CURITY COUNCIL UN

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CURITY COUNCIL UN
UN SECURITY COUNC
COUNCIL UN SECURI
UN SECURITY COUNC
CURITY COUNCIL UN S
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UNSC
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United Nations Security Council

COUNCIL UN SECURI
N SECURITY COUNCI
 Agenda
Agenda
Exploring the Impact of
Cross-Straight Tensions on Peace ,
Security , and Development in
Southeast Asia.
 Table of
Contents
Contents
Contents
[Link] from the Secretary General
[Link] from the Executive Board
[Link] to the committee
[Link] to the agenda
[Link] of Key Terms
[Link]
[Link] of the Agenda
[Link] Positions
[Link] Study 1
[Link] Study 2
[Link] Moderated Caucus
[Link]
[Link] Links
[Link]
 Letter From The

Secretary General
Dear Delegates,

It is with immense pride and excitement that I welcome you to JBCN Parel MUN 2026.

Serving as your Secretary General this year is both an honour and a responsibility I hold
very close to my heart. JBCN Parel MUN is not just an event - it is a space we have built
with intention; A space where ideas are sharpened, perspectives are challenged, and young
leaders begin to understand the power of their own voices.

My journey with MUN began with this very conference, in a committee room where I was
completely new to everything - the procedure, the pace, the pressure. I was nervous, unsure,
and very aware that I was stepping into unfamiliar territory. That conference ended with
my f irst-ever award, but more importantly, it marked the beginning of something much
bigger: a genuine passion for debate, diplomacy, and the discipline that MUN demands.

Outside committee rooms, I’m someone who thrives on momentum - whether that’s For mula
1, the gym, or (admittedly) the occasional dependence on a certain blue-and-silver energy
drink. I think MUN represents a balance of intensity and focus. It demands preparation,
resilience, and spontaneity. That is exactly what JBCN Parel MUN 2026 aims to bring out
in you.

Whether this is your f irst MUN or one of many, I encourage you to fully commit to the
experience. I want you to raise that placard even if your hand shakes, negotiate with
purpose, and listen as intently as you speak. Growth at MUN does not always come from
winning - it comes from participating wholeheartedly.

On behalf of the Secretariat and the Organising Committee, I thank you for placing your
trust in JBCN Parel MUN 2026. We are honoured to host you, and I cannot wait to witness
the energy, debate, and passion you will bring into our committees. JBCN MUN built me,
and I can’t wait to treat this conference with the same conviction and dignity.

Whether it’s the constant crises of the IIC, the high-stakes diplomacy of the UNSC, the
ideological clashes of DISEC, the refor mative debates of UNW, the strategic complexity of
SPECPOL, the economic intensity of CICE, or the legacy-def ining decisions of the Mughal
Dynasty - there is a place here for every kind of delegate.

Welcome to JBCN Parel MUN 2026.

Let’s make it unforgettable.

War m regards,

Prishti Sangani
Secretary General
JBCN Parel MUN 2026
 Letter From The

executive board
Salutations Delegates!

It is with utmost pride that we, the executive board of

UNSC, Parth Shah and Riddhima Datta, welcome you on
board with us for JBCNMUN’26 in the United Nations
Security Council.

This year's UNSC will be directed by Parth Shah, who is

eager for this UNSC session to start. Parth is currently in
the 9th grade and has done a fair share of MUNs to be
capable of directing. Aside from generic and productive
debate, Parth often looks for those aggressive one-liners
which keep the committee alive at all times.

Alongside Parth, your Assistant Director for this year's

UNSC will be Riddhima Datta, who is currently in the 8th
grade. Don't let her age fool you, her capability ranges way
above her age, and she too, has put in a lot of effort for this
year's UNSC at JBCNMUN’26.

The UNSC promises to be a committee which will help each

individual grow and extend their knowledge and
interpretation on current world pressing issues taking place
as we speak . This agenda, mixed with the UNSC, helps
delegates analyze the impact of intervention from global
powers in regional spaces.
 Introduction to the
committee
The United Nation Security council is one of the most
powerful and authoritative bodies present within the United
Nations system . The UNSC can be depicted best as the
central organ responsible for responding to most serious
threats to global peace and security.
Whenever international conflict escalate into wars,
when peace agreements are violated ,
when threats risk destabilising entire regions.
The UNSC is the body that steps into the debate and decides
on collective actions. Its decisions carry signif icant weight
because unlike many other bodies resolutions passed by the
security council are legally binding on all UN member states.

