JAVA PROGRAMMING — Complete Study Notes | Mudit Bagra | Page 1

☕
JAVA
PROGRAMMING
Complete Study Notes
From Basics to Advanced

OOP • Classes • Inheritance • Interfaces • Collections • Exceptions • Threads

Prepared by

Mudit Bagra
Designed & Compiled with ♥ for Java Learners

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section Topic

01 Introduction to Java

02 Installation & Setup (JDK, IDE)

03 Basic Structure of a Java Program

04 Data Types & Variables

05 Operators in Java

06 Input & Output (Scanner / [Link])

07 Control Flow — if / else / switch

08 Loops — for, while, do-while, for-each

09 Methods (Functions)

10 Arrays

11 Strings & StringBuilder

12 Object-Oriented Programming — Classes & Objects

13 Constructors

14 Inheritance

15 Polymorphism

16 Abstraction & Interfaces

17 Encapsulation & Access Modifiers

18 Exception Handling

19 Collections Framework

20 Generics

21 File I/O — [Link] & [Link]

22 Multithreading

23 Java 8+ Features — Lambdas & Streams

24 Packages & Important Java APIs

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25 Quick Reference Cheat Sheet

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01 Introduction to Java

What is Java?
Java is a high-level, class-based, object-oriented programming language developed by James Gosling at
Sun Microsystems in 1995. Java follows the principle: "Write Once, Run Anywhere" (WORA) —
compiled code runs on any platform with a JVM.

Key Features
➤ Platform-independent — bytecode runs on any JVM
➤ Strongly typed — every variable must be declared with a type
➤ Object-Oriented — everything revolves around classes and objects
➤ Automatic memory management — Garbage Collector handles deallocation
➤ Robust — strong type checking, exception handling, no pointers
➤ Multithreaded — built-in support for concurrent programming
➤ Secure — runs inside JVM sandbox, no direct memory access
➤ Rich standard library — [Link], [Link], [Link] and more

Java Platform Architecture

Component Role

Full dev package — compiler (javac),

JDK (Java Development Kit) JRE, tools

Runs Java programs — JVM + standard

JRE (Java Runtime Environment) libraries

Interprets bytecode; provides WORA

JVM (Java Virtual Machine) portability

Compiled intermediate code (not

Bytecode (.class file) machine code)

Java compiler — converts .java

javac → .class

java JVM launcher — runs .class bytecode

Java Applications
Domain Examples Frameworks / Tools

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Web (Backend) E-commerce, Banking Spring Boot, Jakarta EE

Android Apps Mobile development Android SDK

Enterprise Apps ERP, CRM systems Hibernate, Spring

Big Data Data processing Apache Hadoop, Spark

Desktop Apps IDE, tools JavaFX, Swing

Cloud & Microservices APIs, serverless Quarkus, Micronaut

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02 Installation & Setup

Installing JDK
➤ Visit: [Link] (Oracle JDK)
➤ Or install OpenJDK: [Link] (free, open-source)
➤ Download JDK 17 or JDK 21 (LTS versions recommended)
➤ Set JAVA_HOME environment variable after installation
# Verify installation
java --version
# Output: java 21.0.x ...

javac --version
# Output: javac 21.0.x

# Compile a file
javac [Link]

# Run the compiled class

java HelloWorld

Popular Java IDEs

IDE Notes

Most popular professional Java IDE

IntelliJ IDEA (Community = free)

Free, powerful, widely used in

Eclipse IDE enterprise

VS Code + Extension Pack Lightweight, great for beginners

Official Apache IDE, good for

NetBeans beginners

Educational IDE, great for learning

BlueJ OOP

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03 Basic Structure of a Java Program

Hello World — Anatomy

// [Link] — filename must match class name

public class HelloWorld { // class definition

public static void main(String[] args) { // entry point

[Link]("Hello, World!"); // print with newline
[Link]("No newline"); // print without newline
[Link]("Pi: %.2f%n", 3.14);// formatted output
}
}

Program Structure Breakdown

Component Purpose

Class declaration — must match

public class HelloWorld filename exactly

public static void main(String[] args) Entry point — JVM calls this first

[Link]() Print to console with newline

[Link]() Print without trailing newline

[Link]() Formatted output (like C's printf)

// comment Single-line comment

/* comment */ Multi-line comment

/** comment */ Javadoc comment for documentation

Statement terminator — required

; after every statement

⚠️IMPORTANT: Java filename must exactly match the public class name (case-sensitive). [Link]
must contain public class HelloWorld.

