Basic Maths 1

BASIC MATHS
 Number System :
(1) Natural Numbers (N) :
N = {1, 2, 3, ......}
(2) Whole Number (W) :
W = {0, 1, 2, 3, ......}
(3) Integers.
I = {......., –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ......}
Note : (a) Positive Integers
Z+ = {1, 2, .....}
(b) Negative Integers
Z– = {....... –3, –2, –1}
(c) Non-negative Integers
= {0, 1, 2, 3, .....}
(d) Non-Positive Integers
= {....... –3, –2, –1, 0}
(4) Even Integers :
= {....... –4, –2, 0, 2, 4, ..........}
(5) Odd Integers :
= {....... –3, –1, 0, 1, 3, ..........}
(6) Prime Number :
= {2, 3, 5, 7, ..........}
 1 is neither prime nor composite
 2 is only even Prime no.
(7) Composite Number :
 Number which are not prime are composite.
 4 is smallest compostie numbers.
(8) Coprime number :
2 natural nos are coprimeif their HCF is one. They are also called relatively prime No’s
 2 Prime no’s are always coprime but converse need not be true.
 Consecutive no’s are alwaye coprime.
(9) Twin prime no’s :
If difference b/w 2 prime no’s is 2, than the no are twin prime no’s.
eg., {3, 5}, {11, 13}, {5, 7}, {17, 19}.
Note: The no b/w thin prime no’s is divisible by 6.
(Except 4)
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 2 Basic Maths
(10) Rational No’s :
All no’s that can be represented in the form p/q, where p & q are integers and q  0, are called rational numbers
and their set is denoted by Q. Thus
p
Q =  ; p, q  i and q  0}
q
Every integers is a rational number. All recurring decimals are rational numbers.
(11) Irrational Numbers : (Qc)
Real no’s which are not rational are irrational no’s.
 Note :- e  2.71 and  3.14 are irrational no’s.
(12) Real Numbers :
 Numbers which can be expressed on a number line are known as Real No’s.
Note : N W I Q R
Note :–
Integers are rational No’s
Negative of an Qc is Qc
Sum of rational and irrational is always irrational.
Product of Non-zero rational and irrational is always irrational.
If a Q and B Q the ab = rational only if a = 0.
 Sum, diff, product of 2 irrational no’s can be anything.
Note 1: b/w any 2 Number, there exist infinite rational no’s and infinite irrational number.
Questions
1 1
(1) Find 3 rational no’s b/w and .
3 2

4+3 5
(2) Find rational no’s a and b such that =a+b 5
4–3 5
p
(3) Express the following in form of , when p, q I.
q
(i) 0. 18 (ii) 0.1 6 (iii) 0.4 23

 m n m+n m–n
E E E E
O E O O
E O O O
O O E E
(4) Find m, n (m, n  Z) such that m = n2 + 2002
2

(5) Find no of integers for which n2 + 96 is a perfect square.

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Basic Maths 3
(p – n) (p + n) = 96 (p – n) (p + n) = 96 (p – n) (p + n) = 96
1 × 96 2 48 6 16
96 × 1 –2 –48 6 6
–1 × –96 48 2 –6 –16
–96 × –1 –48 –2 –16 –6
1 96 × 3 36 8 12
–1 –96 × 4 24 12 8
96 1× –4 –24 –8 –12
–96 –1 × –24 –4 –12 –8
24 4
(6) Find no. of values of n sach that n2 + 4n – 32 is a perfect square.
 Identities
(1) (x ± y)2 = x2 ± 2xy + y2
(2) (x ± y)3 = x3 ± y3 ± 3xy(x ± y)
(3) x2 – y2 = (x – y) (x + y)
(4) (a) x + y3 3
= (x + y)(x2 – xy + y2)
(b) x3 – y3 = (x – y)(x2 + xy + y2)
(5) x4 – y4 = (x – y) (x + y) (x2 + y2)
(6) (x + y + z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 +2xy + 2yz + 2 xz
(7) x4 + x2 + 1 = (x2 – x + 1)(x2 + x + 1)
1
(8) x2 + y2 + z2 – xy – yz – zx = ((x – y)2 + (y – z)2 + (x – z)2 )
2
1
(9) x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz = (x + y + z) ((x – y)2 + (y – z)2 + (x – z)2 )
2
Questions
a 2 – b2 a 3 – b3
(1) Simplity : – 2 2
a–b a –b
1 1 1 1 1
(2) If x = 3+
2 , find x + x , x + x 2 , x + x 3 ,
2 3
x4 + 4 , x5 + 5
x x
(3) If 4p + 3q = 4 and pq = 2 find 64p3 + 27 q3