The security council plays a critical role in preventing

conflict, managing ongoing crises and restoring peace after
violence has occurred. It does through a variety of tools
including diplomatic negotiations, sanctions, ar ms
embargoes, peacekeeping missions and in extreme cases, the
authorisation of the use of force through through these
mechanisms, the UNSC aims not only to stop conflict, but to
create conditions that allow long-ter m stability, security and
development to take route. This makes the council especially
important when addressing complex geopolitical tensions that
have the potential to impact multiple regions at once.

The UNSC comprises of 15 members every sessions , out of

which 5 are per manent members often referred to as P5 or
Vetoes comprising of :
1. China
2. Russia
3. France
4. United Kingdom
5. United States of America
Alongside them stand 10 rotating elected members who are
expected to participate in the UNSC on specif ic sessions
only .
Together the per manent and non-per manent members for m
a forum where diplomacy, power politics and international
law intersect .

The United Nation Security Council can ensure the

intersection of law in relation to power politics and
diplomacy by referring to mechanisms such as the UN
charter which helps foster each countries sovereignty and
any resolution being passed in the UNSC must be in
complete obedience to each and every article in the UN
charter .
 Introduction to the
AGENDA
Southeast Asia is deeply affected by Cross-strait tensions due
to the region’s strategic geographical location and its strong
economic and political linkages with major global powers in
an increasingly interconnected international system.
Instability is one strategic area that can quickly generate
ripple effects across neighbouring regions. Although
Southeast Asian states are not direct parties to cross straight
tension. The consequence of escalation directly influences
their peace, security, and development prospects.

The region lies between the Pacif ic and Indian Oceans and
hosts some of the world's most critical maritime trade routes.
South China, sea, and the strait of Malacca carry a
signif icant share of global trade, energy, supplies, and
commercial shipping. Any increase in military activity, naval
deployments, or geopolitical rivalry in surrounding waters,
threatens freedom of navigation, maritime safety, and the
uninterrupted flow of trade. Even limited disruption could
lead to higher shipping costs, delayed supply chains, and
economic uncertainty for export oriented, South Asian
economies .

Beyond maritime security, cross trade tensions, intensify great

power competition in the wider Indo – Pacif ic. Southeast
Asian states depend on stable relations with both China and
Western powers for trade, investment, and security
cooperation. Rising tensions place these countries in a
complex, diplomatic position, forcing them to balance
competing interests while preserving national sovereignty.
This challenges ASEAN's long-standing principle of
neutrality, non-alignment and consensus-based decision
making.
In addition, increased regional tensions risk accelerating
militarization in Southeast Asia. As major powers
expand their military presence, South Asian nations may
feel compelled to enhance their own defence capabilities,
diverting resources away from social welfare,
infrastructure, and sustainable development. This
security focus shift could help long ter m development
goals, and national budget, particularly for developing
economies within the region.

Moreover, economic uncertainty arising from heightened

geopolitical tension can signif icantly affect investor
conf idence and regional growth. Southeast Asian
economies are closely integrated into the global supply
chain involving advanced manufacturing, electronics,
and energy trade. And any perception of instability,
nearby strategic drones, foreign direct investment,
infrastructural projects, and increased insurance and
transportation costs. For developing states, such
disruption may result in reduced employment
opportunities, slow poverty, reduction, and setback to
national development agenda.

Finally, prolonged uncertainty under mines conf idence –

building efforts and regional corporation mechanisms.
ASEAN's, a day to function as an unifying and
stabilising force may be tested as member stage phase,
different national priorities and external pressure.
Preventing effects and preserving regional stability,
therefore, requires multilateral dialogue, appearance to
International law and collective effort, effort to reduce
tensions and promote peaceful engagement.
 Timeline
1800s-1940s - Colonial Period in Southeast Asia
During the 19th and early 20th centuries, Southeast Asia
was ruled by European nations like Britain, France,
Netherlands and Spain. These nations mainly focused on
land borders, which lead to discrepancies on sea borders.
When the Southeast Asian countries became independent
after WW2, they became confused as they received very
confusing maps. This led to countries disagreeing on who
owned which parts of the sea, leading to cross strait
tensions.

