ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS

Module I: Energy bands & Current Carriers in Semiconductors

• Ionic and covalent bonding are generally __________________ than metallic bonding.

• ________________ is the highest filled energy level of the electron at 0K.

• Describe the process of formation of energy bands in crystals.

• Derive the expression for total drift current density in a semiconductor.

• What are mobility and conductivity? Write the effects of temperature and doping on
mobility.

• Derive the one-dimensional continuity equation for holes in a semiconductor.

• Density gradient produces _____________ force on majority carriers.

• Write the name of the best and most widely used semiconductor.

• At absolute zero, semiconductor crystal behaves like a/an _____________.

• Distinguish between insulator, semiconductor and metal on the basis of energy band
diagrams.

• a) What are density of states and Fermi function? b) Explain the plot of Fermi-Dirac
distribution function with energy for different temperature.

• The free electron density in a conductor is (1/1.6) x 1022 /cm3 the electron mobility is 10
cm2/Vs. Calculate the value of resistivity _____ .

• Example of direct band gap semiconductor is _______ .

• What are direct band gap & indirect band gap semiconductors? Draw E-K diagram for Si and
GaAs.

• Write down the mathematical expression for Fermi-Dirac probability function and plot f(E) Vs
Ef for three different temperatures T= 0K, 300 K & 2000 K.

• Explain different scattering mechanisms in semiconductor devices.

• Which of the two semiconductor materials between Si or Ge has larger conductivity at room
temperature and why?

• What is mobility and conductivity. Define effective mass. Derive relationship between energy
& momentum.

• Define mobility and write down its unit. Also give an expression that relates the mobility and
diffusivity of carriers in a semiconductor. State the significance of this equation.

• A Si sample A is doped with 1018 atoms/cm3 of Boron. Another sample B of identical

dimensions is doped with 1018 atoms/cm3 of Phosphorus. The ratio of electron to hole
mobility is 3. The ratio of conductivity of sample A to sample B.

Module II: P-N junction & Bipolar Junction Transistor

• Which depletion layer of a BJT is wider?

• Total potential barrier of a pn junction diode is reduced in ____________ mode.

• Which region of a BJT is most heavily doped?

• In a Schottky diode, normally __________ charged donor atoms remain in the space charge
region.

• Write the range of values for Common-Base current gain α.

• How the slope of the current–voltage characteristic of a pn diode is related to the small
signal model of the same?

• What is Early effect?

• Explain the current density for an ideal pn junction and derive it equations.

• Draw the output characteristics of a transistor in common emitter (CE) mode. Show the
different regions on the output characteristics. Write the name/s of the region/s in which the
transistor can be used as an amplifier and the corresponding biasing conditions.

• From the one dimensional Poisson’s equation for electric field E, obtain the expression for E
in the n region of a schottky diode.

• Draw the ideal energy-band diagram of a pn junction under no bias, forward bias and reverse
bias. Explain all the energy band diagrams.

• Draw the ideal energy-band diagram of a metal–semiconductor junction under forward bias.
Write the advantage of Schottky diodes.

• Write the differences between zener breakdown and avalanche breakdown.

• Draw the circuit diagram of a simple voltage regulator circuit using a zener diode and explain
how the regulation is obtained against variation in load current.

• Describe the planar process for formation of a pn junction diode.

• Derive and explain the expressions for excess minority carriers in a pn junction as functions
of distance.

• From the expression for built in potential of a pn junction diode find the expression for width
of the space charge region under reverse bias.

• What are the current gains of a transistor? Derive the relation between them.

• Consider a silicon pn diode at T=300 K with doping concentrations of Na=1016 cm-3 and
Nd=1015 cm-3. Calculate the space charge width and electric field in the same.

• Which region of a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is smallest?.

• What type of carriers takes part in current conduction through a Schottky diode?.

• If a transistor is to be used as a switch, which region/s is/are the region/s of operation?.

• What is Boltzmann approximation in a zero-biased pn junction?.

• What does Ebers Moll model state?.

• Draw the small signal equivalent circuit of a normal pn junction diode. Explain the origin of
diffusion resistance in that circuit.

• Draw the input characteristics of a transistor in common emitter (CE) mode. Explain why the
current on the same characteristics decreases with increase in the corresponding output
parameter.

• Derive the expression for built in potential of a pn junction.

• Draw the energy band diagram of a pn junction under forward bias. Derive the relation np0 =
nn0 exp(-eVbi/kT).

• The n side of a silicon pn junction has a doping level of 5×1016 cm-3. A forward bias of 0.55 V
is applied on the pn junction. Determine the minority carrier concentration at the edge of
the space charge region. Assume that the pn junction is at 300 K and ni=1.5×1010 cm-3. Take
KT/e=0.026 V.

• Discuss the basic principle of operation of a bipolar junction transistor.

• Draw the energy band diagram of a zero biased transistor. Explain the diagram.

• Draw the circuit diagram for obtaining the input characteristics of an npn transistor in
common base (CB) mode. Discuss the steps to operate the circuit and plot the
characteristics.

• Derive the expression for electric field in the space charge region of a pn junction under zero
bias. Find the built in potential from that in terms of the distances from the metallurgical
junction.

• Discuss the diffusion capacitances in the small signal equivalent circuit of a pn diode and find
the expression for it.

• During the reverse biased of the diode, the back resistance decrease with the _______ of the
temperature.

• The capacitance of a reverse biased PN junction _________as reverse bias is decreased.