(4) If 4x2 + 9y2 + z2 – 6xy – 3yz – 2xz = 0

show that 2x = 3y = z
(5) Factorize (a – b)3 + (b – c)3 + (c – a)3
833 + 17 3
(6) Find that value of
83 × 66 + 17 2
(7) a, b are real no’s satistying a3 + b3 + 3ab = 1. Find a + b
10
(8) Find : (2 + 1) (22 + 1)(24 + 1) ..... (22 + 1)

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 4 Basic Maths
(a 2 – b 2 ) 3  (b 2 – c 2 ) 3  (c 2 – a 2 )3
(9) Simplify :
(a – b) 3  (b – c)3  (c – a) 3

(10) 3+ 3 + 2 + 3  7  48
 Indices :
Power,
am
base
 Laws of Indices :
(1) a0 = 1
1
(2) a–m =
am
(3) am + n = am • an
am
(4) a = n
m–n
a
(5) (a ) = amn
m n

(6) ap/q = q
ap
Examples :
3
(1) (64)–4/3, (42 )1/ 4 
4 4
3 6 a  6 3 a 
(2) Simplify :  a   a 
   
–1 –1
 a + b  a + b
(3) Simplify :a   + b  
 2b a   2a b 
–10 –4
1 1
(4 )Find value of (i)   27 +   (25)–3 + (64–1/9)–3
–3
3 5

(ii)
5 3 + 50 5 – 24 
75 – 5 2
Note :-
am = an
 (1) m = n
(2) a = 1 and (m, n)  R+
(3) a = 0 and (m, n)  R+
(4) a = –1 and m, n are both even or both odd
e.g. Find no. of soln s of x
(i) (x – 1)x = (x – 1)4
x x
(ii) xx = (xx)

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Basic Maths 5
Additional Questions.
(1) It p,q, r  R and pqr = 1, then rhow that
1 1 1
–1 + –1 + =1
1+p+q 1+q+r 1 + r + p –1
(2) Simplify :

1 1
x+ 1–
x + x
1–x 1+ x

1 1 1
(3) If 5x = 11y = 55z then show that = + .
z x y
 Ratio and Proportion
a a
(1) If a and b are 2 quantities of same kind, then their ratio is . Which may be denoted by fraction .
b b
(2) To compare two rations make the denominator same.
a/b ad
(3) =
c/d bc
a c e ace
(4) • • =
b d f bdf
x 3 7x – 4y
e.g., (1) If = find
y 4 3x + y
a 2 b 4 a+b
(2) If = = find
b 3 c 5 b+c
p
(3) If sum of 2 number is C and their ratio is . Find the no’ss
q
 Proportion :
 When 2 ratios are equal, then the 4 quantities composing them are said to be proportional
a c
= a : b = c : d or a : b :: c : d
b d
 a and d are known as extremes and b and c are known as means.
ma + nb mc + nd a c a+c
 =  = =
pa + qb pc + qd b d b+d

x y z x3 + a3 y3 + b 3 z 3 + c3 (x + y + z) 3  (a + b + c) 3
e.g., (1)   show that 2 + 2 + 2 =
a b c x + a2 z + b2 z + c2 (x + y + z) 2  (a + b + c) 2
e.g., (2) a, b, c, d, e are in continued proportion prove that (ab + bc + cd + de) 2
= (a2 + b2 + c2 + d2) (b2 + c2 + d2 + e2)

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 6 Basic Maths
e.g., (3) solve the equation
3x 4 + x 2 – 2x – 3 5x 4 + 2x 2 – 7x + 3
=
3x 4 – x 2 + 2x + 3 5x 4 – 2x 2 + 7x – 3
Question
x y z
(1) If (a2 + b2 + c2) (x2 + y2 + z2) = (ax + by + cz)2 then show that = = .
a b c
a c e
(2) If   then find value of
b d f
2a 4 b 2 + 3a 2 c 2 – 5e 4f
in terns of a and b.
2b 6 + 3b 2 d 2 – 5f 5
 Complex No. :
 i= –1
 A number of the form a + ib is called a complex no where a, b  R and i =–1 . Complex no is usually depoted
by Z and set of complex number is denoted by C. are said to be proportional
 i2 = – 1 i3 = –i , i4 = 1
 Conjugate of a + ib a – ib

e.g., (1) simplify i100 + i50 + i48 + i46

(2) Express the following in terms of a + ib.
1 
(i) (–1 + 2i) +  – i 
2 
1 1   2 1 
(ii)  + i –  – – i
2 4   3 4 

1 – i 
(iii)  
1 + i 

(3) Find conjugate of

(i) (2 + 3i) (1 – i)
1
(ii)
i

(4) If x = 2 – 3i. Find the value of x 2 – 4x + 10

 Polynomial
 Equation
 Roots(Zeroes)
 Factors
 Quadratic Equations
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Basic Maths 7
 Roots of a quadratic Equation.
ax2 + bx + c = 0, (a  0)
x2 = 4
x=  4 4 = 2 only
x= 2 9 =3
b c
 x2 + x+ =0
a a
2
 b  c b2
  x    – =0
 2a  a 4ac

