Cambridge (CIE) IGCSE Your notes

Maths: Extended
Algebra Toolkit
Contents
Algebraic Notation
Algebraic Vocabulary
Substitution
Collecting Like Terms

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 Algebraic Notation
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Algebraic notation
What is algebra?
Algebra is a topic in mathematics that uses letters to represent general (or unknown)
numbers
x and y are two unknown numbers
More information is needed to find their values
Letters are also called variables

How do I write calculations in algebra?

Writing mathematical ideas in letters is called using algebraic notation
You can use + and – to mean add and subtract
a+b
c+d–e
However no symbol is used for multiplication
ab (means a × b)
3ab (means 3 × a × b)
Fractions are used for division

a
(means a ÷ b)
b
You can combine the ideas above

c
ab + (means a×b + c÷3)
3
The order of operations for numbers still works
work out a×b and c÷3 before adding them together
Powers (indices) and roots are the same as with numbers
a2 means a × a
4a2 means 4 × a2
With the order of operations, a2 happens before multiplying by 4

a means the square root of a

Brackets work in the same way as they do with numbers

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 3( a + b ) means 3 × ( a + b )
Add the a and b first, then multiply the result by 3 Your notes

Worked Example
Raheem is playing a game and starts with q points.
He then earns a further 6 points.
(a) Use algebra to write down the total number of points that Raheem has.
Answer:
Raheem has q + 6 points
The game then decides to doubles his total number of points.
(b) Use algebra to write down the number of points that Raheem now has.
Answer:
Raheem has 2(q + 6) points
You can also write:
Raheem has (2q + 12) points

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 Algebraic Vocabulary
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Algebraic vocabulary
What is a term?
A term is either:
a letter (variable) on its own, or a variable raised to a power
For example, x or x2
a number on its own
For example, 20
These are also called constants as they can't change value
or a number multiplied by a letter
For example, 5x
The number in front of a letter is called a coefficient
The coefficient of x in 6x is 6
The coefficient of y in -5y is -5
Terms can include powers and more than one letter,
6xy
4x 2
ab3c

What is a factor?
A factor is any number or letter that divides a term exactly
There is no remainder
The factors of 3x are 1, 3, x and 3x
The factors of 4xy are 1, 2, 4, x, 2x, 4x, y, 2y, 4y, xy, 2xy and 4xy
A term can be separated into factors that multiply together to give that term
Two factors of 5x are 5 and x
5 × x = 5x
To factorise means to write something as a multiplication of factors
When comparing two terms, a common factor is one that divides both
Compare 6xy with 4x

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 Common factors are 1, 2, x and 2x
The highest (or greatest) common factor is 2x Your notes
What is an expression?
An expression is an algebraic statement that does not have an equals sign
There is nothing to solve
An expression is made by adding, subtracting, multiplying or dividing terms
2x + 5 y
b2 – 2cd
6y
5t
A single term is still an expression
Expressions can be simplified (made easier)
x + x + x simplifies to 3x

What is an equation?
An equation is an algebraic statement with an equals sign between a left-hand side and
a right-hand side
Both sides are equal in value
For example, if 2x has the same value as 10, then 2x = 10
An equation can be solved by finding the values of the letters that make both sides equal
The equation 2x = 10 is solved when x has the value of 5
x = 5 is called the solution

What is a formula?
A formula is a rule, definition or relationship between different quantities, written in
shorthand using letters
For example, weight, w, is mass, m, multiplied by gravitational acceleration, g
The formula is w = mg
It is common to substitute numbers into a formula
But a formula on its own cannot be solved
To turn a formula into an equation, more information is needed
For example, if w = 50 and m = 5, the formula w = mg becomes the equation 50 = 5g

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Examiner Tips and Tricks
Knowing the differences between an expression, an equation and a formula will Your notes
help you to understand the wording of exam questions.