• In a PN junction with no external voltage, the electric field between acceptor and donor ion
is called _______.

• When the diode is reverse biased with a voltage of 6V and Vbi=0.63V. Calculate the total
potential.

• BJT is used as a switch is operated in ____________ region.

• Draw and explain the output characteristics of BJT in CB configuration.

• What is meant by dc operating point or Q point in a transistor characteristic? What is load

line?.

• What is an Ohmic contact?.

• Explain the various modes of operation possible in a BJT.

• With the help of circuit diagram describe the operation of BJT in CE configuration.
Module III: MOSFET

• The speed of switching is ________ in MOSFETs.

• In which MOSFET the channel becomes depleted of majority carriers for –VGS?.

• Draw the energy-band diagram in a p-type semiconductor at the threshold inversion point
and explain the formation of the inversion layer in the MOS capacitor.

• What condition makes MOSFET a Transconductance device?.

• At VGS = 0, the channel of depletion MOSFETs works like ____________.

• What do you mean by transfer characteristic of a MOSFET. Draw the transfer characteristics
of enhancement and depletion type MOSFETs.

• Obtain the small-signal equivalent circuit of a MOSFET from its basic geometry.

• If Φs and ΦF denotes respectively the surface & Fermi potential, strong inversion takes place
in n channel MOSFET, when ____________.

• The gate to source voltage of a MOSFET with threshold voltage 400mV in saturation is
900mV for drain current of 1mA. The drain current for VGS = 1400mV is _____.

• Derive the expression for drain current for an ideal MOSFET at saturation.

• If the transconductance parameter is 2mA/V2 for VGS = 1V & Vt = 0.5 V calculate the linear
resistance rDS. Also mention the region of operation if VDS = 1V.

• Explain the band bending and channel inversion in case of NMOS.

• What is channel length modulation.

Module IV: Opto–Electronics & Integrated circuit

• Absorption coefficient of a semiconductor is a strong function of

_____________________________.

• What do you mean by conversion efficiency of a solar cell?.

• The interconnections are made during _____________.

• Find the expression for open circuit voltage of a pn junction solar cell with photocurrent IL
and reverse saturation current Is.

• Define absorption coefficient. Write the expression for the generation rate of electron–hole
pairs due to photons.

• Derive the expression for maximum power output of a photovoltaic cell.

• How does series resistance affect the conversion efficiency of a photovoltaic cell? A p-n
junction solar cell is fabricated using silicon... Calculate the open-circuit voltage of the solar
cell at T = 300 K.

• The amount of photo generated current increases slightly with an increase in _________.

• The greatest wavelength of photons that a photodiode built of a semiconductor with a

bandgap of 2eV can detect is around ________nm.
 • Which type of photodetector is based on the principle of internal photoemission?

• Explain with E-K diagram, why LED emits light but pn-junction does not?.

DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN

Module I: Review of Number System, Logic Simplification and Combinational Logic Design

• The excess-3 code of 584 is given by.

• A Carry Look Ahead adder is frequently used for the addition because it _____.

• A BCD subtractor requires how many parallel adders?.

• Which number system has radix 4?.

• What is a logic gate? Mention its types..

• What do you mean by signed and unsigned number representation? How many ways a
signed integer can be represented?.

• What is meant by K-Map or Karnaugh Map? Define Quad and Octet..

• What are the advantages and disadvantages of the K-Map Method?.

• How we can implement a 6-variable K-map using a 5-variable?.

• How we can realize a full adder?.

• Convert (7A)16 into a BCD number..

• Name a self-complementing code..

• Which adder is an example of sequential circuits?.

• How many types of number systems are there? What are the applications of the octal and
hexadecimal number systems?.

• Why NAND and NOR are known as universal gates? Design EXOR gate using NAND & NOR
gates..

• Design a circuit of a 4-bit parallel adder subtractor..

• Design a full adder using MUX..

• Design a full adder using Decoder..

• Design a full adder using a NAND gate..

• Design Decimal to BCD encoder..

• Mention the drawbacks and uses of the encoders..

• Design a 4:2 Priority Encoder..

• Write the Gray code of (1011)2..

• 2’s complement of which 5-bit binary number is the same number?.

 • 1000 is a 2’s complement number. Write the sign and magnitude of this number..

• Which gates having output logic ‘1’when all its inputs are at logic ‘0’?.

• Design a combinational circuit using all discrete logic gates to convert BCD-to-excess-3 Code..

• Minimize the following expression using K-map. Y(A,B,C,D)=Σ m (1,2,5,6,9) +

d(10,11,12,13,14,15).

• Briefly explain the operation of any one fast adder..

• Design 4 bit composite adder in such a way that when external control signal=’1’ it will
behave as adder otherwise subtractor..

• Implement a full adder using half adder and additional logic gates if required..

Module II: Sequential Logic Design

• If the values of R and S are 0, 1 respectively, then the present state and next states are.

• The Moore circuit output depends on ____.

• Shifting binary data to right by one-bit position using shift right register, results.

• Mention one of the major drawbacks of using asynchronous counters..

• Draw the logic circuit of the S-R flip-flop using the D flip-flop..

• Design the circuit of the Universal shift register. Mention the applications of the Shift
register..

• What is a flip-flop? Mention the applications of Flip-Flops..

• What is a Sequential circuit? Mention the applications of sequential circuits..

• Compare Asynchronous counter and Synchronous counter.

• Give differences between Latches and Flip-flops..

• Explain the operation of the SR latch using NAND gates..