–b ± b 2 – 4ac
x=
2a
e.g. Find roots of x2 – 5x + 6 = 0
 Factorize :
(1) x2 + 6x + 5
(2) 9x2 – 3x – 2
(3) x2 – 8x + 16
(4) x2 + 2 2 x – 6
(5) 4x2 – 4ax + (a2 – b2)
(6) 4x2 – 2(a2 – b2)x + a2b2
(7) x4 + 5x2 + 9
(8) x4 – 2(a2 + b2)x2 + (a2b2)
 Remainder Theorem :
x –1 x 3 + 2x + 1

Let p(x) be any polynomial of degree. greater than or equal to 1 and ‘a’ be any real number. If p(x) is divided by
(x – a) then remainder is equal to p(a).
e.g., Find remainder when
p(x) = x4 + 2x3 – 3x2 + x – 1 is divided by x – 2.
 Factor Theorem :
 If x = a is a root of p(x), p(a) = 0, then (x – a) is a factor of p(x) and vice versa.
(1) Check whether (x – 3) is a factor of
x3 – 3x2 + 4x – 12
(2) Prove that 2x4 – 6x3 + 3x2 + 3x – 2 is exactly divisible by x2 – 3x + 2.
(3) The polynomials p(x) = kx3 + 3x2 – 3 and q(x) = 2x3 – 5x + k, when divided by (x – 4) leaves the same remanider.
Find k.
(4) If a 2 digit no. is divided by the no. having same digits written in revese order, we get 4 as quotient and 3 as
remainder. If no. is divided by the sum of digits then 8 as quotient and 7 as remainder. Find the number.
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(1) Find value of a if x – a is a factor of x3 – a2x + x + 2.
(2) A polynomial in x of 3rd degree will vanish when x = 1 and x = –2 and will have the values 4 and 28 when
x = –1 and x = 2. Find the polynomial.
 How to factorize 3rd degree Polynomial
p(x) = x3 + 2x2 + x – 4.
Factorize.
(i) x3 – 4x2 – 11x – 6
(ii) 2x4 + x3 – 14x2 – 19x – 6
(iii) x3 – x + 6
(iv) x3 + 2x2 – x – 2
(v) x3 + 2x2 + x – 4
(vi) x3 + x2 + 4x + 4
(vii) x3 – 2x2 – 9x + 18.

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Basic Maths 9
Basic Inequalities
[ >, <, ]
(1) If a > b then a + c > b + c, where c is a constant
eg. 5 > 2
5+1>2+1
Note : If we add or subtract constant on both sides inequality doesn’t change.

ac > bc c > 0 eg. 5 > 2, 15 > 6

(2) a > b
ac < bc c < 0 eg. 5 > 2, –15 < –6
same for division

Note : If we multiply inequality with –ve sign then inequality changes i.e.,
a>b then –a < – b
a<b then –a > – b
(3) ab > 0 if a and b have same signs
ab < 0 if a and b have opposite sign
meaning of if

(4) Reciprocals
If a > b what can we say about reciprocals
both +ve both –ve opposite sign

5>2 –2 > –5 5>–2
1 1 –1 –1 1 –1
  
5 2 2 5 5 2

inequality remains same

changes

1 1
Note < , If and b are of same
a b

1 1
If a > b > sign if ab > 0
a b

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 Intervals (And representation on a number line).
x > 2 (greater than) (2 not included)

•
2
x  2 greater than or equal to

•
2
x < 2 lesser than
x  2 lesser than or equal to
Represent solution on real line
(i) 2x – 1 < 0
(ii) 3x – 3  2
(iii) –2x + 5  7
(iv) –x  0
1 1
(v) – 0
x 2
Note :
(1) Never add 2 inequatities. However, you can add them only it they are of some sign.
Intervals :
(1) Open interval ( ) ][
x  (1, 3) or ]2, 3[
(2) Closed interval [ ]
x  (1, 3)
mixed interval
(semi-closed or semi-open interval)
(3) x [1, 5) x  belong to (–2, 4]
(4) Discrete set
x = {1, 2, 3}
x = {1, 3}
(5) Subset : A set A is said to be subset of another set B if all elements of A are included i n B.
A B
(6) Proper Subset : A set is said to be subset of another set B if A is a subset of B but
A  B. A  B