1947 - Beginning of the South China Sea Dispute

China published a map called the Nine-Dash Line , this
map claimed that China’s land included most of the South
China sea. This claim included important sea routes and
many small islands with reefs. The claim also overlapped
with the sea areas of other countries like Vietnam,
Philippines, Malaysia and Brunei. However, several
countries believed that the same waters China claimed
“theirs” in the Nine Dash Line belonged to them under
international law. This helped intensify the tensions
between the nations.

1950s-1960s- New Claims by New Countries

By the 1950s, many Southeast Asian countries became
independent and so they began to establish their
governments and sovereignty. They started to become
f inancially independent by f ishing becoming the most
popular livelihood in these nations. Therefore, they began
to protect their sea areas and control f ishing and their
resources obtained from it. However in the midst of
nations becoming more and more independent, sea
borders were still unclear; independence made countries
more serious about defending their waters.
 1962 - Thailand-Cambodia Dispute
Due to a border map during the French colonial era,
conflicts arose between Thailand and Cambodia over the
Preah Vihar Temple. The 2 nations took this matter to the
International Court of Justice, where it was declared that
the Preah Vihar Temple belonged to Cambodia. Thailand
accepted the ruling but disagreed over nearby land and
waters and felt the decision was unfair. Thai military
presence was established near the border by placing
soldiers.

1974 - China - Vietnam Sea Conflict

The Paracel Islands lie in the northern South China Sea.
These islands are very important for f ishing and sea
control. China fought South Vietnam and took control of
these islands for their own benef its. However after the
reunif ication of Vietnam, they continued to claim the
islands after reunif ication, keeping tensions alive.

1982 - New Global Sea Rules (UNCLOS)

Countries agreed on new sea laws which said that :
12 nautical miles = territorial waters
200 nautical miles = Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
This meant that countries could now off icially claim large
sea areas. The EEZs overlapped in narrow seas, which
increased cross-strait disputes among countries.

1988 - China - Vietnam Johnson South Reef Clash

Chinese naval forces clashed at a reef in the South
Chinese Sea, where Vietnamese sailors were killed and
China then gained control of the reef. This basically
meant that military force became a tool to control reefs
and islands.

1984 - Brunei’s Independence and Sea Claims

In 1984, Brunei became independent from Britan and they
then declared its EEZ for fishing and oil. China’s Nine-
Dash Line overlapped with this area. This led to many
small countries facing pressure from much larger powers.
 1990s-2000s - Malaysia - Singapore Johor Strait Issue
The Johor Strait separates Malaysia and Singapore.
Singapore carried out land recovery to expand land and
support port development. During which Malaysia feared
changes in sea border and environmental damage.
However, the strait is extremely narrow and economically
important which means if any problems are inflicted on
this strait, civilians will be impacted.

2002-2005- Indonesia - Malaysia Ambalat Dispute

A court awarded nearby islands to Malaysia, however the
sea boundary was still unclear. During this, Malaysia
allowed oil exploration to take place in Ambalat. As a
reaction, Indonesia sent warships and aircraft. This led
to heightened tensions in the cross strait tension.

2008-2011 - Thailand - Cambodia Armed Clashes

Fighting broke out near the border and temple area
where artillery was used and civilians were displaced.
During the conflict, international courts and ASEAN
intervened to stop the conflict from worsening. This led
to domestic politics and historical resentment amongst
the nations.

2012 - Scarborough Shoal Standoff

During this conflict, Filipino and Chinese ships faced
each other. Where China blocked access to the shoal
from the Phillipines, the Phillipines lost complete control
of the shoal. This led to f ishing rights and sea
dominance prevailing through the nations.

2016 - Inter national Court Ruling

The court ruled that China’s Nine-Dash Line had no
legal basis, hence the Phillipines won the case and China
rejected the decision and still believes that their map is
right. This caused conflict between international law and
power politics.
 2020s- Grey Zone Conflicts
Countries avoid war in cross straits by using coast
guards, water cannons and ship blocking. Tensions still
remain constant today but are controlled. This matters
because these seas are vital for food, energy and global
trade.
 Rationale Of The
Agenda
Cross-straight tensions generally arise from disputes over
sovereignty, national territorial claims, and political legitimacy
between two regions, separated by a strategic waterway. Such
conflicts are often fueled by historic grievances, unresolved
disputes, or computing national interests. The lack of clear
agreements on governance, resource rights, or control of
strategic trade routes can escalate tensions, making the conflict
highly sensitive and diff icult to resolve.