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04 Data Types & Variables

Primitive Data Types

Type Size Range / Notes

byte 1 byte -128 to 127

short 2 bytes -32,768 to 32,767

int 4 bytes -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647

long 8 bytes Very large integers — suffix L: 100L

float 4 bytes ~6-7 decimal digits — suffix f: 3.14f

double 8 bytes ~15-16 decimal digits (default decimal)

char 2 bytes Single Unicode character: 'A', '\n'

boolean 1 bit true or false only

Declaring Variables
int age = 20;
double salary = 75000.50;
char grade = 'A';
boolean isStudent = true;
long population = 8000000000L;
float pi = 3.14f;

// var — local type inference (Java 10+)

var name = "Mudit"; // inferred as String
var list = new ArrayList<>(); // inferred as ArrayList

// Constants (final)
final double G = 9.81;
final int MAX_SIZE = 100;

// Type casting
int x = (int) 9.99; // → 9 (truncates)
double d = (double) 5 / 2; // → 2.5

Wrapper Classes
Primitive Wrapper Class

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int Integer

double Double

char Character

boolean Boolean

long Long

float Float

byte Byte

short Short

💡 TIP: Wrapper classes allow primitives to be used in Collections (ArrayList<Integer> not ArrayList<int>).
Autoboxing handles conversion automatically.

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05 Operators in Java

Arithmetic & Assignment Operators

Operator Operation & Example

+ - * / % Arithmetic: 7/2=3 (int div), 7.0/2=3.5

++ -- Increment/Decrement: x++ (post), ++x (pre)

= Assignment: x = 10

+= -= *= /= %= Compound: x += 5 is same as x = x + 5

** No power operator — use [Link](2, 10)

Comparison & Logical Operators

Operator Meaning & Example

Equal / Not equal (for primitives;

== != use .equals() for objects)

> < >= <= Relational: (8 > 3) → true

Logical AND — short-circuits if

&& first is false

Logical OR — short-circuits if first

|| is true

! Logical NOT: !true → false

?: Ternary: int max = (a>b) ? a : b;

Type check: if (obj instanceof

instanceof String)

// == vs .equals()
String s1 = new String("hello");
String s2 = new String("hello");
[Link](s1 == s2); // → false (different objects)
[Link]([Link](s2)); // → true (same content)

// instanceof (Java 16+ pattern matching)

Object obj = "Java";
if (obj instanceof String s) {

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[Link]([Link]()); // → JAVA
}

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06 Input & Output

Reading Input with Scanner

import [Link];

public class InputDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner([Link]);

[Link]("Enter name: ");

String name = [Link](); // read full line

[Link]("Enter age: ");

int age = [Link](); // read int

[Link]("Enter marks: ");

double marks = [Link](); // read double

[Link]("Name: %s, Age: %d, Marks: %.2f%n",

name, age, marks);
[Link]();
}
}

Scanner Methods
Method Reads

Full line as String (including

nextLine() spaces)

next() Single word (token) as String

nextInt() Integer value

nextDouble() Double value

nextFloat() Float value

nextLong() Long value

nextBoolean() Boolean (true/false)

hasNext() Returns true if more input exists

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printf Format Specifiers

Specifier Type

%d int / Integer

float / double (%.2f = 2 decimal

%f %.2f places)

%s String

%c char

%b boolean

Platform newline (preferred over \n

%n in printf)

Right-aligned integer in field of

%10d width 10

Left-aligned string in field of

%-10s width 10

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07 Control Flow — if / else / switch

if / else if / else
int score = 85;

if (score >= 90) {

[Link]("Grade: A");
} else if (score >= 80) {
[Link]("Grade: B"); // prints
} else if (score >= 70) {
[Link]("Grade: C");
} else {
[Link]("Grade: F");
}

// Ternary
String result = (score >= 50) ? "Pass" : "Fail";

switch Statement & switch Expression

// Traditional switch (Java)
int day = 3;
switch (day) {
case 1: [Link]("Mon"); break;
case 2: [Link]("Tue"); break;
case 3: [Link]("Wed"); break; // prints
default: [Link]("Other");
}

// Switch Expression (Java 14+) — cleaner!

