IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING

TECHNOLOGIES
OBJECTIVES
▪you will be able to answer the following questions:
▪ What is IT infrastructure, and what are the stages and drivers of IT infrastructure evolution?
▪ What are the components of IT infrastructure?
▪ What are the current trends in computer hardware platforms?
▪ What are the current computer software platforms and trends?
▪ What are the challenges of managing IT infrastructure and management solutions?
▪ How will MIS help my career?
WHAT IS IT INFRASTRUCTURE, AND WHAT ARE THE
STAGES AND DRIVERS OF IT INFRASTRUCTURE
EVOLUTION?
• IT infrastructure:
– Set of physical devices and software required to operate
enterprise
– IT infrastructure Components :
• Computer Hardware
• Computer Software
• Data management services
• System Integration services
• Telecomunications / Networking
• Enterprise Software Application (e.g. SAP, Oracle, Microsoft, BEA, People Soft.)
• Internet Platform
 IT INFRASTRUCTURE
• Evolution of IT infrastructure
– General-purpose mainframe and minicomputer era: 1959 to present
• 1958: IBM first mainframes introduced
• 1965: less expensive DEC minicomputers introduced
– Personal computer era: 1981 to present
• 1981: Introduction of IBM PC
• Proliferation in 80s, 90s resulted in growth of personal software
– Client/server era: 1983 to present
• Desktop clients networked to servers, with processing work split between clients and
servers
• Network may be two-tiered or multitiered (N-tiered)
• Various types of servers (network, application, Web)
 IT INFRASTRUCTURE
• Evolution of IT infrastructure (cont.)
– Enterprise computing era: 1992 to present
• Move toward integrating disparate networks, applications using
Internet standards and enterprise applications
– Cloud and mobile computing: 2000 to present
• Cloud computing: computing power and software applications
supplied over the Internet or other network
– Fastest growing form of computing
 STAGES IN IT INFRASTRUCTURE EVOLUTION

Illustrated here are the typical

computing configurations characterizing
each of the five eras of IT infrastructure
evolution.

FIGURE 5-2
 STAGES IN IT INFRASTRUCTURE EVOLUTION (cont.)

Illustrated here are the typical

computing configurations
characterizing each of the five
eras of IT infrastructure
evolution.

FIGURE 5-2
 STAGES IN IT INFRASTRUCTURE EVOLUTION (cont.)

1
1-tier 2
2-tier

3-tier
 A MULTITIERED CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK (N-TIER)

FIGURE 5-3 In a multitiered client/server network, client requests for service are handled by different levels of servers.
 IT Infrastructure

Technology drivers of infrastructure evolution

Moore’s law and microprocessing power
Computing power doubles every 18 months
Nanotechnology
Law of Mass Digital Storage
The amount of data being stored each year doubles
 MOORE’S LAW AND MICROPROCESSOR PERFORMANCE

Packing more than 2 billion

transistors into a tiny
microprocessor has
exponentially increased
processing power. Processing
power has increased to more
than 500,000 MIPS (millions of
instructions per second).

FIGURE 5-4
 FALLING COST OF CHIPS

Packing more transistors into

less space has driven down
transistor cost dramatically as
well as the cost of the products
in which they are used.

FIGURE 5-5
 THE COST OF STORING DATA DECLINES EXPONENTIALLY 1950–2012

Since the first magnetic storage

device was used in 1955, the
cost of storing a kilobyte of
data has fallen exponentially,
doubling the amount of digital
storage for each dollar
expended every 15 months on
average.

FIGURE 5-7

Dari tahun 1980 sampai tahun 1990, kapasitas hard disk untuk
PC berkembang dalam tingkat 25%, tetapi setelah tahun 1990,
perkembangan tersebut lebih dari 65% per tahunnya
 IT Infrastructure

Technology drivers of infrastructure evolution (cont.)