Worked Example
(a) From the list below, write down
(i) an expression,
(ii) an equation.
2x + 5 = 4 7x – 9 x = vt – w
Answer:
(i)
An expression does not have an equals sign
7x – 9 is the expression
(ii)
An equation has an equals sign and can be solved
2x + 5 = 4 is the equation
(b) If x = 10, v = 2 and w = 3, use the formula shown to write an equation in t.
Answer:
x = vt – w is the formula shown (a group of different quantities forming a relationship)
Substitute x = 10, v = 2 and w = 3 into the formula
10 = 2t – 3

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 Substitution
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Substitution
What is substitution?
Substitution means replacing a letter (variable) in a formula with a given number

How do I substitute numbers into a formula?

Write down the formula
Replace (substitute) the letters in the formula with the given numbers
If substituting in a negative number, it is important to put brackets around it
For example, (-3)
Simplify any numerical calculations
Calculate the final value
Sometimes the result is an equation which you can then solve

Examiner Tips and Tricks

On your calculator, don't forget to put brackets around any substituted negative
numbers!

Be careful with negatives and powers. For example, if x = − 4 then

x 2 = (−4) 2 = 16.

Worked Example
(a) Given that x = 2 and y = − 4 , find the value of the expression:

(i) 2x (x + 3y )

(ii) y 2 + y 3

Answer:
(i)
Substitute the numbers given
Use brackets () around negative numbers

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 2 × 2 × (2 + 3 × (−4) )
Complete the calculation Your notes
Show every step of working, following the order of operations correctly

= 2 × 2 × (2 − 12)
= 2 × 2 × (−10)
= 4 × (−10)
-40
(ii)
Substitute the numbers given
Use brackets () around negative numbers

(−4) 2 + (−4) 3
Work out the powers remembering to include the brackets

16 + (−64)
Complete the calculation

16 − 64
-48

(b) The formula P = 2l + 2w is used to find the perimeter, P , of a rectangle of

length l and width w .

Given that the rectangle has a perimeter of 20 cm and a width of 4 cm, find its length.
Answer:

Substitute the values you are given for P and w into the formula

20 = 2 × l + 2 × 4
Simplify

20 = 2l + 8
Solve the resulting equation to find the value of l
Start by subtracting 8 from both sides

12 = 2l
Divide both sides by 2

l = 6 cm

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 Collecting Like Terms
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Collecting like terms

What happens if there is more than one term?
Terms can be added and subtracted
The numbers in front of the letters are called coefficients
If the coefficient is 1 or -1, then it is conventional not to write the 1
The coefficient of x is 1
The coefficient of -y s -1
Each term has a positive or negative sign in front
In 2x - 3y the coefficient of x is 2 (positive) and the coefficient of -3y is -3 (negative)
Subtractions can be thought of as adding a negative
2x - 3y is the same as 2x + (-3y)
Just like 20 - 30 is the same as 20 + (-30)
The order of two terms can be swapped, but the signs must move with their terms
2x - 3y is the same as -3y + 2x
A plus is now needed in front of the 2x
Just like 20 - 30 is the same as -30 + 20

What is a like term?

Like terms are terms with exactly the same letters and powers
The coefficients can be different
For example:
2x and 3x
4x2 and 6x2
5xy and -7xy
These are not like terms:
2x and 3y (different letters)
4x2 and 6x4 (different powers)
5xy and 7xyz (different letters)
Remember multiplication can be done in any order

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 xy and yx are like terms
So are 2xy and 3yx Your notes
How do I collect like terms?
Collecting like terms means simplifying by adding or subtracting the coefficients
2x + 3x becomes 5x
4y - 10y becomes -6y
A negative sign is needed here
If there are different types of like terms, collect them separately
For 2x + 4y + 5x - 3y
Collecting the x's gives 2x + 5x = 7x
Collecting the y's gives 4y - 3y = y
The answer is 7x + y

Examiner Tips and Tricks

Don't leave terms like 1x in your final answer in an exam - always simplify them to just x.

Worked Example
Simplify

8a − 5b − 6a + 4b
Answer:
Collect the a terms first

8a − 6a = 2a
Then collect the b terms
Don't forget the minus sign in front of the 5b

−5b + 4b = − b
Add together the two answers

2a + − b
Simplify the signs

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 2a − b
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