String dayName = switch (day) {
case 1 -> "Monday";
case 2 -> "Tuesday";
case 3 -> "Wednesday";
default -> "Other";
};
[Link](dayName); // → Wednesday

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08 Loops — for, while, do-while, for-each

for Loop & Enhanced for-each

// Traditional for loop
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
[Link](i + " "); // → 0 1 2 3 4
}

// Enhanced for-each (for arrays & collections)

int[] nums = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
for (int n : nums) {
[Link](n + " "); // → 10 20 30 40 50
}

// Nested loops
for (int i = 1; i <= 3; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= 3; j++) {
[Link]("%4d", i * j);
}
[Link]();
}

while & do-while

// while loop
int n = 1;
while (n <= 5) {
[Link](n++);
}

// do-while — executes at least once

int num;
Scanner sc = new Scanner([Link]);
do {
[Link]("Enter positive: ");
num = [Link]();
} while (num <= 0);

Loop Control
Statement Effect

break Exit the loop immediately

continue Skip current iteration

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break label; Break out of outer/labelled loop

return Exit the entire method

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09 Methods (Functions)

Defining & Calling Methods

public class MathUtil {

// Static method — called without creating object

public static int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}

// Method with no return

public static void printGreeting(String name) {
[Link]("Hello, " + name + "!");
}

// Varargs — variable number of arguments

public static int sum(int... nums) {
int total = 0;
for (int n : nums) total += n;
return total;
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

[Link](add(3, 4)); // → 7
printGreeting("Mudit"); // → Hello, Mudit!
[Link](sum(1,2,3,4,5)); // → 15
}
}

Method Overloading
// Same name, different parameters
static int multiply(int a, int b) { return a * b; }
static double multiply(double a, double b) { return a * b; }
static int multiply(int a, int b, int c) { return a * b * c; }

multiply(3, 4); // → 12 (calls int version)

multiply(2.5, 4.0); // → 10.0 (calls double version)
multiply(2, 3, 4); // → 24 (calls 3-arg version)

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10 Arrays

1D Arrays
// Declaration & initialization
int[] marks = new int[5]; // size 5, default 0
int[] scores = {90, 85, 78, 92, 88}; // inline init
String[] names = new String[3];

// Access & modify

scores[0] = 95;
[Link](scores[2]); // → 78
[Link]([Link]);// → 5

// Traverse
for (int i = 0; i < [Link]; i++)
[Link](scores[i] + " ");

// for-each
for (int s : scores)
[Link](s + " ");

// Arrays utility
import [Link];
[Link](scores);
[Link]([Link](scores));
int[] copy = [Link](scores, 3);

2D Arrays
int[][] matrix = {
{1, 2, 3},
{4, 5, 6},
{7, 8, 9}
};

[Link](matrix[1][2]); // → 6
[Link]([Link]); // → 3 (rows)
[Link](matrix[0].length); // → 3 (cols)

// Traverse 2D
for (int[] row : matrix)
[Link]([Link](row));

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11 Strings & StringBuilder

String Basics
Strings in Java are immutable objects of the String class. Every modification creates a new object.
String name = "Mudit Bagra";
String greeting = new String("Hello");

// Length
[Link]() // → 11

// Concatenation
String full = "Hello " + name; // → Hello Mudit Bagra
String full2 = "Hi".concat(name);

// String methods
[Link]() // → MUDIT BAGRA
[Link]() // → mudit bagra
[Link](0) // → 'M'
[Link]("Bagra") // → 6
[Link](6) // → "Bagra"
[Link](0, 5) // → "Mudit"
[Link]("Bagra","Sharma") // → Mudit Sharma
[Link]() // removes leading/trailing spaces
[Link](" ") // → ["Mudit","Bagra"]
[Link]("Bagra") // → true
[Link]("Mudit") // → true
"42".equals("42") // → true
"abc".compareTo("abd") // → negative int
[Link](42) // → "42"
[Link]("42") // → 42