• Explain the operation of the SR latch using NOR gates..

• The R-S latch is a_____..

• Design a 4-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter using JK flip-flops..

• What are the different types of Finite state machines?.

• Compare Moore and Mealy machines..

• Design a 4-Bit Synchronous Down Counter using JK flip-flops..

• What are the steps involved in sequence generator?.

• Compare Asynchronous Sequential circuits and Synchronous Sequential circuits..

• What are the values of J and K of JK FF in the toggle state ?.

• The S-R, J-K and D inputs are called ____________ inputs..

 • S-R type flip-flop can be converted into D type flip-flop if S is connected to R through ______
gate..

• Draw diagram and explain the working principle of 3 bit synchronous Up-Down counter..

• Draw the diagram for a MOD -10 Johnson counter using J-K flip-flops and determine its
counting sequence. Draw the decoding circuit needed to decode each of the 10 states..

• Draw and explain the operation of J-K Master Slave flip flop..

• Design synchronous counter with a repeated sequence of states as follows: (ABC) – (000
→001 →011 →010 →111 →101 →100→110→000 …….. ) Use D flip flop. Assume an input x,
which control the forward and reverse transitions between the states..

Module III: Logic Families and Semiconductor Memories

• What is the minimum input voltage corresponding to the logic 1 state?.

• In which logic devices both AND-plane and OR-plane are programmable?.

• If the fan-out parameter of an IC is indicated as 12, it means that.

• Classification of Digital IC Logic families.

• Classification of Semiconductor memories.

• What are the different memory access methods?.

• Give five differences between SRAM and DRAM.

• What do you mean by FPGA? Name some manufacturers of FPGA..

• Explain the architectural design in FPGA..

• What is the storage cell of DRAM made of?.

• Which is the fastest RAM?.

• What are the three output conditions of a tri-state buffer?.

• What do you mean by Figure of Merit of a Digital IC?.

• Radio frequency integrated circuit (RFIC) is a sub-type of which IC?.

• Classification of Integrated Circuits..

• Which logic gate family needs least power consumption?.

• A D/A converter has a _____ input and _____ output..

• The resolution of 8 bit A/D converter is ............. %..

• Define the following terms: i) Noise margin ii) Fan-in iii) Fan-out iv) Power dissipation v)
Figure of Merit.

• Draw an inverter circuit using CMOS and explain the operation..

• Implement a full adder circuit using a suitable PROM type PLD..

 • A 4-bit binary ladder D/A converter with R= 10 KΩ uses a reference of 5V. Find (i) The analog
output corresponding to the binary input 0110 (ii) Resolution in % (iii) Full scale output.

Module IV: Vhdl

• Which model of VHDL used port mapping?.

• In what aspect, HDLs differ from other computer programming languages?.

• VHDL stands for ________..

• What is VHDL? State the features of VHDL..

• What are the languages that are combined together to get the VHDL language? What are the
VHDL structural elements?.

• What is an entity in VHDL? Name the different abstraction levels in VHDL..

• What is architecture in VHDL?.

• Which language can describe the hardware?.

• What do VHDL stand for?.

• Compare VHDL and verilog..

• With neat sketch explain the digital system design approach using VHDL..

• Differentiate concurrent and sequential assignments used in VHDL. Give suitable example..

• What are the various sequential statements in VHDL? Explain the behavioral description of
Wait Statement with relevant example.

NETWORK THEORY

Module I: Node and Mesh Analysis & Network Theorems

• How many types of dependent sources are there?

• If source impedance is complex, then maximum power transfer occurs when the load
impedance is _______ the source impedance.

• The maximum power is delivered from a source to its load when the load resistance is
______ the source resistance.

• What is the condition for maximum power will be transfer from source to load in an AC
circuit.

• State and explain Norton's Theorem.

• Write the difference between the Thevenin's Theorem and Norton's Theorem.

• If there are 8 nodes in network, we can get ____ number of equations in the nodal analysis.

• For Tellegan’s Theorem to satisfy, the algebraic sum of the power delivered by the source is
_____ than power absorbed by all elements.
 • Consider the circuit shown below. Find the Thevenin’s resistance between terminals A and B.

• Calculate the voltage V3 of the below circuit.

• Determine the current in the capacitor branch by the Superposition Theorem.

• Find out the current in the 14Ω resistor in the circuit by Thevenin's Theorem.

• When the maximum power is transferred, the efficiency of the circuit is

• For the circuit shown in figure, Thevenin’s voltage and equivalent resistance at terminal a-b is

• Find the voltage across the 5 ohm resistance in the Figure using Superposition Theorem.

Module II: Trigonometric and Exponential Fourier Series

• Find the Fourier transform of an exponential signal f(t) = e-at u(t), a>0.

• To what value does the sum of Fourier series of f ( x) converge at the point of discontinuity x
=a ?

• Find Fourier Transform.

• The conditions to be satisfied for the Fourier series of a function to exist are called
______________.

• The Fourier series expansion of a periodic signal having _____________ symmetry contains
odd harmonics only.

• Find the value of R if the average power dissipated in the resistor is 2000 W, if the voltage
has the following Fourier series: V(t) = 400 sin (ωt) + 300 sin (3ωt) + 100 sin (5ωt)

Module III: Laplace Transforms and Properties & Initial Conditions

• What is the value of current in the R-L circuit at a time t = 0+ ?

• what is the Laplace transform of a function f (t) ?

• If the Laplace transform of function f(t) is given by ((s+3))/((s+1)(s+2)) , then what is the value
of f(0)?