Economic factors also play a crucial role. Competing interest

over trade dominance, access to critical infrastructure, and
control of valuable Maritime or energy resources can intensify
rivalries. When these disputes intersect with political
ambitions, the potential for misunderstanding or escalation
increases, particularly if either side takes aggressive or
unilateral actions. External powers often influence the
tensions, indirectly. Diplomatic support, trade, agreements, or
military presence for external states can cause the conflict,
transfor ming what may be a regional dispute into a broader
security consultation. The involvement of third parties
increases as the stakes, complicit, negotiation, and raises the
risk of accidental escalation.

Past scenarios shows the relevance of a particular cross-strait

conflict and its possible impact on global economies and the
way other countries benef it from it . Even without direct
conflict, cross straight tensions can have far reaching
consequences for neighbouring regions. Maritime trade routes
may become less secure, disrupting the global supply chain and
creating economic uncertainty for developing and dependent
economies. Increased military activities can allow regional
states to enhance their own defence capabilities, diverting
resources from infrastructure, social welfare, and long-ter m
development.
In addition to economic disruption, high and cross rate,
tensions of a lead to increase neighbouring states may feel
compared to strength and the defence capabilities, conduct
joint exercises or invest in advance surveillance and
infrastructure to save their territories and trade routes.
Such security focused measures can stain the national
budget, diverting resources away from social welfare
programs, infrastructure development, and long-ter m
economic growth. The presence of larger military forces
and frequent exercise also raise the risk of accidents or
miscalculations, which could escalate tension and
destabilise the surrounding region .
 Bloc Positions
People' s Republic of China
The People’s Republic of China is heavily involved in this
conflict with Taiwan becase they wish for the sole aim of
reunif ication of China, whilst boosting its sovereignty (the
power that a country has to control its government). This
is seen through actions of conducting large - scale military
drills around Taiwan, which included missile tests and
airspace incursions. However, when criticism for G7
nations arose, China simply said it was to “remove US
involvement in internal Chinese affairs”. Through these
actions, it can be concluded that China sees Taiwan as a
rebel territory; by losing Taiwan, it would under mine the
Chinese Communist Party legitimacy and national unity.
Taiwan is pivotal to China as of now, hence the actions of
:
Passing laws (Anti-Succession Law), which legally
allows the use of the military if Taiwan declares
independence.
Influences nations to cut diplomatic ties with Taiwan
in exchange for economic incentives.
Sends PLA f ighter jets and naval vessels into Taiwan’s
Air Defense Identif ication Zone (ADIZ)
 Bloc Positions
Taiwan / Republic of China
The Republic of China, Taiwan is seen as an extension of
China in the international eye, however they wish to
eradicate this mindset as the preservation of their
democratic system and de facto independence (a territory
functions as a separate, self-governing country in reality,
with its own government and control, even if it lacks
for mal legal recognition or isn't accepted by the
international community or its claimed parent state).
Taiwan has been conducting its own elections but China is
known for meddling in Taiwan’s local affairs. During the
election season in Taiwan, China often begins a campaign
of spreading misinfor mation about the candidates to try
and sway the citizens back to China’s power and influence.

A protester is seen carrying a sign saying “No Red Media”

at an anti-China protest in Taiwan
The citizens heavily support the idea of for mal
independence, showing the unity of the Taiwanese citizens
against the Chinese ideals and its presence in Taiwan.
Although Taiwan is generally considered to be more
“developed” than mainland China, it can’t compare to
China’s overall larger economy, hence they have to seek
international support for security and participation in
global institutions, like the World Health Organisation
and International Civil Aviation Organisation. Taiwan is
primarily supported by the United States of America.
They often purchase advanced weapons like missiles and
f ighters from the US.
 Bloc Positions
Cambodia
The Kingdom of Cambodia is directly involved in the
Thai-Cambodian conflict. Based on colonial-era French
maps, Cambodia claims sovereignty over the Preah Vihar
Temple. The temple is a symbol of Khmer heritage and
national identity belonging to Cambodia. Cambodia’s sole
aim in this conflict is to secure internationally recognised
sovereignty over the temple and surrounding areas. They
also aim to prevent Thai military presence around the
temple and to protect cultural heritage and strengthen
national legitmacy. Considering the fact, they don’t wish
to enter a state of war; they use international law and
diplomacy as a way to settle issues, this is why they took
the decision of heading to the ICJ with this dispute.

