4. 3. 2. 1. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1.

7) cExplain
c 1) base.
degreethe What Discuss 0.2M
expression How Discuss How WhatExplain Calculate
indicator Write Calculate
at
concentration acid.
ObtainDiscuss
25°[Link]
is does will is HCl notes an the
the meant acid-base
for acid common a
8)b 2)c you buffer with the thexpression
e
applicationshydrolysisof the for a
base
determine pH
on
in
Lewis
by tbuffer
he 50 the K degree
Part different solution. Part
salt pH Part titrations ion dissOciation
ml
of 0.001
- concept
9)d a 1.85
3)c - [Link]. solution of -C effect. solution of Mof for -
A of of
acid-base solution.
buffer a pH 0.25M x the B
- (8 and of What Discuss agqueous
dissociation (5
solubility
Answer a 10-5
dissociation acidsmarks) of
salt marks) obtained
4)d maintain use buffer a NaOH. of
of Explain
weakObtain buffer are water.
titration. of solution and
product indicators. its
[Link]. by and
5)
a acid
and
an
the pH. applications?
mixing constant bases.
expression hydrogenof
principle. choice Osbtain
acetic
6)b stro 25ml of
ac i w.
hydrogen nature. in
Similarities Rh", metals agent. outermost shell.
Similaritiesresembles
group [Link] 2.1.
i) i ) Hydrogen i) ii) i )
is
etc, Likevi) v) iv) i) Hydrogen Position 2.
Hydrogen Similar Both Hydrogen
form Similar The Like CHEMISTRY
forms hydrogen
halogens:
with hydrogen
alkali stable valency
alkali with
to to is of
formshydride hydrogen