• The total period of the function shown in the figure is 4 sec and the amplitude is 10. Find the
function f1 (t) from t = 0 to 1 in terms of unit step function.

• Find out the Laplace Transform of periodic waveform

• For the current i(t) = 5U(t) -3e-2t find I(S) and hence to determine the value of i(0+) and i(∞).

• Find out the Laplace Transform

• What is the Laplace Transform of the unit step function U(t)

• What is the Inverse Laplace Transform of the function 1/ (s+1)?

• Find Laplace transform if sin (at)u(t).

• A dc voltage of 200V is applied to a series L-R circuit having R= 20Ω and inductance 0.2H.
Determine the voltage drop across the inductor at the instant of switching on and 0.02sec
later.
 • Consider a series RLC circuit where Vs = 2V, R = 6Ω, L = 2H, C = 0.25F. Determine i(0+), di/dt
(0+), (d^2 i)/〖dt〗^2 (0+), i(t).

• Find out the Laplace Transform.

• the circuit is in steady state with the switch S is close. the switch is open at t=0. Determine
iL(t) in the circuit

• The switch is position 1 for a long time; it moved to 2 at t=0. Obtain the expression for i.

• The time constant of an RL circuit __________ .

• A sinusoidal input function will produce an oscillatory response in an RLC circuit. State
whether it is true or false.

• When a series RL circuit is connected to a voltage source V at t=0, the current passing
through the resistor at steady-state is __________.

• When a series RC circuit is connected to a voltage source V at t=0, the current passing
through the resistor at steady-state is __________.

• Find the Laplace Transform of f (t) = e4t sin3t

• State and prove the time shifting and frequency shifting property in the context of Laplace
Transformation.

• In the series RL circuit, the switch is in position 1 long enough to establish the steady-state
and is switched to position 2 at t=0. Find the current using Laplace Transformation.

• State the initial value theorem in the context of Laplace Transform.

• Find the Laplace Transformation of the waveform shown in figure.

• Find the Inverse Laplace Transformation of (s2 – 15s - 11)/{(s+1)(s - 2)2}

• State and prove the final value theorem in the context of Laplace Transform.

Module IV: Transient Behavior, Immittance Functions, Two Port Network & Filters

• The name of hybrid parameter h11 is ___________

• A filter which passes without attenuation all frequencies up to the cut-off frequency fc and
attenuates all other frequencies greater than fc is called?

• The circuit is said to be in resonance if the current is ____ with the applied voltage.

• What is the condition for symmetrical of Z parameter of Two port network ?

• In the circuit shown below, find the transmission parameter A.

• Prove that for RLC series resonance circuit w0=√(w1 w2 )

• Derive the condition for reciprocity and symmetry in case of h-parameter.

• Prove that AD -BC=1

• Draw the equivalent circuit of a 2 port network in term of Z parameter

• Find out ABCD parameter

• Determine the Y parameter.

• Calculate the Z and Y parameters from given network.

• A filter that passes all frequencies lying outside a certain range, while it attenuates all
frequencies between the two designated frequencies is called_____.

• In a series resonance circuit, when series resonance occurs ?

• After how many time constants, the transient part reaches more than 99 percent of its final
value?

• Two ports containing no sources in their branches are called_____.

• For a T-network if the short circuit admittance parameters are given as y11, y21, y12, y22,
then y11 in terms of Hybrid parameters can be expressed as ________.

• Obtain the pole zero location for the function T(S) = (2S+4) (S+4) / S (S+1) (S+3)

• A series RLC circuit has a following parameter value: R= 10Ω, L = 0.01H, C= 100μF. Compute
the resonance frequency and bandwidth.

• Draw the circuit diagram of the first order low pass filter and find out the expression of the
cut-off frequency.

• A series resonance circuit has impedance of 500Ω at resonant frequency, Cut-off frequencies
are 10KHz and 100Hz. Determine (i) resonant frequency, (ii) value of R, L and C, (iii) quality
factor at resonant frequency.

• Express the Quality factor in term of RLC.

• At resonance, the circuit is resistive with zero power factor and the current, voltage are in
phase. Mention either the statement is correct or incorrect.

• A passive filter is constructed from ____________________ elements.

• For a physically realizable circuit, the impulse response is ____________.

• The ratio of the current transform at one port to voltage transform at another port is called
________________.

• A series RLC circuit which resonates at 500 KHz has R = 25 ohm, L = 100 uH and C = 1000pF.
Determine the Q0. Also calculate C, Q0 for doubled value of L.

• For the network shown in figure, determine V1/I1, V2/V1.

• What are transmission parameters? Where are they most effective used?

• Calculate the ABCD parameters of the network shown in figure.

• Find the hybrid parameters of the circuit given below.

• Derive the expression of the RLC parallel resonance for AC excitation.

• A parallel RLC circuit has a quality factor of 50 at unity power factor and operates at 1 kHz
and dissipates 2W when driven by 2 A (rms) at 1kHz. Find bandwidth and numerical values of
R, L and C.
 • If Z11 = 30 ohm, Z12 = 10 ohm, Z21 = 15 ohm, Z22 = 20 ohm, for the two-port network
shown in figure, calculate the average power delivered to the 40 ohm resistance.

• Find the Z-parameters of the two-port network shown in figure below.

SIGNAL SYSTEM

Module I: Signals and Systems Properties & Classifications

• Determine whether the following system is linear or not? dy(t)/dt + y(t) + 5 = 10x(t).