Kingdom of Thailand
The Kingdom of Thailand is involved in this conflict
against Cambodia, as they are against the border maps
created during the French colonial era due to border
discrepancies. They believe that the temple is their right as
the Preah Vihar Temple was initially geographically
accessible from Thailand, hence the surrounding areas and
waters also belong to Thailand. They aim to protect
sovereignty and territorial claims, in this they hope to
prevent any actions that lead to disputed lands or waters
lost through international pressure. The disputed lands
also contain offshore oil and gas as well as valuable
f ishing grounds; the Kingdom of Thailand wants joint
development at most, not unilateral Cambodian control.
 Bloc Positions
United States of America
When it comes to cross strait tensions in South-east Asia, the
United States of America isn’t a claimant; they don’t seek
territory. Their core aim is to maintain nor malcy and prevent
forceful border changes that will impact civilians and the
global order negatively. Freedom of Navigation (FONOPs) are
U.S led military operations that challenge excessive maritime
claims in border conflicts. The limitation and balancing of
China’s power is pivotal as this limits Beijing’s control over
key straits as well as holding back China’s political power. The
protection of trade routes is extremely important as 1/3rd of
global trade passes through the region. The United States of
America aims to keep Southeast Asia straits open and free
from conflict without involving themselves in the crossf ire.

Republic of India
India is indirectly involved in cross-strait tensions due to its
rivalry with China and interests in the Indo-Pacif ic. While
India follows the One China Policy and does not off icially
recognise Taiwan, it maintains strong economic and
technological ties with Taiwan. India’s main aim is to counter
China’s growing power and prevent any forceful change to the
regional status [Link] supports stability through
participation in the QUAD, increased naval presence, and
backing peaceful resolution, as conflict in the Taiwan Strait
would threaten trade routes and global supply chains.

Republic of Indonesia
Indonesia plays a neutral role in cross-strait tensions,
prioritising regional stability and ASEAN unity. It follows the
One China Policy and does not take sides militarily.
Indonesia’s core aim is to prevent escalation that could disrupt
vital trade routes passing through Southeast Asia. Indonesia
promotes diplomacy, dialogue, and freedom of navigation
while strengthening its own maritime security to avoid
spillover from major power conflicts.
 Case Study #1
( The conflict on the strait of Taiwan)

Ever since the Chinese Civil war where 2 political parties the
Chinese Communist party (CCP) and the Chinese nationalist
party (KMT) were in a real-time conflict , on tiffs for which
party governs the Chinese mainland , this war was curated
due to years of political , ideological , governing differences .
After the war in which the CCP was declared victorious they
got command over the mainland of China and went by the
name of “People’s Republic of China” while the KMT
retreated back to Taiwan and established the “Republic of
China” on Taiwan's land . In current-days the ROC goes with
the separate identity of Taiwan and has quit the conquest of
trying to be stated as “China” itself . Recently , PRC has
started to invade the Taiwan strait which is a narrow piece of
land surrounded by water bodies on all sides , and this
invasion has attracted the attention of not just regional major
powers , but the global ones too .

