EARTH AND
LIFE
OBJECTIVES
Describe the different ways of how
representative animals reproduce.
S11/12LT-IIej- 15
OBJECTIVES
❑define asexual and sexual reproduction of
animals;
❑ enumerate methods of sexual and asexual
reproduction; and
❑ explain each method of reproduction
How
Representative
Animals
Reproduce
WHAT IS REPRODUCTION?
• Reproduction is the process
of producing offspring that are
biologically or genetically
similar to the parent organism.
WHAT IS REPRODUCTION?
•Reproduction enables and
ensures the continuity of
species, generation after
generation.
ASEXUAL AND SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Asexual reproduction Asexual
involves a single reproduction is
parent that produces more common
a genetically among plants than
identical offspring animals.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Asexual
Organisms that
The lack of genetic
reproduce asexually
diversity among asexual
have the advantage of
offspring means they
producing several
have a lower chance of
genetically identical
adapting to an unstable
offspring quickly and
environment.
with little energy.
Sexual Reproduction
A male plant or animal
contributes genetic
Sexual reproduction
material in the form of
involves two parents
sperm or pollen to a
of the opposite sex female plant or
animal's egg
Advantages and Disadvantages Sexual Reproduction
Organisms that
Sexual reproduction
reproduce sexually
comes at a cost,
have the advantage of
requiring more time
producing a genetically
and energy to produce
diverse offspring, which
an offspring than
is able to adapt to its
asexual reproduction.
environment.
Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
Different plants and animals
can reproduce either asexually
or sexually
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
[Link]
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
1. Fission
2. Budding
3. Fragmentation
4. Spores
5. Parthenogenesis
FISSION
Simplest
and
uncomplic
ated
method
BINARY FISSION
The parent cell divides into two cells.
• The parent cell divides into
two, each daughter cell
carrying a nucleus of its own
that is genetically identical to
the parent.
• The cytoplasm also divides
leading to two equal-sized
daughter cells.
• The process repeats itself and
the daughter cells grow and
further divide.
BUDDING
Process of producing an
individual through the
BUDS that develop on the
parent body.
The bud derives nutrition
and shelter from the
parent organism and
detaches once it is fully
grown.
BUDDING
FRAGMENTATION
The parent body
divides into several
fragments and each
fragment develops into
a new organism.
REGENERATION
•Regeneration is the power of growing a
new organism from the lost body part.
•For eg., when a lizard loses its tail, a
new tail grows. This is because the
specialized cells present in the
organism can differentiate and grow
into a new individual.
SPORE FORMATION
During unfavorable conditions, the
organism develops sac-like
structures called sporangium that
contain spores.
When the conditions are favorable,
the sporangium burst opens and
spores are released that germinate
to give rise to new organisms.
FUNGI
PARTHENOGENESIS
PARTHENOGENESIS
Self-impregnation resulting in
the production of a zygote from
an unfertilized egg.
“Virgin Birth”
PARTHENOGENESIS
The offspring develops from a
female gamete even without
prior fertilization by a male
gamete.
LET’S CHECK WHAT YOU LEARN
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
The process in which the male and female
gametes fuse together to form a new
individual.
Fertilization
T YPES OF FERTILIZATION
TYPES OF FERTILIZATION
[Link] Fertilization
[Link] Fertilization
External Fertilization
❑The fertilization that takes place outside the
female through the process of spawning.
❑Spawning is the process in which large
number of egg cells and sperm cells are
release outside to fertilize.
Internal Fertilization
The fertilization that takes place inside
the body of the female.
Internal Fertilization
1. direct introduction of sperms by the
male in the female reproductive tract.
2. Male deposits the sperms in the
environment which is picked up by the
female in her reproductive tract.
There are three ways by which offspring are produced by
internal fertilization:
1. OVIPARITY – The fertilized eggs are
laid outside, where they receive
nourishment from the yolk.
There are three ways by which offspring are produced by
internal fertilization:
2. OVOVIVIPARITY– The fertilized eggs are
retained in the female’s body where they
receive nourishment from the yolk. The
eggs are laid right before they are hatched.
There are three ways by which offspring are produced by
internal fertilization:
3. VIVIPARITY– The offspring are born
directly instead of hatching from the eggs.
They receive nutrition from the mother.
This can be seen in mammals.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Flowers of plants
contains the
reproductive organ of
plants
Can be a:
1. Unisexual plant
2. Bisexual plant
UNISEXUAL
PLANT
The flowers which
contain either a male or
a female reproductive
organs
Examples: Papaya,
White mulberry and
Watermelon.
Bisexual Plant
Contain both male
and female
reproductive
organs
Examples: Tulip,
Sunflower and Lily.
Types of sexual reproduction in plants
1. Allogamy
2. Geitonogamy
3. Autogamy
Autogamy
Allogamy
Geitonogamy
When the
AUTOGAMY pollen grains
are
transferred
from the
anthers of a
flower to the
stigma of the
SAME
FLOWER.
Geitonogamy
The transfer
of pollen to
the stigma of
ANOTHER
FLOWER OF
THE SAME
PLANT.
Allogamy
Transfer of
pollen grains
from the anther
of one plant's
flower to the
stigma of
ANOTHER
PLANT OF THE
SAME SPECIES.
HERMAPHRODITISM
Hermaphroditism
A hermaphrodite is an organism (plant or animal)
having both male and female reproductive organs
Bisexual Plant
Also known as
hermaphrodite
plants
Bisexual
animals
Examples
Worms, snails,
slugs, and
barnacles.
TRUE OR FALSE:
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
[Link] are different from the parent organism.
[Link] process creates a variety of genetic make-up
which is the driving force behind evolution.
[Link] reproduction requires three parents.
[Link] reproduction produces a greater chance
of variation within a species than sexual
reproduction would.
[Link] variation improves the chances that a
species will adapt to his environment and survive.
TRUE OR FALSE:
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
6. Only one sperm can fertilize an egg cell.
7. Egg cell in human has 46 chromosomes.
8. Sperm cell in human has 23 chromosomes.
9. In sexual reproduction, not only do you need two
gametes for fertilization, but one also must be male
and the other female.
PETA # 2
• Choose one-two (1-2) organisms and create a
EPoster on how these animals reproduce.
- Mode of Reproduction
- Type of Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
- Type of Fertilization (If Applicable)
- How many offsprings mostly they produce
- Trivia about these organisms reproduction
PETA # 2
• To be submitted on November 5, 2024
• Please check your MS Teams for the folder of
submission.
• Late submissions will have deductions.
PETA # 2
RUBRICS
- Content – 10 points
- Graphics Originality – 5 points
- Attractiveness, Organization, & Cleanliness – 10
points
- Grammar (Text) – 5 points