hydrides ion
halogens, [Link] alsometals oxidesforms alkali of metals, alkali metals the
forms
S: which
and
a hydrogen
metals mnetals
first
of Hydrogen OF
stalin
37 alkali likestable hydrogen element
group inS-BLOCK
H
which Aciol
positive Na,0, hydrogen the
form oxide, and :
with metals Periodic
form HNO alkali has asl in
halogens positive K,O the
ion, form H,0 well
carbon halide etc. is
metals
one
periodic
ELEMENTS
H2s0yHCU H*. [Link] similarly good a electron as
Table
diatomicare halogens
(eg. ions
reducing one. is
Na", table.
CH,, (X), K,
alkali in
the of It
 Hydroxides:producing
Hydrogen bases. oxides other the Oxides:
Carbonates 2.2. halogen, [Link])
treated
Eventhough CCl,(eg.. C,H,)
i) iv) iii) i)
metals i)
Elements iv)
alkali Comparitive
Alkali Na,0 Oxides Monoxides are Lithium Alkali as CH,CI, Hydrogen
+ Halogens
[Link] is either metals form a its
Li, and group
metals + metals resembles
hydrogen
behaviour alkali
H,0 are
yellow
andnormal Na,
form
Bicarbonates
study of in also
generally and sodium react its FeCl, organic
react K, METALSALKALI form
’ or super oxides Rb, own.
2NaOH peroxides
with of is
38 with orange Cs
basic oxide
form
and
Oxides, anomalous. ’CHCl compounds, halogen
of
oxygen of
water
coloured. monoxides the Fr
Alkali
and are also. type are
Hydroxides, substituted
to to called
olo|2 +
give colourless.
react M,0. form metals: Hydrogen metal HCI canbe
and
hydroxides with alkalimetals
oxides. as substituted compound
peroxide Halides
wate Supe
iswell
AU bes
a
Carbonates:
Carbonate halogens orderthe are Halides: This which weak
base.
i) iii) i)
colourless i) iii) i)
reaction iv)
Alkali Halides They Alkali Hydroxides
2KOH NaOH is 2Na
to Fluroride less Hydroxides
All
are the +
form are
crystallinemetals BrF,KF
+ KI crystallinemetals + + issoluble.
hydroxide 2H,0
Deereasing of highly HCI’ called
polyhalides.+
1, alkali >
H,SO, react are
form Chloride form neutralisation
metals soluble. strong
solids ’ solids with are
carbonates
39 KI, order halides NaCl+ 2NaOH
K[Brt,] ’ > K,SO, soluble bases
react Bromide acids
with of The with
solubility of H,0 +
high with solubility high the +reaction. to in except H,T
of > 2H,0 give water
melting the halogen
interand lodide melting type
LiOH
type MX. salt except
decreases
points. and which
points. Halides
M,CO,. water. Li(OH)
in is
a
 hydroxide. i ) nitrides.
form to Bicarbonates:
i) 2.3. carbonate. Lithium Co, [Link] which
Lithium Lithium
Lithium i1) i ) i) iv) i i) i)
Diagonal
3Mg+ 6Li On Alkali Na,CO,Carbonates Alkali
2NaHCO, Bicarbonates
bicarbonate decomposes All
hydroxides +resembles
and gentle the
N,
N,’ megnesium
Relationship metals
+ metal Li,CO, carbonates
heating, 2HCI react on
’2Li,N megnesium A unstable. are isform carbonates
isM8, soluble with heating
A,
weak
a
Na,C0,
bicarbonates solid are
40 N, directly of ’ acids stable
base Li bicarbonates
in 2NaCl+ are
Li,0 giving
with
in
combine manyH,0+CO, +
water. producing +
similar soluble C0,lithiumexcept
Mg: decompose H,0
of lithium
to with its except + salt, in oxide
magnesiu propere CO, water
nitrog watera carbong
and carbo
to lithiu
gi n .
andH,vii)
Vii) hydroxides oxides vi) to v) heating iv) heating. iii)
Lithium give
Lithium Both
Lithium Both Lithium
LiCI.
2H,0 2H,02Li + 2Mg 4LiO,+
Mg2Li
(Li,0
chlorides. MgCO,Li,cO, Mg(OH),2LiOH
MgCl,.
6H,0 2H,0 Mg
+ metals lithium
+Cl,’ + and
+ and Cl,
and 0, and nagnesium and
magnesium react magnesium
Mg0) They A and
’ ’2LiCI +CO,
MgO , A,magnesiun
’2LioOH H, + with ’2Li, O magnesium
Li,0
(OH),
’Mg H. 2MgO Mg have MgO Li,0
+
41
salts
water when Cl, combine many CO,
+
H,0 +
H,0 hydroxides
are slowly burnt similarities. carbonates
with
hydrated
and in dry
air decompose
form CI, decompose
fom
on
metallic normal heating
on on
 mercury
(NaHg)Sodium which to Preparation 2.4.
clectrolysis
NaOH. water a i) i)Sedium
V) iv) i i)
denuder
2NaHg
2H,0 + Sodium
Mercury
is Hg
Na move
+Na+ e Electrolysis The The Sodium
circulated. dissolves is
towardsconnected anodeapparatus of of
NaCl Hydroxide,
ercu
to
brne amalgam hydroxidecollect
NaOH
is is
recycled It in
’ cathode of to
mercury solution
made consists
reacts Na/Hg Na brine the mercuBy. using
is of is NaOH
42 ’ collected
to and cathode. steel produced
ofa(Brine
2NaOH the with (Sodium and solution Mecury
[Link]
sodium rectangular
coated (Caustic
Werury
Dende
in
form solution) on
coad
Arade + amalgam) the produces Cathode
a
H, to sodium metal with large Soda)
+ denuder
produce tank
Hg is titanium scale Cell:
produce
amalgz Na
connecte
whe by
pu io an t
ofNaOH:
Uses The tetrahydrate
etc.) strong
Properties
NaOH: of
iv) iii) i ) i)
v) iv) ii) i ) i) reaction vi) v)
Used Used Used Used Used
Sodium Oil It It It It Itbase.
dissolve
Sodium
reacts reacts reacts forms
fa t / Due
in for for for as is 2NaOHSO, +
petrochemical the the the lab a (soap) salt NaOH called with with NaOH
+ with several hydroxide
in to
manufacturereagent.
manufacture
manutactunre of oil acidic acids corrosive
water,
