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NET

.NET is a software framework that is designed and developed by Microsoft. The first version
of the .Net framework was 1.0 which came in the year 2002. In easy words, it is a virtual
machine for compiling and executing programs written in different languages like C#,
[Link], etc.

It is used to develop Form-based applications, Web-based applications, and Web services.

.NET Framework supports more than 60 programming languages in which 11 programming

There are three significant phases of the development of .NET technology.

 OLE Technology
 COM Technology
 .NET Technology
Explain a CLR

Common Language Runtime (CLR) in C#

CLR is the basic and Virtual Machine component of the .NET Framework. It is the run-time
environment in the .NET Framework that runs the codes and helps in making the
development process easier by providing the various services. Basically, it is responsible for
managing the execution of .NET programs regardless of any .NET programming language.
Internally, CLR implements the VES(Virtual Execution System) which is defined in the
Microsoft’s implementation of the CLI(Common Language Infrastructure).
The code that runs under the Common Language Runtime is termed as the Managed Code.
In other words, you can say that CLR provides a managed execution environment for
the .NETprograms by improving the security, including the cross language integration and a
rich set of class libraries, etc. CLR is present in every .NET framework version. Below table
illustrate the CLR version in .NET framework.

What is intellisense?

IntelliSense is a code completion tool that is built into Microsoft Visual Studio. It is one of a
number of similar tools that allow for intelligent code completion or intelligent text
completion on different platforms.
Through the use of various algorithms, IntelliSense attempts to guess what the developer
wants to type in order to complete a line of code. Using this tool may reduce typographical
and syntactical errors.
Through a number of features including "list members," "parameter information" and
"complete work," IntelliSense helps developers evaluate code as they are typing and use
fewer keystrokes to implement certain aspects of a code. For example, "list members" will
generate a list of valid members from a trigger character and limit the result according to
the initial letters that have been typed in.
IntelliSense and related tools are helpful in making code writing more efficient and allow
programmers to track what they have done in order to reduce errors and improve accuracy.
What is CLS
The Common Language Specification (CLS) is a fundamental set of language features
supported by the Common Language Runtime (CLR) of the .NET Framework. CLS is a part of
the specifications of the .NET Framework. CLS was designed to support language constructs
commonly used by developers and to produce verifiable code, which allows all CLS-
compliant languages to ensure the type safety of code. CLS includes features common to
many object-oriented programming languages. It forms a subset of the functionality of
common type system (CTS) and has more rules than defined in CTS.
CLS defines the base rules necessary for any language targeting common language
infrastructure to interoperate with other CLS-compliant languages. For example, a method
with parameter of "unsigned int" type in an object written in C# is not CLS-compliant, just as
some languages, like [Link], do not support that type.
CLS represents the guidelines to the compiler of a language, which targets the .NET
Framework. CLS-compliant code is the code exposed and expressed in CLS form. Even
though various .NET languages differ in their syntactic rules, their compilers generate the
Common Intermediate Language instructions, which are executed by CLR. Hence, CLS allows
flexibility in using non-compliant types in the internal implementation of components with
CLS-compliant requirements. Thus, CLS acts as a tool for integrating different languages into
one umbrella in a seamless manner.
What are the characteristics [Link] framework
Microsoft .NET provides a framework that facilitates designing and developing applications
that are portable, scalable, and robust, and that can be executed in a distributed
environment. It presents a platform and device-independent computing model in a managed
environment.
The Microsoft .NET framework provides a lot of features. Microsoft has designed the features
of the .NET framework by using the technologies that are required by software developers to
develop applications for modern as well as future business needs. The key features of .NET
are:

1. Common Executive Environment:-

All .NET applications run under a common execution environment, called the Common
Language Runtime. The CLR facilitates the interoperability between different .NET languages
such as C#, Visual Basic, Visual C++, etc. by providing a common environment for the
execution of code written in any of these languages.

2. Common Type System:-

The .NET framework follows types of systems to maintain data integrity across the code
written in different .NET compliant programming languages. CTS ensures that objects of the
programs that are written in different programming languages can communicate with each
other to share data.
CTS prevents data loss when a type in one language transfers data to its equivalent type in
one language transfer data to its equivalent type in other languages. For example, CTS
ensures that data is not lost while transferring an integer variable of visual basic code to an
integer variable of C# code.
The common type system CTS defines a set of types and rules that are common to all
languages targeted at the CLR. It supports both value and reference types. Value types are
created in the stack and include all primitive types, structs, and enums. In contrast,
reference types are created in the managed heap and include objects, arrays, collections,
etc.
3. Multi-language support:-

.NET provides multi-language support by managing the compilers that are used to convert
the source to intermediate language (IL) and from IL to native code, and it enforces program
safety and security.
The basis for multiple language support is the common type system and metadata. The
basic data types used by the CLR are common to all languages. There are therefore no
conversion issues with the basic integer, floating-point and string types.
All languages deal with all data types in the same way. There is also a mechanism for
defining and managing new types.

4. tool Support:-

The CLR works hand-in-hand with tools like visual studio, compilers, debuggers, and profilers
to make the developer's job much simpler.

5. Security:-

The CLR manages system security through user and code identity coupled with permission
checks. The identity of the code can be known and permission for the use of resources
granted accordingly. This type of security is a major feature of .NET. The .NET framework
also provides support for role-based security using windows NT accounts and groups.

6. Automatic Resource Management:-

The .NET CLR provides efficient and automatic resource management such as memory,
screen space, network connections, database, etc. CLR invokes various built-in functions
of .NET framework to allocate and de-allocate the memory of .NET objects.
Therefore, programmers need not write the code to explicitly allocate and de-allocate
memory to the program.

7. Easy and rich debugging support:-

The .NET IDE (integrated development environment) provides an easy and rich debugging
support. Once an exception occurs at run time, the program stops and the IDE marks the
line which contains the error along with the details of that error and possible solutions. The
runtime also provides built-in stack walking facilities making it much easier to locate bugs
and error.

8. Simplified development:-

With .NET installing or uninstalling, a window-based application is a matter of copying or

9. Framework class library:-

The framework class library (FCL) of the .NET framework contains a rich collection of classes
that are available for developers to use these classes in code Microsoft has developed these
classes to fulfill various tasks of applications, such as working with files and other data
storages, performing input-output operations, web services, data access, and drawing
graphics.
The classes in the FCL are logically grouped under various namespaces such as system,
[Link], [Link], [Link], [Link], [Link] etc.
10. Portability:-

The application developed in the .NET environment is portable. When the source code of a
program written in a CLR compliant language complies, it generates a machine-independent
and intermediate code. This was originally called the Microsoft Intermediate Language
(MSIL) and has now been renamed as the common Intermediate Language (CIL). CIL is the
key to portability in .NET.