1.
Learning Theories
Theories Main Main Concepts Techniques
Researchers
Behaviourism Ivan Pavlov o Classical conditioning: stimulus Repetition (drills),
and B.F. and response rote-memorization,
Skinner o Operant conditioning: stimulus, error punishment
response and reinforcement
(SRR)
Cognitivism Jean Piaget o Stages of cognitive Brainstorming,
development: sensorimotor, problem-solving,
preoperational, concrete concept mapping,
operational and formal outlining,
operational stages information
o Schema, assimilation and chunking,
accommodation mnemonics
(Socio-) Jean Piaget o Knowledge is constructed Debating,
Constructivism and Lev through experience. cooperative and
Vygotsky o Zone of proximal development collaborative
(ZPD) learning, problem-
solving, role-play
Humanism Carl Rogers o Maslow’s pyramid: physical, Continuous
and Abraham safety, social, esteem and self- dialogue, feedback,
Maslow actualization needs and encouragement
o Empathy, authenticity and
acceptance
Connectivism George o Networking Distance learning:
Siemens and o Information abundance Learning
Steven o Web evolution (Web 1.0- Web Management
Downes 2.0- Web 3.0- Web 4.0) System (LMS),
Personal Learning
1
Environment
(PLE), Massive
Open Online
Course (MOOC)
2. Methods
2.1. Classical Methods
Methods Researchers / Main Theories Main Characteristics
Schools
Grammar-translation Grammar - Use of the mother tongue and
Method schools translation
Teaching grammar intensively,
reading literary work and
learning isolated vocabulary
Direct Method Berlitz schools Natural Approach Use of the foreign language only
(natural method) Gouin
François, Teaching grammar inductively,
Berlitz vocabulary in context and
Maximilian practicing speaking and
and Lambert pronunciation
Saveur
Audio-lingual Charles Fries Behaviorism and Learning language through
Method Structuralism memorization and language
(military method) laboratory
2.2. Humanistic Methods
Community Charles Counseling- Teacher- student relationship is a
Language Learning Curran and Learning Theory counselor-client relationship
(CLL) Paul la Forge SARD principle: security,
attention and aggression,
retention and reflection, and
2
discrimination
Total Physical James Asher Behaviorism and Learning language though
Response (TPR) Trace Theory listening, understanding, and
responding to commands and
playing games (Simon says)
Suggestopedia Georgi Theory Learning language through
Lozanov of Suggestology creating a relaxing learning
environment with music, décor
and positive suggestions
Silent Way Caleb A blend of Learning language though
Gattegno cognitive, cuisenaire rods, fidel chart,
humanist, and problem-solving activities, and
social silent periods
constructivist
theories
Communicative Dell Hymes Interactional Learning language, as a
Language Teaching Theory communicative competence,
(CLT) through authentic contexts, focus
on meaning and integrated skills
3. Post-methods
Content-based Bernard Based on Importance of comprehension,
Instruction (CBI) Mohan immigration communication skills and
programs and integrated skills
European
commission
recommendations
Competency-based Benjamin Based on Based on leaner-centeredness
Language Bloom immigration through computer-mediated
Teaching (CBLT) programs instruction, teaching life skills,
continuous assessment and
3
individualized curricula