saponification.
fatty + hydrates
and HCI
oxide to the is
acid
43 fat form nature a
ndustry to such ([Link] white
of of of glycerol give NaCl salt
Ruyon soap pulp [Link],H,0 - it
crystalline
as and in is
and and soap SO.. - highly called
(Artiical H,0 watet.
[Link]. and pentahydrate.
[Link].
glycerol.
tibre). soda. It
is
a
 Na,C0,:Usesof melting
point.
high
Properties
Na,Co, of sodium
formed. is cold this
Preparation 2.5.
ii) ii) i) iv) iii) i) i) i) i)
Used Used It
’H,CO,
Na,C0,+ It
It 2H,0
Aqueous Sodium 2NaHCO,
NH,HCO, Reactions
NaCl +NH,
saturated
process
Sodium
Sodium
is is
reacts bicarbonate
used not
in as +
food water a ascorrosive with solutioncarbonate H,0+ carbondioxide
solutioncarbonate Carbonate
(Solvay
:
a (Washing
processing lab acids is
softener. CO, filtered of
reagent. and to of Na,CO,+ Process)
is (Na,C0,)
44 sodium is sodium soda
safe give a and
prepared
and and
tosalt
white
NaHCO, ’HCONH, ’ ammonia
chloride.
heated.
or
modifier. P#
IP carbonte
handle.water2NaOH CO, soda
+crystalline
by
+ ash)
and H,ONH,CI + Sodium Solvay
The are
is
a
CO,. weak solid passed
passedinitnoto
precipita procese
carbon
bast wit
(II, potassium bromide.
give 2.6.
photographic Uses: ions. Properties:
Preparation: i) v) iv)
i) i) i) iii) i ) i) I) i) Potassium
This It KBr 4K,CO,
Fe,Br, + It 2K At Used Used
Used Potassium
It
reacts
It
is Bromide is
is + room
used reaction is a also Br, in in
as papers AgNO, with KBrK*+ Br crystalline
an the the
a as ionic prepared
(Fe,Br,) temperature
’ Bromide,
sedative. abromide manufacture
manufacture
laboratory and is silver
KBr + 2KBr ’
used salt.
plates. powder, by
is for nitrate It the potassium KBr
45
serves ’
used making 8KBr reaction of of
reagent. ’ to freely detergents glass.
in AgBr give as +
photographic silver
the soluble
a Fe,0, and
source of
+ K,CO, bromine
manufacture KNO, + and
bromide. in
water. 4C0,
of
with
soaps.
bromide react
plates.
Iron to
of
 Uses: properly. give K´ Properties : Preparation gas [Link]
7. reducefits)
V)iv) iii) i ) i) v) IV) PotasSIum Solid
i)
Used ItUsed Used It KCl 11) and
chlorate i) 6KOH3CI, + is
passed Potassium 1) iv)
is is2KCIO, reacts It 2KCIO, It CIO," It IUscd
is and is is
inused in for used a a
the match powerful O,. potassiunm
ions. white into : used as
asmaking as +with Potassium Chlorate, an
manufacture a an L, a
fertiliser.
[Link] iodine ’2KCl
+30, crystalline hot anticonvulsant.
as
a
explosives. chlorate ’5KCI solution
46 ’2KI0, tooxidising decomposes chlorateKCIO,
heat
of agent.
give solid, + of stabilizer
paper. + agent.
potassium
dissolves KCI0,
Cl, soluble KOH. is
on
formed
It + (Used for
must slight in
[Link]
3H,0
iodate. water to when nylon.
be heating
stored form
chloridhervllium
basic. 6)earth members
stable.
5) artemperature.
e 4)
liberating 3) tomuch
y metals:
Difference i ) ü) i) the 2.8.
Other 7. The 1)
Beryllium Beryllium Rervllum The LargerHigher Small Beryllium
other
Beryllium oxides TheBeryllium
metals higher
Anamalous
alkaline
Be oxides melting size alkaline
+ hydrogen. polarising value is
and are between due
2NaOH carthreacts and carbonate Other does the isthan and
nitride of
of
to
and
hydroxides
non-volatile. other beryllium earthBehaviour
its Alkaline
metals
earth
metals with hydroxides hardest
alkaline not ionisation
is boilingBeryllium power compounds
volatile. is
react
alkaline metals.
’Na,
47 alkalies
do of unstable. of of and of
earth all points energy This
BeO, not other of with the earth beryllium
and its Beryllium
react bery Nitrides The metals ioanomalous
n. differ
+ and metals elementsmetals. of other
water and
H,with l ium berylium in
Jliberate inare
carbonates
of decompose
ion.
electro many :
alkalies. this other even n alkaline
behaviour
hydrogen. amphoteric.
group
alkaline of at
grop
is metal negativity. ways
other water high earth from
are are of
 atoms.
hydrogen gives
hydrogen
bridged fromthe 3.
different hydrogen Structure
2. 1. 180°C. 2. ether Diborane,
Preparation 1. B,:H2.,9. alkaline 8.
Raman This InThe It It Chemistry Beryllium
tetramethyl
only B,H, 3LiAIH,
4BCI,
is +
using is
structure nolecular 2BF, also prepared
atoms spectra bridged of carth
thereDiborane +
prepared lithium
are is H H 6NaH ofmetalcarbide
shows
different othersupported structure formula
are
180°C aluminium by p-blockcarbides
Therefore
diborane. two. only by ’ the on
that (B,H)
48 ’ the reduction elements hydrolysis
from H H
is 12 of
Methylation
four by diborane B,H,‘ reduction 2B,H , give
proposed.
valence hydride.
the electron
the
of
‘ of (Groups acetylene.
two gives
hydrogen electrons. is 6NaF + +3LiCl of boron
the diffraction
H H B,H. BF,
of
diborane
four with trichloride
+ 13methane.
terminal atoms Hence 3AlCI, and
studies. NaH
also are 14) Othe
a t in
Borazine,
1.B,N,H
Preparation 2.: 10. 3-centeredsinglyorbital and Eachdeficiency.
other filled electron
s
length
bond )
NHCI
Borazine
in structure
The Similarly
H, sp
the
filled ofthree atom
Three Bridged
B perpendicular The