Metcalfe’s Law and network economics
Value or power of a network grows exponentially as a function of the
number of network members
As network members increase, more people want to use it (demand for
network access increases)
 IT Infrastructure

•Technology drivers of infrastructure evolution (cont.)

–Declining communication costs and the Internet
•An estimated 2.3 billion people worldwide have Internet access
•As communication costs fall toward a very small number and approach
0, utilization of communication and computing facilities explodes
 EXPONENTIAL DECLINES IN INTERNET COMMUNICATIONS COSTS

FIGURE 5-8 One reason for the growth in the Internet population is the rapid decline in Internet connection and overall
communication costs. The cost per kilobit of Internet access has fallen exponentially since 1995. Digital subscriber line
(DSL) and cable modems now deliver a kilobit of communication for a retail price of around 2 cents.
 Infrastructure Components

•IT Infrastructure has seven main components

1. Computer hardware platforms
2. Operating system platforms
3. Enterprise software applications
4. Data management and storage
5. Networking/telecommunications platforms
6. Internet platforms
7. Consulting system integration services
 THE IT INFRASTRUCTURE ECOSYSTEM

There are seven major

components that must be
coordinated to provide the firm
with a coherent IT
infrastructure. Listed here are
major technologies and
suppliers for each component.

FIGURE 5-9
 EXAMPLES OF NANOTUBES

Nanotubes are tiny tubes about

10,000 times thinner than a
human hair. They consist of
rolled up sheets of carbon
hexagons and have the
potential uses as minuscule wires
or in ultrasmall electronic
devices and are very powerful
conductors of electrical current.

FIGURE 5-6

Nanotubes adalah tabung yang ukurannya 10000 lebih tipis dari pada satu helai
rambut. Mereka terdiri dari kumpulan carbon hexagons yang bergulung-gulung.
Ditemukan di tahun 1991 oleh peneliti di NEC, mereka mempunyai kegunaan yang
penting sebagai kabel minuscule atau di dalam alat electronik yang sangat kecil dan
mempunyai konduktor serta aliran listrik yang sangat besar
 Infrastructure Components

Computer hardware platforms

 Client machines
 Desktop PCs, mobile devices—PDAs, laptops
 Servers
 Blade servers: ultrathin computers stored in racks
Server Blade adalah serve computer yang dipreteli dengan modular design yang dioptimalkan untuk meminimalkan
penggunaan ruang fisik dan energy
 Mainframes:
 IBM mainframe equivalent to thousands of blade servers
 Top chip producers: AMD, Intel, IBM
 Top firms: IBM, HP, Dell, Sun Microsystems
 Infrastructure Components

Operating system platforms

 Operating systems
 Server level: 65% run Unix or Linux; 35% run Windows
 Client level:
 90% run Microsoft Windows (XP, 2000, CE, etc.)
 Mobile/multitouch (Android, iOS)
 Cloud computing (Google’s Chrome OS)

Enterprise software applications

 Enterprise application providers: SAP and Oracle
 Middleware providers: BEA
 Infrastructure Components

•Data management and storage

–Database software:
•IBM (DB2), Oracle, Microsoft (SQL Server), Sybase (Adaptive Server
Enterprise), MySQL
–Physical data storage:
•EMC Corp (large-scale systems), Seagate, Maxtor, Western Digital
–Storage area networks (SANs):
•Connect multiple storage devices on dedicated network
 Infrastructure Components

•Networking/telecommunications platforms
–Telecommunication services
•Telecommunications, cable, telephone company charges for voice lines
and Internet access
•AT&T, Verizon
–Network operating systems:
•Windows Server, Linux, Unix
–Network hardware providers:
•Cisco, Alcatel-Lucent, Nortel, Juniper Networks
 Infrastructure Components

•Internet platforms
–Hardware, software, management services to support company Web
sites, (including Web-hosting services) intranets, extranets
–Internet hardware server market: IBM, Dell, Sun (Oracle), HP
–Web development tools/suites: Microsoft (Expression Studio, .NET)
Oracle-Sun (Java), Adobe, Real Networks
 Contemporary Hardware Platform Trends

•The mobile digital platform

–Cell phones, smartphones (iPhone, Android, and Blackberry)
•Data transmission, Web surfing, e-mail, and IM duties
–Netbooks:
•Small lightweight notebooks optimized for wireless communication and
core tasks
–Tablets (iPad)
 Interactive Session: Management

SHOULD YOU USE YOUR IPHONE FOR WORK?