StringBuilder — Mutable Strings

// Use StringBuilder for heavy string manipulation (much faster)
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
[Link]("Hello");
[Link](", ");
[Link]("Mudit!");
[Link](5, " World");
[Link](5, 11);
[Link]();
[Link]([Link]());

// [Link] (like printf, returns String)

String msg = [Link]("Name: %s, Age: %d", "Mudit", 20);

// Text Block (Java 15+)

String json = """

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{
"name": "Mudit",
"age": 20
}
""";

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12 OOP — Classes & Objects

Defining a Class
public class Student {

// Fields (instance variables)

private String name;
private int rollNo;
private double marks;

// Constructor
public Student(String name, int rollNo, double marks) {
[Link] = name;
[Link] = rollNo;
[Link] = marks;
}

// Getter methods
public String getName() { return name; }
public int getRollNo() { return rollNo; }
public double getMarks() { return marks; }

// Setter method
public void setMarks(double marks) { [Link] = marks; }

// Instance method
public String getGrade() {
return marks >= 90 ? "A" : marks >= 80 ? "B" : "C";
}

// toString override
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Student{name=" + name + ", marks=" + marks + "}";
}
}

// Creating objects
Student s1 = new Student("Mudit", 42, 95.5);
Student s2 = new Student("Alice", 10, 88.0);

[Link]([Link]()); // → Mudit
[Link]([Link]()); // → A
[Link](s1); // calls toString()

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13 Constructors

Types of Constructors
public class Car {
String brand;
int year;
double price;

// 1. Default constructor (no args)

public Car() {
[Link] = "Unknown";
[Link] = 2024;
[Link] = 0.0;
}

// 2. Parameterized constructor
public Car(String brand, int year, double price) {
[Link] = brand;
[Link] = year;
[Link] = price;
}

// 3. Copy constructor
public Car(Car other) {
[Link] = [Link];
[Link] = [Link];
[Link] = [Link];
}

// Constructor chaining with this()

public Car(String brand) {
this(brand, 2024, 500000.0); // calls 3-arg constructor
}
}

Car c1 = new Car();

Car c2 = new Car("Tesla", 2024, 4500000.0);
Car c3 = new Car(c2); // copy

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14 Inheritance

extends — Single Inheritance

// Parent class
public class Animal {
String name;

public Animal(String name) { [Link] = name; }

public void eat() {

[Link](name + " is eating.");
}

public void sound() {

[Link]("Some sound...");
}
}

// Child class — inherits from Animal

public class Dog extends Animal {
String breed;

public Dog(String name, String breed) {

super(name); // call parent constructor
[Link] = breed;
}

@Override
public void sound() { // method overriding
[Link](name + " says: Woof!");
}

public void fetch() {

[Link](name + " fetches the ball!");
}
}

Dog d = new Dog("Rex", "Labrador");

[Link](); // inherited → Rex is eating.
[Link](); // overridden → Rex says: Woof!
[Link](); // own method
[Link](d instanceof Animal); // → true

💡 NOTE: Java supports single inheritance only (one parent class). Use interfaces to achieve multiple
inheritance-like behavior.

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15 Polymorphism

Runtime Polymorphism (Method Overriding)

// Parent reference can hold child object
Animal a1 = new Dog("Rex", "Lab");
Animal a2 = new Cat("Whiskers");

[Link](); // → Rex says: Woof! (Dog's version)

[Link](); // → Whiskers says: Meow! (Cat's version)

// Process array of Animals polymorphically

Animal[] zoo = { new Dog("Rex","Lab"), new Cat("Tom") };
for (Animal a : zoo) {
[Link](); // correct version called at runtime
}

Compile-time Polymorphism (Overloading)

// Method overloading — same name, different signatures
class Calculator {
static int add(int a, int b) { return a + b; }
static double add(double a, double b) { return a + b; }
static int add(int a, int b, int c) { return a+b+c; }
static String add(String a, String b) { return a + b; }
}