atomorbital B, centred B-H terminal

vaccum 2
prepared1S overlap
one
electron
- ls atom, are has bond is 1. to
of on orbital singly four two 1.19A A
at vacant the
diborane B' onevacant length hydrogen
230°C. toatom bond electron
sp (closeto rest
by form sp of [Link] is of
orbital (3c one 1.33
49
heating is
another and Now,
bond
normal
the
atoms
singly - H, sporbitals, A
molecule.
a of2e). atomorbital (3c
abnormally
3e B, one bond occupy
mixture filled
- 2e)
-
2e atom, overlap of singly one length
Terminal
of bond. ls B, being
long
LiBH, orbital one atomand filled
to 1.15
singly form vacant due B-H
plane
and of sp to
 the 5.
hybridised. [Link]
3. Structure
2. 1. : 200°c. at 2.
filled In It
Borazine Borazine
Molecular li
borazine, is is
2p planar a and 3B.H,.2NH, 2NH,
B,H, + also }NH,CI
orbital is
resembles
benzene prepared
isoelectronic
themolecule formula
vacant
of 3LiBH, +
by
of 2, 200°C
nitrogen are ratio1:2
benzene. 120°C
heating
50 2p in [Link]
orbital which with ’B,H,.2NH,
2B,N,H, 20
to diammonate
diborane of
form benzene. The is Borazine the
Borazine
B
ofphysica-properties B,N,H
diammonate B,N,H,
a
boron and
bond.
n
N 12H, + +3LiCl
overlaps atoms

are
of
with diboran +
sp 9H.
of
1 6.
Cooled. Preparation
then Borax:of
filteratefiltered
From
55% Occurrence:
borax.
about up
lakesBorax Borax
Borax 2.: 11.
borazicompl
The ne ete The
Chemistry structure n
Borazine
H-NO H-8O is
Crystals is
concentrated
tincal of
occurs the
is
not orbitals
delocalization
India, B,0,·
10H,Na,0sodium
of to : of of like
of
remove Tincal naturally Borax: borazinebenzene.
of
fN
bo
borax Tibet, ON-H O8-H