Read the Interactive Session and discuss the following questions

What are the advantages and disadvantages of allowing

employees to use their personal smartphones for work?
What management, organization, and technology factors
should be addressed when deciding whether to allow
employees to use their personal smartphones for work?
Allowing employees to use their own smartphones for
work will save the company money. Do you agree?
 Contemporary Hardware Platform Trends

•Grid computing
–Connects geographically remote computers into a single network to combine
processing power and create virtual supercomputer
–Provides cost savings, speed, agility
•Virtualization
–Allows single physical resource to act as multiple resources (i.e., run multiple
instances of OS)
–Reduces hardware and power expenditures
–Facilitates hardware centralization
Contemporary Hardware Platform Trends
what is cloud computing?
•Cloud computing is:

[Link]-demand (utility) computing

services obtained over network

2.a the delivery of shared computing

resources(software and /or data) on-
demand through the internet.
 Contemporary Hardware Platform Trends
main cloud services.

1. Infrastructure as a service
2. Platform as a service
3. Software as a service
–Cloud can be public or private
–Allows companies to minimize IT investments
–Drawbacks: Concerns of security, reliability
–Hybrid cloud computing model
 CLOUD COMPUTING PLATFORM

In cloud computing, hardware

and software capabilities are a
pool of virtualized resources
provided over a network, often
the Internet. Businesses and
employees have access to
applications and IT
infrastructure anywhere, at any
time, and on any device.

Figure 5-10
 Contemporary Hardware Platform Trends
•Green computing
–Practices and technologies for manufacturing, using, disposing of computing and
networking hardware
•High performance, power-saving processors
–Multi-core processors
•Autonomic computing
–Industry-wide effort to develop systems that can configure, heal themselves when
broken, and protect themselves from outside intruders
–Similar to self-updating antivirus software; Apple and Microsoft both use automatic
updates
 Interactive Session: Organizations

GREEN DATA CENTERS: GOOD FOR BUSINESS?

Read the Interactive Session and discuss the following questions

What business and social problems does data center

power consumption cause?
What solutions are available for these problems? Are
they management, organizational, or technology
solutions?
What are the business benefits and costs of these
solutions?
Should all firms move toward green computing?
 Contemporary Software Platform Trends

Open-source software:
 Produced by community of programmers
 Free and modifiable by user
 Examples: Apache web server, Mozilla Firefox browser, OpenOffice
Linux
 Open-source OS
 Used in mobile devices, local area networks, Web servers, high-
performance computing
 Contemporary Software Platform Trends

Software for the Web

 Java:
 Object-oriented programming language
 Operating system, processor-independent
 HTML/HTML5
 Web page description language
 Specifies how text, graphics are placed on Web page
 HTML5 is latest evolution
 Includes animation and video processing functionality previously provided by third party add-ons
such as Flash
 Contemporary Software Platform Trends

Web Services
 Software components that exchange information using Web standards and
languages
 XML: Extensible Markup Language
 More powerful and flexible than HTML
 Tagging allows computers to process data automatically
Contemporary Software Platform Trends
What is mashup? Its example

is a technique that websites use to provide resources

from multiple resources

Example of mashup:
- [Link]

Mashup that combines a wiki with Google

Maps that allows users to contribute
information about geographical places.
Chicago Crime. Chicago Police
Department's Mashup that integrates
internal Chicago crime data with Google
maps to monitor areas with more crime
What is an architecture diagram, and why do you need one?