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Basic Maths 11
State true or false.
(1) 3  (3, 5)
(2) –7  (–2, 9)
(3) –2  {–1, –2, –3, –4}
(4) (2, 3)  [2, 3]
(5) (2, 3)  (2, 3)
(6) –1  [–1, 3)
(7) Union and Intersection
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} B = {4, 5, 6}
Intersection  common part
union  Everything included
e.g., A {2, 3, 4} B = {1, 4, 5}
(1) A  B (2) A  B
A = {1, 2, 3} B = {4}
Represent the following on a number line.
(1) x  2  x  5.
(2) x  2  x  5.
(3) x  [1, 3]  [2, 4]
(4) x 2 and x < 0.
(5) x > 2 or x < 5.
(6) x  2  x > 5.
(7) x > 2 and x < 6) and (x > 4)
(8) (x < 1  x > 3)  (x < 2)
Wavy Curve Method
 Point to remember:
(1) y = ax2 + bx + c
D > 0 roots are real and distinct
D = 0 roots are real and equal
D < 0 roots are imaginay
If D < 0,
case I : If a > 0
then y > 0  xR
case II : If a < 0
then y < 0  xR
p(x)
(2) y = then q(x) 0.
q(x)
x
eg < 0.
x+2
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 12 Basic Maths
(3) Never cross multiply in case of inequality
x 1
eg 
x+2 x
(4) In case of inequality, here we multiply by a negative number on both side then sign of inequality changes.
1 1
eg –1  1.
2–x x–2
Step :
f(x)
To solve the inequalities of type * 0.
g(x)
when (*) can be >, , <,  we take following steps.
(1) Find roots of f(x) = 0 and g(x) = 0.
(2) Write all the roots on the real line is increasing order of values.
f(x)
(3) Checking sign of the expression after last root.
g(x)
(4) If a root occurs each no. of times, then sign of exprn will be same on both sides of the root and if a root occurs odd
no of times, then sign of the expn will be differnt on both sides of the root.
(5) Write answer according to question.
Example :
(1) (x – 1)(x – 2) > 0
(2) (x – 1)(x + 3) < 0
(3) (x – 1)(x + 3)  0
(4) (2 – x)(x – 3)  0
(4 – x)(2 – x) < 0
x(x + 2)
(5) 0
(x – 2)(x + 3)
(2 – x) x (x + 2)
(6) >0
(x – 3)(x + 7)(x + 3)
(7) x4 (x – 1)3 (x + 2)2 (x – 5)(x + 6)2  0
x 3 (x + 1) 2 (2 – x)4
(8) 0
(x – 3)11 (x + 5) 24 (1 – x)13
x 1
(9) 
x+2 x
(x – 2)(x 2 + x + 2)
(10) <0
(x – 3)

x 2 + 6x – 7
(11) 0
x2 + 1

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Basic Maths 13
(12) (x2 + 3x + 1)(x2 + 3x – 3)  0
x2 – 1
(13) 2 
x +x+1
3 2
(14) 2 + 
x+1 x
x4 + x2 + 1
(15) 2 < 0
x – 4x – 5
x – 1 x  1
(16) – <2
x x–1

(x 3 + x 2 – x – 1)  (3 – 2x) + (x – 2) + (x – 1) 
3 3 3

(17)
(x 2 – 1) (2x 2 + 3x + 4)
0
Modulus Functions
|x| = x if x  0
= –x if x < 0

x 2 = |x| (2 x – 3) 2 = |2x – 3|
y = |x| = x if x  0
= –x if x < 0

Define the following and draw their graphs.

(1) y = |x – 1| (2) y = |2x + 1|
(3) y = |x + 2|
Q) Solve the following equations
(i) |x| = 2 (ii) |x – 3| = 2
(iii) ||x – 1| + 1| (iv)||x – 2| – 3| = 2
Draw the graph of the following
(1) y = |x| + |x – 1|
(2) y = |x + 2| + |x – 3|
(3) y = |x + 3| + 2|x| + |x – 1|.
Note whenever we want to draw the graph of function involving only modules. Just check the value at critical points
and draw the graph in extreme regions.
The maximum or minimum value of a function involving modules occurs at a critical point.
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 14 Basic Maths
Solve for x :
(1) x2 + 7|x| + 10 = 0
(2) |3x – 2| + x = 11.
(3) |x + 1| + |x – 2| + |x – 5| = 2
The solution of f(x) = g(x). is same as the point of intersection of the graph of y = f(x) and y = g(x).
(Q) 2|x – 1| – 3|x – 2| = 7
Find k such that the equation has
(Q) |x + 3| + 2|x| + |x – 1| = k
(1) 1 Solution
(2) 2 solution
(3) no solution
Greatest Integer Function
The function y = f(x) = [x] is called the greatest integer function where [x] denotes the greatest integer has than or
equal to x. For e.g.,
[3.2] = 3; [–3.2] = –4
[] = 3; [e] = 2

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