til boiledis
salt
is and
seperat51esimpurities Srilanka
mineral
as of is not B
crystal ization with
boric
possible. differ
out. of and acid.
water tincal in
sand, U.S.A. in Henceenergy
begins clay and Benzene
the certain
I chemically and
and [Link] contains hence
then The dried
 produce a111) i ) water i) of
Properties
Borax: acid ii) crystallise
borax. intoremaining solution. is i )
consisting
This bead is
clear Na,B,0, ItNa,CO, then TheCa,B,0,
glass
Borax Aqueous From
to4NaBO, borax. finely From
but is
different liquid a produce treated insoluble
solublewhite Boric
bead bead powdered
+t
solution + + The solution + Colemanite
colour is which of test7H,0 crystalline in
4H,BO, borax acid: Co, solution
with
2Na,C0,
called
sodium
: ’ of hot ’ containingcalcium
beads.'borax solidifies When2NaOH borax water. -’ Sodium
Na,B,0, CO,, and
(Ca,B,O,)
is
52
metaborate solid. Na,B,0, nowsodium carbonate -’ boilcd
bead'.
borax
to
is
carbonate concentrated borax Na,B,0,
+
alkaline It +
a4H,BO,
transparent is is + N,CO, metaborate and with :The
6H,0
2NabBO,+ + sodiummineral
Different and heated, less
boric
due reacts sodium is
to soluble + filtered
it CO, and
anhydride.
metal glassmeltshydrolysis. with ia
in cooled
convertedmetaborat: off.
ions like into cold boric 2CaCo carboncoleman
to Th

OXygen
atoms. Structure ethyl iv) [Link]
burn Formation
Ethylborate:
triethylborate In
In Na,B,0,+
H,BO, with the
This
alcoholand
green boraxsimple
HO
Borax, of + green
2c,H,OHH,SO,+
Borax
the B
edged are with of colour test
test
: concentrated
sulphuric
produced. acid, proved
four cobalt
OH B B OH
’ flame. when
boran
0 SH,0-’ that
53 B(0C,H), produces
hot. vitamin
atoms When Nickal
2Na3H,0OH
Na,s0, blue B,,
borax is
are 3H,0 + + produces
[Link]
bonded 4H,B0, vapours heated
of
yellow- Copper cobalt.
through
 insoluble
dissolvesi ) 130°[Link]
at i) Corundum
a Aluminium Al,0,ii) groups.
of OHtotwo
hydroxide
tank Cryolite
Al,0,.3H,0 i ) i)Ores 2.12.
Na,AIFBauxite : as iv) m) i ) Borax: i) Uses
Al,0,.2H,0
2NaOH + Al,0, Bauxite a ItUsed Borax Borax
Extraction moth is boran Two
called used as
impurties
solution. ore repellant. is is atoms boran
is a
as used used
digester'generally preservative
is of of
an atoms are
are to ThisBauxite: as as
powdered Aluminium: insecticide a a
filtered for softening
cleaning sp
54
give process
2-8 (Leaching
obtained
and
hydridised. are
sp'
3H,0 +sodium
’2NaAlO, off. hourous and 10% food
leaching
of from agent. agent. hydridized
digested solution
additive.
meta-aluminate. at Process)Bauxite Boran
high
is
carried with
pressure ore.
of atoms and
borax
sodium
the
The out araree remain
and is
in use bon

i) v) alumiAln,aO, iv) ii)

reacts iv)molten iii) theincathode
i)
Overall
reaction :
2Al,0, Solution
molten in of
cryclite
aluminiuncxde -
At At Pure Electrolysis
h the electrolytic
witaluminium. the
The
Alu mi ni2NaAl
um O, carbondioxide The
cathode
electrolytic
and
alumina sodium
+ Stetelan
carbonanode graphite 2AI(OH), + gas, +