• Determine whether the following systems are causal or non-causal. a) y(t) = x(-t) b) dy(t)/dx
+ 10 y(t) + 5 = x(t).

• One input of a system is x(t)= u(t). It is multiplied by another input cos(wc.t). Determine
whether the multiplied output is –

a) Memory less or not ? b) Causal or Not Causal ? c)Linear or Non Linear ? d)Time Variant or
Time Invariant ? e)Stable or Not Stable?.

• In a ______ signal, we can define the value of the signal at any instant of time?.

• The discrete time system, y(n) = x(n-3) - 4x(n-10) is a....

• The system y(t) = 2x(n+1) + x(1/n) is

a) causal system b)non-causal system c)partly (a) and partly (b) d)none of these.

• A continuous time signal is shown in fig. Find the following versions of the signal. Comment
on the result. a) x(t-2) b) x(-t) c) x(-t +2).

• Consider the elementary signal u(t). The signal u(t+4) is obtained by shifting u(t) to the left by
4 units.

• The signal u(-t+4) is obtained by reversing u(t) and then shifting u(-t) to the right by 4 units.

• The signal x(t) is obtained by multiplying u(t+4) and u(-t+4).

• Test the Stability of the system y(t) = cos (x(t)).

• The power signal has a) finite power content but infinite energy content b) infinite power
content and infinite energy content c) infinite power content and finite energy content d)
finite power content and finite energy content.

• A system is described by the equation given below: y(n)= x(n).cos(w0n). Comment on the
time invariability and causality of the system.

• Define power signal. Find out the power of the signal x(n)= [Link](jwon) where A is a
constant.

• How can you represent any arbitrary signal x(t) into odd and even component? Give an
example of an even signal with mathematical expression and sketch.

Module II: Linear Shift-Invariant (LSI) Systems

• An LTI discrete time system is causal if and only if....

• Prove Integral of |h(t)| dt < infinity, for stability of an LTI system.

 • Convolution is (a) commutative (b) associative (c) distributive (d) All of the above.

• Which of the following system, described by its impulse response h(n), is causal?

(a) h(n)= u(n+1) (b) h(n)=u(n+3) (c) h(n)=u(n) (d) h(n)=u(-n).

• What will be the convolution of u(n) and δ(n-3)?.

• Impulse response of a system is given as h(n)=(1/2)n u(n-1). Comment on the stability and
causalty of the system.

Module III: Fourier Series and Transforms

• Fourier transform is applicable to a) only periodic signals b) only aperiodic signals c) both
periodic and aperiodic signals d) only random signals.

• Difference Between Continuous Time and Discrete Time Fourier Series. What is magnitude
spectrum and phase spectrum.

• What is Negative Frequency? Show the relation between Fourier Coefficients of

Trigonometric and Exponential form.

• Determine the Fourier Series of....

• The Fourier series of a real, even, periodic signal will contain only (a) cosine terms (b) sine
terms (c) even terms (d) odd harmonics.

• The Fourier transform of unit step function is given by....

• The frequency response of a system with h(n) = δ(n) - δ(n-1) will be....

• Determine and sketch the magnitude and frequency response of the system given below:
y(n)= (1/2)[x(n+1)-x(n-1)].

• Consider an LTI system with frequency response H(w)= 1/(3+jw) for a particular input x(t).
The system produces the output, y(t)=exp(-3t)u(t) - exp(-4t)u(t). Find out x(t).

• If x(t) and the X(w) form a Fourier pair, then what will be the Fourier transform of x(-t)? (i)
when x(t) is odd signal (ii) when x(t) is even signal.

• Find out the inverse Fourier transform of the following: X(w)= 1/(a+jw)2.

• What is the difference between DTFT and DFT?.

• Why DFT is used in signal processing? Comment on the periodicity of X(K) which is the DFT of
x(n).

• Find out the DFT of a discrete time signal x(n)=(1,2,3,4).

• Find out the magnitude and phase spectrum of x(n). Sketch the spectrum.

Module IV: Laplace and Z-Transforms

• The region of convergence of x/ (1+2x+x2) is.

• What is the ROC of z-transform of finite duration anti-causal sequence?.

• What is the one sided z-transform X(z) of the signal x(n)={5,7,0,1}.

 • The Z-Transform X(z) of a discrete time signal x(n) is defined as ____________.

• Obtain the transfer function of a system whose input is given by x(n)=[2δ(n+1)+ 3δ(n)-2δ(n-
1) +δ(n-2) ] & output is given by y(n)= [δ(n+1)+ 2δ(n) -4δ(n-1) +δ(n-2) ]. Write the time
shifting property of Z transform.

• Z transform of δ(n+2) is....

• Laplace transform of x(t)=δ(t)-u(t) is....

• Evaluate y(t)=exp(at)*exp(bt) using the Laplace transform technique.

• Find out the transfer function and the impulse response of a causal LTI system described by
the differential equation....

• Calculate the z-transform of the signal x(n)=nanu(n).

• Find out the inverse z-transform of the following....

Module V: The Sampling Theorem

• Find the Nyquist rate and nyquist interval for continuous signal given below x(t) = (1/2π)
cos(4000πt). cos(1000πt).

• The Nyquist theorem for sampling 1) Relates the conditions in time domain and frequency
domain 2) Helps in quantization 3) Limits the bandwidth requirement 4) Gives the spectrum
of the signal.

• What impact does increasing the sample size have on the sampling error?.