What are the challenges would

you face While trying to draw a
sunset?
 Contemporary Software Platform Trends
What is SOA?
SOA: Service-oriented architecture
 Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is a solution for making two applications
communicate with each other by a collection of services.
 Contemporary Software Platform Trends

SOA: Service-oriented architecture

 Set of self-contained services that communicate with each other to create a
working software application
 Software developers reuse these services in other combinations to assemble
other applications as needed
 Example: an “invoice service” to serve whole firm for calculating and sending
printed invoices
 Dollar Rent A Car
 Uses Web services to link online booking system with Southwest Airlines’ Web site
 HOW DOLLAR RENT A CAR USES WEB SERVICES

FIGURE 5-11 Dollar Rent A Car uses Web services to provide a standard intermediate layer of software to “talk” to other
companies’ information systems. Dollar Rent A Car can use this set of Web services to link to other companies’
information systems without having to build a separate link to each firm’s systems.
What are the benefits of service-oriented architecture?

Some major benefits of SOA include the following:

1. Faster time to market

1. Developers reuse services across different business processes to save
time and costs.

2. Efficient maintenance
1. It’s easier to create, update, and debug small services than large code
blocks in monolithic applications.

3. Greater adaptability
1. SOA is more adaptable to advances in technology. You can modernize
your applications efficiently and cost effectively.
 How does service-oriented architecture work?

▪ In service-oriented architecture (SOA), services function independently and provide

functionality or data exchanges to their consumers. The consumer requests
information and sends input data to the service. The service processes the data,
performs the task, and sends back a response.

▪ For example, if an application uses an authorization service, it gives the service the
username and password. The service verifies the username and password and
returns an appropriate response.
 cont.’ How does service-oriented architecture work?

▪ Services communicate using established rules that determine data transmission over
a network.
▪ Some standard protocols to implement SOA include the following:

• Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP)

• RESTful HTTP
• Apache Thrift
• Apache ActiveMQ
• Java Message Service (JMS)
 What are the components in Service- Oriented architecture?
▪ There are four main components in service-oriented
architecture (SOA).

1. Service
1. Service implementation
2. Service contract
3. Service interface
2. Service provider
3. Service consumer
4. Service register
 What are the basic principles of service-oriented
architecture?
• Interoperability
• Each service in SOA includes description documents that specify the functionality
of the service and the related terms and conditions. For example services written
in C# and python.

• Abstraction
• Clients or service users in SOA need not know the service's code logic or
implementation details.

• Loose coupling
• Services in SOA should be loosely coupled, having as little dependency as
possible on external resources such as data models or information systems.
 Activities and assignments

Service Contract Design:

BAI Enterprises, a retail company, is planning to create a new online shopping application to expand its business presence. The application will include
various components such as product catalog, user authentication, shopping cart management, and payment processing.
 Activities and assignments
Group 1 (Developers):
•Your task is to design the service contract for the product catalog service.
•Define the inputs required by the product catalog service, such as product IDs, categories, or search queries.
•Specify the outputs of the service, including product details, availability, pricing, and images.
•Determine the behaviors of the service, such as retrieving product information, updating inventory status, and
handling search queries.
•Consider any service-level agreements (SLAs) regarding response times, uptime, or error handling.
Group 2 (Business Analysts):
•Your task is to design the service contract for the payment processing service.
•Identify the inputs needed for payment processing, such as payment details (credit card information, billing address,
etc.) and order information.
•Define the outputs of the service, including transaction status, payment confirmation, and receipts.
•Specify the behaviors of the service, such as authorizing payments, processing refunds, and handling payment errors.
•Discuss any service-level agreements (SLAs) related to transaction security, processing times, or transaction fees.
Presentation:
•Each group will present their service contract design to the class.
•Explain the rationale behind your design decisions and how they meet the requirements of the application.
•Discuss how your service interacts with other components of the application, such as how the product catalog service
provides information to the payment processing service.
•Engage in a discussion with the class to evaluate the effectiveness of your service contracts and identify any potential
areas for improvement or optimization.
 Contemporary Software Platform Trends