3C4Al of hydroxide CO,

of 0, ItAl* cel(Al, l. 0,) meta
the is
The acts Alcelul mina. aluminium
+aluminate
ses combines mixed contasains 3H,0’2A\OH),
anode locollected
3C0,
55 melt anode. is
Hall
electtorons atwith iswith carbon -3H,Al,0, heated hydroxidesolution is
form the electrolymolten -
CO [Link]
Heroul t pureto
and lin i n g 1500C is
Cam
and sed ite
cryol precipitated. stirred
then
Ancce become and at whiProcess:
ch Na,CO,
C0. 850C. getto
0.. become taken
is acts
It as with
 Hindalium AInico
Bronze Duralumin
Aluminium Magnalium iv) i) 2.14. )iv) ii) ii) i)2.13. 3e’Al AI" + At
Magnalium Aluminium The from Aluminium
Used Aluminium the
NameAlnico It
Alloys is Uses
Extraction cathode
important used
and
for its of
making ores
Al, | andFe
of in
Aluminium
Ni= Al 2%
Ti Co -0.5%
Al95%
Ni
- Al Mg v) i ) alloys metal
the is :
Al
[Link]: (Aluminothermic used
Mg, = 95% Duraluminalloys of
5 158-= 69% Composition household extraction
Mn, - are dust in Al
24% -
12%
26% Cu--92% are the Flow
56 Cr, Cu Mg used isfield
Si
Cu 0.5% -
4% 5% - iii) : used chart-Refer C+ C+0 Anouethe At
20
[Link] of
manganese in of
=
6osensors, Aluminium severalprocess).
Mn transport,
utensiles
Makingmotors usedin
microphones
paint
ornaments
are Cheap
magnets
Alnico Making
Coins
Pressure
CookerAutomobile
AiCraft
r parts
parts Air
industries. Page
craft industry.
Electronic parts Uses bronze construction
and +4eC0, CO+ 2e
No.66
chromium

etc,

linkage) [Link].
a CO, 3.
soild. *CC, Carbon Carbon, [Link] hybridisation
has Dissimilarities: 4. compounds.
alkali 2 tablCeTh.e 1.2.15.
In Oxides Carbon Si
Carbon covalency Examples Carbon
from many SiO, CO;forming The
Comparison
1Scannot
silicon
while a shows other the 2NaOH’Na,Co.,+ +H,0 +
of and clectronic
general and
has gas 6
4 CH,, :with +H.0carbonatescarbon
2NaOH’Na,SiO,
compounds 14
at be members. first
and silicon silicon sil
easily maximum tetrahedral of
maxihmas um room 6. member C,H, and
are
[Ne]3s'2s'3p', ,[He]
2p
belongCarbon
less temperaurehydrolysed SiH, carbon andsiliconare
57 non
covalency in geometry. silicates. configuration
ns'np. is toand
[Link] this silicates metals
groupSilicon
group and acidic
tor while while of and 14 :
4 )ers etc. silicon
catenation SiO, SiCl, while and
react
form
the
of
is is in take covalent periodic
(self hard
a
easily silicon many
sp with
 of 1) Preparation asgas 2.16. [Link]
(Hydrocarbons) compicxes [Link].C=0,C=
Stablc IN bonds
such
suiphur Taylor' ) unstable. 9. 6. $.
Ins catalyst(CH,)Carbon Hal1des Carbon The Idc
The Carbon
thus CH,4S Carbon of
acts oxyacid silicon lower
process
vapour atand
d1sulhide as ofsuch docs casilv
electric 600°C of forms Lewiscarbon
suiphur oxide
Disulphide,
carbondisulphide whilc as of is
wicarbon
th [SiF,J unstable
not carbon foms
process large do of
in is
ac1ds.
hcated preparcd silancs not carbon
disulphide 2H,S ’CS, the fom (H,CO) pa
58
CS,: number act S,C
charcoal. : presence (C0)
are as
complexes.
by
: Lewis = pr
is the less is is N,
prepared of of unstablc, stable, multiple
while
reaction in acids.
Al,0, numberstable
by While Silicon while Si
the or
of
while does bonds
silica hydrides
and
action natural silicon the
forms H,Sio not such
gel are lowe fo

6) reactsZ) 4) 3) 2) 1) acetate.
wileadth
Properties : sulphurandprituoduced topthof
e consists
a