Overriding Rules
Rule Detail

Recommended — compiler checks

@Override annotation correct override

Name + parameters must match parent

Same method signature exactly

Can be covariant (subtype of parent

Return type return type)

Cannot be more restrictive than

Access modifier parent

Cannot override static, final, and private methods

Call parent's version from inside

[Link]() override

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16 Abstraction & Interfaces

Abstract Classes
abstract class Shape {
String color;

public Shape(String color) { [Link] = color; }

// Abstract method — no body, MUST be overridden

public abstract double area();

// Concrete method — has body, inherited as-is

public void display() {
[Link]("Color: %s, Area: %.2f%n", color, area());
}
}

class Circle extends Shape {

double radius;
public Circle(String color, double radius) {
super(color);
[Link] = radius;
}
@Override
public double area() { return [Link] * radius * radius; }
}

Shape s = new Circle("Red", 5.0);

[Link](); // → Color: Red, Area: 78.54

Interfaces
interface Drawable {
void draw(); // implicitly public abstract
default void show() { // default method (Java 8+)
[Link]("Showing...");
}
static void info() { // static method (Java 8+)
[Link]("Drawable interface");
}
}

interface Resizable {
void resize(double factor);
}

// Class implementing multiple interfaces

class Rectangle extends Shape implements Drawable, Resizable {
double width, height;
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public Rectangle(String c, double w, double h) {
super(c); width=w; height=h;
}
@Override public double area() { return width * height; }
@Override public void draw() { [Link]("Drawing rect"); }
@Override public void resize(double f) { width*=f; height*=f; }
}

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17 Encapsulation & Access Modifiers

Access Modifiers
Modifier Same Class Same Package / Subclass / Other

private ✅ Yes ❌ No / ❌ No / ❌ No

(default) ✅ Yes ✅ Yes / ❌ No / ❌ No

protected ✅ Yes ✅ Yes / ✅ Yes / ❌ No

public ✅ Yes ✅ Yes / ✅ Yes / ✅ Yes

static & final Keywords

class MathConstants {
// static — belongs to class, not instance
public static final double PI = 3.14159265;
public static int instanceCount = 0;

// static method — no 'this', call via class name

public static double circleArea(double r) {
return PI * r * r;
}
}

[Link]; // → 3.14159
[Link](5); // → 78.539

// final class — cannot be extended

final class Immutable { ... }

// final method — cannot be overridden

public final void lock() { ... }

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18 Exception Handling

try / catch / finally / throws

public static int divide(int a, int b) {
try {
int result = a / b;
return result;

} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
[Link]("Cannot divide by zero: " + [Link]());
return -1;

} catch (Exception e) { // catch-all

[Link]();
return -1;

} finally {
[Link]("Always runs — cleanup here");
}
}

// try-with-resources (auto-closes resource)

try (Scanner sc = new Scanner(new File("[Link]"))) {
while ([Link]())
[Link]([Link]());
} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
[Link]();
}

Checked vs Unchecked Exceptions

Type Examples & Notes

IOException, SQLException — must be

Checked Exceptions caught or declared with throws

NullPointerException,
Unchecked (RuntimeException) ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException —
optional to catch

OutOfMemoryError, StackOverflowError
Error — not meant to be caught

Custom Exceptions
class InsufficientFundsException extends Exception {

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private double amount;
public InsufficientFundsException(double amount) {
super("Insufficient funds: need " + amount + " more");
[Link] = amount;
}
public double getAmount() { return amount; }
}

void withdraw(double amount) throws InsufficientFundsException {

if (amount > balance)
throw new InsufficientFundsException(amount - balance);
balance -= amount;
}

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19 Collections Framework

List — ArrayList & LinkedList

import [Link].*;

// ArrayList — dynamic array, fast random access

ArrayList<String> names = new ArrayList<>();
[Link]("Alice");
[Link]("Bob");
[Link](0, "Mudit"); // insert at index
[Link](1); // remove by index
[Link]("Bob"); // remove by value
[Link]([Link](0)); // → Mudit
[Link]([Link]()); // → 2
[Link](names);