The United States of America , one of China’s greatest rivals,

has come into this issue and strictly revolted against China
getting custody over Taiwan . In such a situation bordering
regional countries i.e :
1. India
2. Pakistan
3. Phillipines
They have all tightened their security near borders , allocated
more of the budget towards national defence and try to keep
the economies stable , this is because they all fear that the
individual crisis between USA and China will have a direct
impact on their land as they are the closest countries to the
conflict .
 Case Study #1
Giving clarity to how signif icant straits are for merely just
trade , and its fatal impact on economies . Ever since the
Chinese-Taiwan strait conflict has erupted it has been
problematic for countries to yet access these routes as these
zones become unsafe , and passing through a conflict zone is
like inviting a bullet to ur chest.
 Case Study #2
(Cambodian-Thai border tensions )

In the early 1900s, France which colonised Cambodia and

Siam (Thailand) drew border maps. A 1907 border map made
by the French placed the Preah Vihar Temple on the
Cambodian side of the border. However, Thailand later
argued that the map was inaccurate and couldn’t be used. The
Preah Vihar Temple is an 11th century Hindu temple which is
historically and culturally important to Cambodia but
geographically accessible from Thailand. It became a national
symbol of pride for both countries but later became a spot of
contention. In 1962, Cambodia took the dispute to the
International Court of Justice (ICJ), where the ICJ ruled in
Cambodia’s favour due to Thailand’s past acceptance of the
map. Although Thailand accepted the ruling, it still continues
to contest the surrounding land with Cambodia. This led to :

Political instability
Displacement of Civilians
Loss of Livelihoods
Civilian casualties and infrastructure damage
Restricted movement and Access
Psychological & Social Impact
 Case Study #2
The continued tensions amongst Thai and Cambodian
borders not only prove to be evidence as to how geopolitical
conflicts can affect the daily lives of civilians as well as
political affairs negatively. The conflict in itself, much like the
Taiwan and China conflict, proves how internationalising
conflicts with foreign bodies in state conflicts can prove to be
detrimental, as the ICJ in the Thai-Cambodian conflict and
the US in the Taiwanese-Chinese conflict shows how external
involvement raises stakes and complexity of a border conflict.
The border communities that lost livelihoods and stability,
and Taiwan, facing disrupted trade routes, investment
uncertainty and fear of war, show how the civilians bear the
cost of strategic rivalry. The Cambodia-Thailand dispute
evidently shows that when conflicts reeking of sovereignity
are managed through militarisation rather than diplomacy,
civilians bear the har m and damage incurred and tensions
persist, which can also be seen for the China-Taiwan conflict.
 Suggested
moderated caucus
topics
1. Evaluating on the importance of Regional security
risks and Military buildup in South East Asia.
2. Deliberating upon Asia’s role in preserving Peace
and stability .
3. Curating a new method to manage major powers
interventions in Southeast Asia
4. Preventing Southeast is to be a battle for foreign
and regional powers to use a proxy battlef ield .
5. Evaluating The role and importance of fostering
major world-wide powers to having a stance and
deter mining their importance in decision making.
6. Deliberately upon Who is to be held accountable for
Civilian and Development reparations due to this
escalation.
7. Evaluating the possible consequences which may be
faced due to no action from immediate
neighbouring countries .
8. Evaluating some necessary borders to ensure no
escalation , exploitation and domination occurs
near the Taiwan Strait
9. Highlighting the effects caused in countries where
China has exploited its BRI and its after math
10. Deliberating upon Solutions which can comply for
every countries interest and helps recover and de-
escalate from the current scenario
11. Deliberating on the consequences to be given to
each country responsible for the result to this
conflict.
 QARMA
How should countries respond to military
escalation in the Taiwan Strait without taking
sides?

What mechanisms can prevent cross-strait tensions

from spilling into Southeast Asia ?

How can South ian economies stay intact from

disruptions in trade and supply chains ?

What steps should be taken to drive off foreign

intervention from such conflicts ?

How can the Chinese BRI be combatted and save

neighbouring countries from falling pray to it?

Suggest solutions which will help de-escalate the

situation and foster regional peace amid the
ongoing Taiwan-Strait conflict ?
 Helpful Links
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question-and-the-uneasy-calm-of-southeast-
asia/#:~:text=A%20conflict%20in%20the%20Taiwa
n,behind%20it%20is%20razor%2Dsharp.

2. [Link]
569808724324#:~:text=Abstract,toward%20the%20
Taiwan%20Strait%20crisis.

3. [Link]
tensions-in-the-taiwan-strait-the-impact-and-
responses-from-southeast-
asia#:~:text=The%20statement%20made%20by%20
ASEAN,in%20dealing%20with%20external%20crises
.&text=Ratih%20Kabinawa%2C%20Ph.,the%20Univ
ersity%20of%20Western%20Australia.

4. [Link]
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