• Spectral overlapping can be termed as (a) aperture effect (b) aliasing effect (c) Gibbs
phenomenon (d) inter symbol interference.

• Flat top sampling leads to (a) aperture effect (b) aliasing (c) loss of signal.

• Explain the zero-order-hold Interpolation with the help of a proper diagram.

• Write down the sampling theorem. Draw a message signal, equivalent sampled signal and
their spectrum. Mention one sampling method in brief.

• Consider x1(t) = cos(20 t) and x2(t) = cos(100 t) which are sampled at Fs=40 Hz. Find out the
corresponding discrete time signal. Is there any aliasing present in any of the discrete time
signal?.

• Find out the Nyquist sampling rate for sin2(200 t).

MATHS

Module I: Basic Probability

• What values are required to calculate Chebyshev's inequality?

• A table with all possible value of a random variable and its corresponding probabilities is
called ___________

• The probability that the sum 8 appears in a single toss of a fair dice is ............

• If a coin is tossed 5 times, find the probability of: (a) Exactly 2 heads (b) At least 4 heads.
• A die thrown. What is the probability mass function? Also calculate distribution function.

• One card is drawn from a deck of 52 cards, well-shuffled. Calculate the probability that the
card will (i) be an ace, (ii) not be an ace.

• Let X be a random variable with variance σ2.. Then var(aX+b)=a2var(X) for any real numbers
a, b

• (a) Two coins (a one rupee coin and a two rupee coin) are tossed once. Find a sample space.
(b) Consider the experiment in which a coin is tossed repeatedly until a head comes up.
Describe the sample space.

• (a) Two coins are tossed 500 times, and we get: Two heads: 105 times One head: 275 times
No head: 120 times Find the probability of each event to occur.

• (b) A tyre manufacturing company kept a record of the distance covered before a tyre
needed to be replaced. The table shows the results of 1000 cases. ... If a tyre is bought from
this company, what is the probability that : (i) it has to be substituted before 4000 km is
covered? (ii) it will last more than 9000 km? (iii) it has to be replaced after 4000 km and
14000 km is covered by it?

• (c) The percentage of marks obtained by a student in the monthly tests are given below: ...
Based on the above table, find the probability of students getting more than 70% marks in a
test.

• If 0.1 is the probability of scoring no goal in a football match, then probability of scoring at
least one goal in the match would be .....

• Suppose, two students can solve a problem with probability 0.4 and 0.5, respectively, then
what is the probability that both the students fail to solve the problem?

• If probability of hitting a target by A, B and C are respectively 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, then the
probability that the target will be hit by A but not by B and C is ...................

• When variance of a random variable is 2/3 , then var (3x+7) is (a) 8 (b) 2 (c) 6 (d) 11

• A fair coin is tossed 10 times. Find the probability of getting at least 7 heads.

• (a) From 6 positive and 8 negative numbers, 4 numbers are chosen at random without
replacement and multiplied. What is the probability that the product is positive?

• (b) A committee of 6 is to be formed from 5 senior and 3 junior students. If the members of
the committee are chosen at random, what is the probability that there will be a majority of
senior students in the committee?

• (c) Two cards are drawn without replacement. If the 2nd card is a King what is the probability
that the 1st card is also a King?

• (c) Probability distribution of blood types in India is given in the table ... A random sample of
10 is considered from Indian population. What is the probability that there will be 4 Os, 3 As,
2 Bs and 1 AB blood types, respectively?

• Two unbiased coins are tossed. What is the probability of getting at most one head?

• The sum of the probabilities of all the elementary events of an experiment is --------------
 • Company A produces 10% defective products, Company B produces 20% defective products
and C produces 5% defective products. If choosing a company is an equally likely event, then
find the probability that the product chosen is defective.

• The Mean of a random variable K is expressed by.....................

• When two dice are thrown, find the probability that difference of the points on the dice is 2
and 3.

• The integers x and y are chosen at random with replacement from nine natural numbers
1,2,……,8,9. Find the probability that (x2-y2) is divisible by 2.

• (a) A random variable X has the following probability mass function ... Evaluate P(X<6),
P(X≥6),P(3<X≤6)and P(3<X/X≤6).

• (b) Find the minimum value of x so that P(X≤x)>1/2.

• (c) Obtain the distribution function F(x).

Module II: Continuous Probability Distributions

• A variable that can assume any value between two given points is called ___________

• Let X be a continuous random variable with PDF ... Find P(X ≤ 2/3 | X > 1/3).

• (a) If X is a uniformly distributed random variable with mean 1 and variance 4/3, find the
value of P(X<0).

• (b) A passenger arrives at a bus stop at 9 am knowing that he will have to wait for the bus
between 9 am to 9-30 am with uniform probability. i) Find the probability that he will have to
wait longer than 10 minutes. ii) If the bus does not arrive at 9-15 am, then find the
probability that he will have to wait at least 10 additional minutes.

Module III: Bivariate Distributions

• When do the conditional density functions get converted into the marginally density
functions?

• You flip a fair coin. If the outcome is head, you roll a fair six-sided die 10 times. If the
outcome is tail, you roll the die 15 times. Let X be 1 if the toss gives head and 0 if it is tail. Let
Y be the total number of times that you get 6 in the die throws. Find P(X = 1 | Y = 5).

Module IV: Basic Statistics

• What is the distribution for which mean and variance equal?

• What is the mean?

• What is the important term in central tendency? a. mean b. median c. mode d, none

• The second moment about mean is equal to___________.

• The two methods of finding mode in a discrete series are _______.