// LinkedList — fast insert/delete

LinkedList<Integer> ll = new LinkedList<>();
[Link](1); [Link](3); [Link](1, 2);
[Link](); [Link]();

Set & Map

// HashSet — no duplicates, unordered
Set<String> set = new HashSet<>();
[Link]("Java"); [Link]("Python"); [Link]("Java");
[Link]([Link]()); // → 2

// TreeSet — sorted order

Set<Integer> sorted = new TreeSet<>([Link](5,2,8,1));
[Link](sorted); // → [1, 2, 5, 8]

// HashMap — key-value pairs

Map<String, Integer> scores = new HashMap<>();
[Link]("Mudit", 95);
[Link]("Alice", 88);
[Link]("Mudit"); // → 95
[Link]("Bob", 0); // → 0
[Link]("Mudit"); // → true

for ([Link]<String, Integer> e : [Link]())

[Link]([Link]() + " → " + [Link]());

// LinkedHashMap — insertion order preserved

// TreeMap — sorted by key

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20 Generics

Generic Classes & Methods

// Generic class — T is type parameter
public class Box<T> {
private T value;

public Box(T value) { [Link] = value; }

public T getValue() { return value; }

@Override
public String toString() { return "Box[" + value + "]"; }
}

Box<String> strBox = new Box<>("Hello");

Box<Integer> intBox = new Box<>(42);

[Link]([Link]()); // → Hello
[Link]([Link]()); // → 42

// Generic method
public static <T extends Comparable<T>> T max(T a, T b) {
return [Link](b) > 0 ? a : b;
}

max(10, 20); // → 20
max("apple","mango"); // → mango

// Wildcards
void printList(List<?> list) { // any type
for (Object o : list) [Link](o);
}
void sumList(List<? extends Number> l) { // Number or subtype
double sum = 0;
for (Number n : l) sum += [Link]();
}

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21 File I/O — [Link] & [Link]

Reading & Writing Files

import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;

// Write using BufferedWriter

try (BufferedWriter bw = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter("[Link]"))) {
[Link]("Hello, File!");
[Link]();
[Link]("Second line");
} catch (IOException e) { [Link](); }

// Read using BufferedReader

try (BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("[Link]"))) {
String line;
while ((line = [Link]()) != null)
[Link](line);
} catch (IOException e) { [Link](); }

// NIO.2 — simpler (Java 7+)

Path path = [Link]("[Link]");
[Link](path, "Content here");
String content = [Link](path);
List<String> lines = [Link](path);

// Check file existence

[Link](path);
[Link](path);
[Link](path);

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22 Multithreading

Creating Threads
// Method 1: Extend Thread
class MyThread extends Thread {
@Override
public void run() {
[Link]("Thread: " + getName() + " running");
}
}
MyThread t1 = new MyThread();
[Link](); // starts new thread (do NOT call run() directly)

// Method 2: Implement Runnable (preferred)

class MyTask implements Runnable {
@Override
public void run() {
[Link]([Link]().getName());
}
}
Thread t2 = new Thread(new MyTask(), "WorkerThread");
[Link]();

// Method 3: Lambda (Java 8+)

Thread t3 = new Thread(() -> [Link]("Lambda thread"));
[Link]();

// Thread methods
[Link](1000); // sleep 1 second
[Link](); // wait for thread to finish
[Link](); // check if running
[Link](Thread.MAX_PRIORITY);

synchronized Keyword
class Counter {
private int count = 0;

// synchronized — only one thread at a time

public synchronized void increment() {
count++;
}
public int getCount() { return count; }
}

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23 Java 8+ Features — Lambdas & Streams

Lambda Expressions
// Functional interface — single abstract method
@FunctionalInterface
interface MathOperation {
int operate(int a, int b);
}

// Lambda syntax: (params) -> expression

MathOperation add = (a, b) -> a + b;
MathOperation mult = (a, b) -> a * b;

[Link]([Link](3, 4)); // → 7
[Link]([Link](3, 4)); // → 12

// Common functional interfaces

Predicate<Integer> isEven = n -> n % 2 == 0;
Function<String,Integer> strLen = s -> [Link]();
Consumer<String> printer = s -> [Link](s);
Supplier<String> hello = () -> "Hello World";

