human feed
competitions, High cost, harsh climatic conditions and sustainability issues. So, the present
study has mainly focussed on suitable production technologies, improved poultry birds and
management practices.
Vikash and Jheeba (2015) have assessed the status of poultry farming in Jaipur
district of Rajasthan. It is assumed that in the livestock market of India, poultry farming
has been considered one of the major contributors towards low investment and high
economic growth. It is considered as a regular source of income for the poor people
throughout the year in rural area of Rajasthan. The poultry sector is still facing a lot of gaps
between need and availability of products in spite of remarkable growth in this sector. This
study has analysed input and output structure, production effectiveness, income and
employment and economic feasibility of different farms in poultry business.
Dwivedi et al. (2015) has evaluated the status of management practices in 2014
used by broiler growers in Jammu district of Jammu & Kashmir state. In this study, the
farmers have been categorised into three main groups such as I) < 500 birds II) 501-1000
birds and >1000 birds based on number of birds. Twenty growers were selected randomly
from each group. The different management practices and socioeconomic characteristics

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of growers like family structure, education and occupation status, investment pattern, input
and output markets distance, training and experience of farmers, system of housing,
feeding, water, electricity etc. were studied.
Kabir et al. (2015) have investigated to find influence of poultry farming on socio-
economic condition of Bangladesh farmer. They revealed that around 38% of the condition
of the farmers have been improved by poultry farming. Overall significant and positive
relationship was observed between poultry farming and socio-economic condition
Balamurgen et al. (2017) have also focussed on the socio-economic status of
poultry farmers in Theni district of Tamil Nadu. As per study, around 3/4th of the farmers
comes under young and middle age group and major portion of the farmers belongs to
senior secondary and higher educated category. 70 percent farmers are found to have small
size family. The study indicates that 84 percent of the respondents were rearing the poultry
as secondary source of income.
Venkat (2017) has focussed on nutritional requirement and economic security amid
tribal households of Warangal district in Telangana state. Majority of farmers i.e. 41.67%
lies in middle age group. Illiteracy is occupied by around 62.50% farmers and agriculture
is the only source of income for them (91.67 percent).
Roy (2017) has studied the resource investment pattern of cost and returns structure
of poultry farming in West Bengal. The study brings out that the total fixed cost in layer
farming is estimated to be 0.66 percent of the total cost for 1000 birds per batch. The return
structure of layer farming indicated the total returns from eggs sales, sale of chicks and
fertilizer from 1000 birds is Rs. 431590. Overall, the sale of eggs accounts for about 91
percent of total return followed by sale of culled birds (7.83 percent). The net returns are
Rs. 82946 per annum per 1000 birds, net returns per month are found to be Rs. 6912 per
1000 birds.
Sharma et al. (2018) have analyzed the socio-economic attributes of poultry owners
and the constraints perceived by the farmers in raising the poultry in Jammu district of
Jammu and Kashmir. They found that about half of poultry farmers belong to middle age
group, whereas 34 percent poultry farmers belong to young age group. They have different
levels of education. The study also shows that 32.50 percent poultry farmers have

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agriculture as their main occupation and 30 percent are labourers. Interestingly majority of
poultry farmers were marginal farmers and 35 percent were landless.
Pathak et al. (2019) have analyzed the poultry farming in rural area and economy
of tribal farmers of east district of Sikkim. The study brings out that about two-third poultry
farmers are females and 36.5 percent of them are middle and matric educated followed by
24 percent that have passed only primary education, 16.5 percent of farmers attained
middle level education.

2.3 Research Gap

It is evident from the survey of the literature that most of the works on the poultry
farming related to economical and managerial aspects. There is a wide coverage in
literature of inputs, output, profit/income and marketing of the poultry products. Some of
the studies have also discussed the government policy issues and their implication in
development of poultry farming. But there are very few studies which have tried to
understand the spatial organization and regional patterns of poultry. The locational aspects,
distance and market proximity as a factor in this agri-business is also missing in most of
the studies. Similarly, the trend and spatial pattern of poultry production also do not figure
in most of the studies. Furthermore, the socio-economic attributes such as social status,
economic status and educational status of the poultry farmers have not been taken into
account by most of the studies in analysis of size of poultry farms, their ownership types
and patterns, establishment of poultry farms and their input-output. Hence, the present
study attempts to understand the spatial organization of poultry industry in all three forms-
hatchery farming, broiler farming and layer farming. It also attempts to analyses socio-
economic attributes of all three types of poultry in relation to social, economic and
educational status of poultry farmers.

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