• In symmetrical distribution, mean, median, and mode are_____________.

• A random variable X has a Poisson distribution such that P(1)=P(2),then value of P(0)=
• Find the first three raw moments and central moments for the data : 2, 5, 8, 9.

• (a) Prove that -1 ≤ ρ(X,Y) ≤1

• (b) If the random variable X and Y are connected by the linear equation aX+bY+c = 0. Prove
that the correlation coefficient between X and Y is -1 or 1 according as a and b have the same
or opposite signs.

• (c) The random variable X and Y are connected by the linear equation 3X + 2Y + 4 = 0. Find
correlation coefficient of X and Y.

• (a) If the equations of two regression lines obtained in a correlation analysis are 3x+12y=19
and 3y+9x=46. Determine which one of their regression equation of x and y. Find the mean,
correlation coefficient and Sx/Sy.

• (b) If θ be the acute angle between two regression lines then tanθ= [(1-r2)/r] . [(Sx .Sy )/(Sx
2+ Sy 2 )]

• If X has Binomial distribution with parameter n and p, then its variance is.

• If the rxy (correlation co efficient) = -(2/3), u=2x+5, v=-3y+3, then find the correlation
coefficient of u and v is (a) 3/2 (b) 2/3 (c) -(2/3) (d) 8/3

• The mean and variance of a binomial distribution are 4 and 3, respectively. Then the
parameters of the distribution are ----- and ------.

• The A.M of 20 data is calculated to be 89.4. Later the data 78 is replaced by 87. The A.M of
the data after replacement is

• Kurtosis reveals the shape of the distribution at the top: i) True ii) False

• The weight of a student in a school is normally distributed with mean 40 kg and standard
deviation 5 kg. Find the percentage of the students that have weight (i) less than 40 kg (ii)
greater than 50 kg (iii) between 38 kg and 52 kg

• Obtain an estimates of y which should correspond on the average to x=6.2.

• (a) Find the first four central moments after calculating the first four moments about the
origin of the table given below...

• (b) Calculate with the use of quartiles the coefficient of skewness of the following
distribution...

• (a) The number of telephone calls arriving on an internal switch board of an office is 90 per
hour. Find the probability that at the most 1 to 3 calls in a minute on the board arrive.

• (b) Six dice are thrown together at a time, the process is repeated 729 times. How many
times do you expect at least three dice to have 4 to 6?

• Find the median of the call received on 7 consecutive days 11,13, 17, 13, 23,25,19 .

• E(X) = λ is used for which distribution?

• Three factories A,B,C producing similar products are such that the mean daily wage of
workers of factory A is Rs 100 with a s.d of Rs 10, whereas in factory B, the mean wage is
 Rs.150 and s.d is Rs.12 and in factory C, the mean wage is Rs.150 and s.d is Rs. 10. Which
factory is most consistent in respect of the daily wage of their workers?

• (a) A machine fills boxes weighing Y lb with X lb of salt, where X and Y are normal with mean
100 lb

• (b) Describe how many types of regression curves occur. Explain the utility of regression
curves.

Module V: Applied Statistics

• (a) In a big city 825 men out of 600 were found to be smoker . Does this this information
support the conclusion that the majority of men of this city are smoker ?

• (b) In a sample of 400 parks manufactured by a factory, the number of defective parts was
found to be 30. The company however claims that only 5 % of their product is defective , is
this claim correct?

• (c) In order to test whether a coin is perfect the coin is tossed 5 times. The null hypothesis of
the perfectness is rejected if more than 4 heads are obtained. What is the probability of
type-I error. Find the probability of type-II error?

• In a test of hypothesis corresponding to a particular level of significance, among all critical

region “Best critical region” has (a) Least type I error (b) Least type II error (c) Greatest type I
error (d) Greatest type II error.

• In a test of hypothesis type I Error is committed when (a) Null hypothesis is rejected through
it was really false. (b) Null hypothesis is rejected through it was really true. (c) Null
hypothesis is accepted through it was really false. (d) Null hypothesis is accepted through it
was really true.

• How can you draw a random sample of 100 workers form a population of 1000 workers? If in
your sample the mean and S.D of weekly wages come out as Rs. 48 and Rs. 11 respectively,
how will you get the standard error of the sample mean?

• (a) In a large lot of electric bulbs, the mean life and standard deviation of bulbs are 360 hours
and 90 hours respectively. A simple of 625 bulbs is chosen. It is found that the mean life and
standard deviation of bulbs in the sample are 355 hours and 90 hours respectively. Can we
conclude that the sample is drawn from the given population? Test at 5% level of
significance. If we assume that the population is normal and its mean is unknown, find the
98% confidence limits of the mean.

Module VI: Small samples

• If m be the mean of a population having t-distribution. Then the assumption m=20 is to be

tested. Then this hypothesis is _____.

• (b) Write short note on Chi-square test for goodness of fit.

Differential Equations (Tested subjects outside the specific Probability & Statistics curriculum
provided)

• What is the differential equation of the family of parabolas having a vertex at origin and axis
along positive y-axis?
 • Under ideal assumptions, what is the two-dimensional heat equation?

• Find the complete integral of z = px+qy+pq .

• Write Lagrange's partial differential equation.

• Find the complete integral of following PDE ,pqz = p2(xp+p2)+q2(yp+q2)

• What is the reason behind the non-existence of any real function which satisfies the
differential equation, (y’)2 + 1 = 0?

• Solve r+(a+b)s + abt = xy.