Software outsourcing and cloud services

 Three external sources for software:
 Software packages and enterprise software
 Software outsourcing
 Contracting outside firms to develop software
 Cloud-based software services
 Software as a service (SaaS)
 Accessed with Web browser over Internet
 Service Level Agreements (SLAs): formal agreement with service providers
 CHANGING SOURCES OF FIRM SOFTWARE

Figure 5-12 In 2012, U.S. firms will spend more than $279 billion on software. About 35 percent of that ($98 billion) will originate outside the firm, either from
enterprise software vendors selling firmwide applications or individual application service providers leasing or selling software modules. Another 4
percent ($11 billion) will be provided by SaaS vendors as an online cloud-based service.
 Contemporary Software Platform Trends

•Software outsourcing and cloud services (cont.)

–Mashups
•Combinations of two or more online applications, such as combining mapping
software (Google Maps) with local content
–Apps
•Small pieces of software that run on the Internet, on your computer, or on your cell
phone
–iPhone, Android
•Generally delivered over the Internet
 Management Issues

•Management and governance

–Who controls IT infrastructure?
–How should IT department be organized?
•Centralized
–Central IT department makes decisions
•Decentralized
–Business unit IT departments make own decisions
–How are costs allocated between divisions, departments?
 Management Issues

Making wise infrastructure investments

 Amount to spend on IT is complex question
 Rent vs. buy, cloud computing
 Outsourcing
 Total cost of ownership (TCO) model
 Analyzes direct and indirect costs
 Hardware, software account for only about 20% of TCO
 Other costs: Installation, training, support, maintenance, infrastructure, downtime, space, and
energy
 TCO can be reduced
 Use of cloud services, greater centralization and standardization of hardware and software resources
 Management Issues

Competitive forces model for IT infrastructure investment

1. Market demand for firm’s services
2. Firm’s business strategy
3. Firm’s IT strategy, infrastructure, and cost
4. Information technology assessment
5. Competitor firm services
6. Competitor firm IT infrastructure investments
 COMPETITIVE FORCES MODEL FOR IT INFRASTRUCTURE

FIGURE 5-12 There are six factors you can use to answer the question, “How much should our firm spend on IT infrastructure?”
 Case Study

1. Latar belakang, Konsep dan Kelebihan / kelemahan

serta contoh implementasi Cloud Computing
2. Management and governance : Siapa yang mengontrol
insfrastruktur IT, Bagaimana Infrastruktur IT dikelola, Sentralisasi
atau desentralisasi ?
(Gunakan studi kasus dari perusahaan tertentu)
3. Latar belakang, Konsep, Kelebihan / kelemahan
serta contoh implementasi Grid Computing
4. Latar belakang, Konsep dan karakteristik Teknologi Nano ?
5. Latar belakang, Konsep dan Kelebihan / kelemahan
serta contoh implementasi Green Computing
6. Latar belakang, Konsep serta contoh implementasi dari SOA:
Service-oriented architecture
 Case Study

7. Latar belakang, Konsep dan contoh implementasi Virtualization

8. Latar belakang, Konsep, Kelebihan / kelemahan
dan contoh implementasi Web Services
9. Latar belakang, Konsep serta contoh implementasi Blade Server
10. Latar belakang, Konsep, Kelebihan / kelemahan
dan contoh implementasi enterprise-wide computing
11. Latar belakang, Konsep dan
contoh implementasi enterprise software application
12. Latar belakang, Konsep, Kelebihan / kelemahan
dan contoh implementasi Parallel Computing
13. Latar belakang, Konsep, Karakteristik
dan contoh implementasi Sistem Intelegen Bisnis
DEFINING IT INFRASTRUCTURE
An IT infrastructure consists of a set of physical devices and software applications
that are required to operate the entire enterprise.