[Link](4); // → true
[Link]("Java"); // → 4

Stream API
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;

List<Integer> nums = [Link](1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10);

// filter + map + collect

List<Integer> result = [Link]()
.filter(n -> n % 2 == 0) // keep evens
.map(n -> n * n) // square each
.collect([Link]());
// → [4, 16, 36, 64, 100]

// reduce
int sum = [Link]().reduce(0, Integer::sum); // → 55

// count, min, max, average

long count = [Link]().filter(n->n>5).count(); // → 5
Optional<Integer> max = [Link]().max(Integer::compareTo);

// sorted, distinct, limit, skip

[Link]().sorted().distinct().limit(5).forEach([Link]::println);

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 JAVA PROGRAMMING — Complete Study Notes | Mudit Bagra | Page 36
// String joining
List<String> names = [Link]("Alice","Bob","Mudit");
String joined = [Link]().collect([Link](", "));
// → "Alice, Bob, Mudit"

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 JAVA PROGRAMMING — Complete Study Notes | Mudit Bagra | Page 37

24 Packages & Important Java APIs

Creating & Using Packages

// File: com/myapp/utils/[Link]
package [Link];

public class MathUtil {

public static int square(int n) { return n * n; }
}

// Import in another file

import [Link];
import [Link].*; // import all

[Link](5); // → 25

Key Java APIs

Package Contents Key Classes

[Link] Auto-imported always String, Math, Object, System, Integer

[Link] Utilities & ArrayList, HashMap, Scanner, Arrays, Date

Collections

[Link] Classic File I/O File, BufferedReader, FileWriter,

Serializable

[Link] Modern File I/O Path, Files, Paths

[Link] Big numbers BigInteger, BigDecimal

[Link] Modern date/time LocalDate, LocalDateTime, Duration

[Link] Networking URL, HttpURLConnection, Socket

[Link] Thread utilities ExecutorService, Future,

ConcurrentHashMap

[Link] Stream API Stream, Collectors, Optional

[Link] — Modern Date/Time API

import [Link].*;

LocalDate today = [Link]();

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LocalTime now = [Link]();
LocalDateTime dt = [Link]();

[Link](today); // → 2025-03-21
[Link]([Link]()); // → 2025
LocalDate birthday = [Link](2000, 6, 15);
long days = [Link](birthday, today);
LocalDate future = [Link](30).plusMonths(1);

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 JAVA PROGRAMMING — Complete Study Notes | Mudit Bagra | Page 39

25 Quick Reference Cheat Sheet

JAVA CHEAT SHEET

Primitive Types Summary

Type Size Default Value

byte 1 byte 0

short 2 bytes 0

int 4 bytes 0

long 8 bytes 0L

float 4 bytes 0.0f

double 8 bytes 0.0

char 2 bytes '\u0000'

boolean — false

OOP Concepts Summary

Concept Java Implementation

Class class ClassName { ... }

Object ClassName obj = new ClassName();

Inheritance class Child extends Parent { }

Interface class X implements Interface { }

abstract class Shape { abstract

Abstract class double area(); }

private fields + public

Encapsulation getters/setters

Method overriding (@Override) +

Polymorphism overloading

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Constructor Same name as class, no return type

static Belongs to class, not instance

Cannot change (variable) / extend

final (class) / override (method)

Refers to parent class constructor /

super method

this Refers to current object

Collections Quick Reference

Collection Best Used For

ArrayList<T> Fast random access, dynamic array

Fast insert/delete, queue/deque

LinkedList<T> operations

Unique elements, fast lookup,

HashSet<T> unordered

TreeSet<T> Unique elements, sorted order

LinkedHashSet<T> Unique elements, insertion order

HashMap<K,V> Key-value pairs, fast lookup

TreeMap<K,V> Key-value pairs, sorted by key

Min-heap / max-heap / priority

PriorityQueue<T> processing

ArrayDeque<T> Double-ended queue, stack operations

☕ Happy Coding in Java! — Mudit Bagra ☕

Java Programming Notes • Mudit Bagra • For Academic Excellence