• solve (r + 2s + t )= xcosy

• Find a general solution of partial differential equation x2 . [(∂2z)/(∂x2)]- y2 . [(∂2z)/(∂y2)] +

x(∂z/∂x) - y(∂z/∂y) = x2y

• Write one dimensional diffusion equation and solve it by method of separation of variables.

DSA

Module I: Introduction & Searching

• A data structure is a particular way of ----------and ---------data either in computer’s memory

or on the disk storage so that it can be used efficiently.

• What is the disadvantage of array data structure?.

• If the elements of a data structure are stored sequentially, then it is a ______.

• How are String represented in memory in C?.

• In C language, malloc( ) returns.

• Define algorithm.

• Which notation comprises a set of all functions h(n) that are greater than or equal to cg(n)
for all values of n ≥ n0?.

• ________ notation provides a tight lower bound for f(n).

• The running time complexity of a linear time algorithm is given as-------.

• Write an algorithm for binary search technique.

• What are the best worst and average case time complexity of binary search algorithm?.

• What is the best case time complexity of the binary search algorithm?.

• How linear search is differing from binary search?.

• What are the preconditions for performing binary search in an array?.

• Write a C program for linear search in an array.

• Where is linear searching used?.

 • What is the best case for linear search?.

Module II: Stacks and Queues

• What is the time complexity of an infix to postfix conversion algorithm?.

• Which of the following is essential for converting an infix expression to postfix notation ?.

• Reverse Polish notation is often known as-------.

• Convert the following infix expression into postfix expression using the stack data structure
with detailed explanation : A – (B / C + (D % E * F) / G)* H.

• Evaluate the postfix expression using stack: 2 3 1 * + 9 –.

• Write a program to convert infix expression to its equivalent postfix expression using stack.

• State the differences between stack and queue data structure.

• What is a Stack ADT ? Explain their operations.

• Stack can be implemented using _________ and ________ ?.

• Write algorithms for push and pop operations of stack.

• Which data structures is used to implement recursion?.

• Define recursion? Explain the usage of stack in recursive algorithm implementation?.

• A circular queue is implemented using an array of size 10. The array index starts with 0, front
is 6, and rear is 9. The insertion of next element takes place at the array index.

• Why circular queue is better than simple queue?.

• Write an algorithm to delete an item from a circular array of queue. Also find the complexity
of the algorithm.

• A linear list in which elements can be added or removed at either end but not in the middle
is known as-----------.

• Which of the following data structures allow insertion and deletion from both ends?.

• Which of the following data structures can be used to implement queues?.

• Write an algorithm to insert an element in Circular Queue.

• Define queue and its applications. Write an algorithm for insertion and deletion from queue.

Module III: Linked Lists & Trees

• Make a comparison between a linked list and a linear array.

• Which type of linked list contains a pointer to the next as well as the previous node in the
sequence?.

• Write the advantages disadvantages and uses of a circular linked list.

• What is the time complexity to insert an element to the front of a LinkedList (head pointer
given)?.
 • Write an algorithm to create linear linked list with n nodes.

• a) Define Circular Linked List and Double Linked List. b) Write an algorithm to delete an
element from Double Linked List.

• Show how the following polynomial can be represented using a linked list. 7x2 y2 - 4x2
y+5xy2 -2.

• The values in a BST can be sorted in ascending order by using which of the traversals
method?.

• Write difference between b tree and b+ tree.

• What are the properties a of b tree? What are the disadvantages of a binary search tree?.

• Worst case time complexity to access an element in a BST can be?.

• In a B+ tree, both the internal nodes and the leaves have keys.

• Justify the statement with proper example: All Binary Search Trees are Binary Tree but All
Binary Trees are not Binary Search Tree.

• Create a AVL tree by inserting the following numbers in the order in which they are given: 17,
25, 19, 23, 75, 6. Explain it step wise with suitable diagram.

• What is Threaded Binary Tree? What are its advantages?.

Module IV: Sorting, Hashing & Graphs

• ------------ is not a stable sorting algorithm?.

• Time complexity of bubble sort in best case is-------------.

• When a sorting technique is called stable?.

• The time complexity of heap sort in worst case is-----------.

• Merge sort uses------------Technique.

• Write an algorithm for bubble sort technique.

• Explain what is ideal Sorting algorithm?.

• Classify Sorting Algorithms based on some parameter like stability, number of swap required,
number of comparison, complexity, types, etc..

• Write merge sort algorithm.

• Implement merge sort in C code.

• Explain with a suitable example the principle of operation of Quick Sort algorithm.

• In which cases, Quick Sort becomes a ‘Slow Sort’ ? discuss the remedy in those cases.

• Compare the performance and operation of Bubble Sort and Selection Sort.

• Which of the following sorting algorithms provide the best time complexity in the worst-case
scenario?.
• Which of the following is a Divide and Conquer algorithm?.

• a) Write a quick sort algorithm to sort a list. Explain with an example. b) Prove that the best
case time complexity for quick sort is O (n log n) for input size of n.

• What is the search complexity in direct addressing?.

• Define hashing.

• What are the different types of hashing technique explain.

• What are the advantages of hashing.

• What is a hash table?.

• What is the number of edges present in a complete graph having n vertices?.

• A graph contains 21 edges, 3 vertices of degree 4 and all other vertices of degree 2. Find total
number of vertices.

• Write short notes on any three from following: a) AVL Tree b) Dequeue and Priority Queue c)
Collison Resolution Techniques in Hashing d) BFS.