Electronic Section
Outline
- Diodes
- Bipolar Junction Transistors
- Operational Amplifiers
- Digital Electronics
- Frequency response of circuits
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- Diodes
- Bipolar Junction Transistors
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The PN Junction Diode
- Semiconductor physics
- Construction
- Electrical characteristics
- Diode models
- Applications
- Examples
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Semiconductor physics
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Consider Group IV elements
Consider the lattice of the most common Group IV element –
Silicon
At high temperatures, electrons are freed from the bonds
shown
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Now, insert Group V element (e.g. Phosphorus) to the silicon
lattice
Similarly, insert Group III element (e.g. Gallium) to the
silicon lattice
This process creates either n-type semiconductor or p-type
semiconductor.
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Now, try to bring these two types of semiconductors together
(n-type and p-type)
This device is called the PN junction diode.
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Electrical characteristics
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There are three regions to the device characteristics.
- Forward bias region
- Reverse bias region
- Reverse breakdown region
The following figures shows typical diode characteristics
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Diode Models
- Ideal diode model
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- Offset diode model
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Example:
Consider the following circuit. Assume the diode is ideal.
a) Find the state of the diode if the the input voltage is constant at 1 V.
b) Find the state of the diode if the the input voltage is constant at 5 V.
c) Find the state of the diode if the the input voltage is constant at -1 V.
d) Find the state of the diode if the the input voltage is constant at -5 V.
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Example:
Consider the following circuit. Assume the diode is ideal.
Assume the the input voltage is constant at 1 V and R = 1 k
Ohms.
Plot the voltage vs current through the resistor.
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Example:
For the following circuit, plot the current flowing through the
resistor. Assume ideal diodes. The input voltage is
V i (t)=15 sin(2000 π t) ,Volts . Assume R=5.0 k Ohms .
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Example
For the following circuit, assume the diodes are ideal. Find
the state of the diodes.
Case a) D1 is OFF and D2 is OFF
Case b) D1 is ON and D2 is OFF
Case c) D1 is OFF and D2 is ON
Case d) D1 is ON and D2 is ON
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Case a) D1 is OFF and D2 is OFF
Case b) D1 is ON and D2 is OFF
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Case c) D1 is OFF and D2 is ON
Case d) D1 is ON and D2 is ON
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Example:
For the following circuit, plot the current flowing through the
resistor. Assume ideal diodes. The input voltage is
V i (t)=15 sin (2000 π t ),Volts . Assume R=5.0 k Ohms .
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Example
For the following circuit, the input voltage varies from -10 V
to 10 V. Assume ideal diodes. R=1.0 k Ohms .
a) Show the plot of the output voltage Vo(t).
b) Show the plot of the output voltage versus the input
voltage.
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Applications
- Charger
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- Half wave rectifier
- Half wave rectifier with smoothing capacitor
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- Full wave rectifier
- Full wave rectifier
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Example
For the following circuit, assume the diodes have threshold
voltage of 1.0 V. Find the state of the diodes.
This is similar to our previous example but assumes non-ideal diodes.
Therefore, one has to show the equivalent circuit with non-ideal diodes.
Case a) D1 is OFF and D2 is OFF
Case b) D1 is ON and D2 is OFF
Case c) D1 is OFF and D2 is ON
Case d) D1 is ON and D2 is ON
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Example
For the following circuit, the input voltage is
V i (t)=15 sin (1000 π t) ,Volts . Plot the output voltage
V o (t). Assume the threshold voltage of each diode is 0.5 V,
and R=1.0 k Ohms .
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Example
For the following circuit, plot the voltage across the resistor if
the input voltage is V i (t)=10 sin(500 π t), Volts . Assume
that the threshold volt of the diodes is 1.0 V.
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Example
For the following circuits, compute the values of I and V.
Assume ideal diodes.
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