With
sodiumthiocarbonate
also
lt It It mixture
is
withair.
Vapours Carbon
The The The
mixture It
CS, 3CS, ’Na(S, reacts CS,
Na,SCS, decomposed 2CS, bad crude heat
NH, usifurnace.
ng sulphurof
thiocarbonate + disulphide
smell
of
2NH, r 6NaOH It + 2H,0’c0,
with s0,’200 CS, carbonproduced
reacts of
forms with is due is carb on Thecylindrical
a
’ by highly
amnenum aquevus an sodium
to is disulphide [Link] furnace and
water a heated
trom charcoal
volatile
impurity
inftamebie
NaC0 -
suip'de 2HS above - the is electric I
4S0. charcoal
purtfed is heated
thiucarbueale - I$0° und
liqud electrc which
furnace
NaCs to wth to using is
fom rc added
om distilaton bygrve an The
- n a vapourises electrnc
H0 piosrve bad fromcharge
oium
smel. arc the is
 (H,CO,).
Permonocarbonate: Percarbonates
Example acids. 2.17. 4. Uses: Structure : 8) Chlorine:
With 7)
3. 2. 1.
Permonocarbonates Percarbonates (Cellulose
wool)
It It ItCS, Carbon changes CS, FeCl,
is is is It
The used used used is is3C1,
Cs, + reacts
to
: an disulphide stored
free
perdicarbonate
Potassium
K,C,0,
perdicarbonate
Na,C,o,
SodiumBarium
pemonocarbonate BaCO,
Na,CO, for for
forexcellent CS, fom
with
the the the to
acid are
productionproduction
vulcanisation CS. in FeCl,CCl, CI,
is has dark
unstable. tharee
Sodium salts solvent and in
S=C=S a
60 of linear coloured’CCl, S,Cl, +S,CI, the
salts permonocarbonate permono presence
The of of for
of CCI,. viscos offats structure.
important rubber. bottles
permonocarbonic and
and rayon. of
oils. small
perdicarbonic since
salts
are amounts
acid sunligh
of

Example acid
Perdicarbonates
(H,C,0)
carbonate theyStructure:
Permonocarbanates
have on Permono
hydrogen eld ii)es:
peroxide.
from Kli )
yiPropert
Action PreC0par,[Link]:
is
Na,CO, Na,CO, sodiumsodium
perdicarbonate
PotassiumK,C.,
:: of
peroxide
given carbonates Ba0,Na,0, permonocarbonate
Na,CO,
permonocarbonate
BaCO, sodium
barium
+ + water peroxide and
2Kl
:Perdicarbonates linaskage H,0+’Na,CO,act + + barium
: CO,’CO,’ +
61
C H,
(0-0). 0’Na,
hydrolysis
C0, Permonocarbonates
as and salts
ONa
O-ONa oxidising respectively.
peroxide
barium
BaCO,Na,co, are
are The prepared
salts structure yield agents. H,0,
+
ofperdicarbonic H,.,. 2KOH
of They on
hydrolysis the
by
permono Hen
+1, liberate action
of
 Structure:
iv) iii) i ) Properties:
and i) perdicarbonate using Preparation
of :
The It It Decomposition
It
decomposes
Potassium
cold a
reduces liberates reacts platinum
K,C.0,+HSO,’
K,C,0,
PbO, +
K,C,0,+2KI’
structure 2K,C,0, K,Co,
saturated
with :2KCO,
anode
At At perdicarbonate
PbO,, iodine cathode: is
KO
of dil on electrodes.
deposited
potassium H,SO, heating :
Cathode
’ solution
K
C-0-0-c MnO, form Potassium
2K,CO, 2K®
and KI +During
PbCO,KMnO,’ 2K, KSO,+ give give to
62 to at
perdicarbonate 2e’
+ Anode
KCO, the of is
Co, hydrogen + prepared
perdicarbonate
2C0,+oxygen. anode. K,C0,
+ +1, 2C0, K,C,O,+2e electrolysis
OK
K,Co, 2K or
0, KHCO, by
is +0, +
peroxide
H,0, the
is
unstable potassiunelectrolys
at
-120

5.
A. 3 2. 1. theoreticalformed.
structure.
perdicarbonate Perdicarbonate
peroxide When
a) Hydrogen
SodiumRubedium a)The negativity
Electro
Small
size
c) a) dueAlkali
Li,cO0,
d) a) The NaOH a)
hydroxideThe Ihe c)
Nonc metal element
to The C0,
carofbonate metals amount new in
which Part KO type
absolute is
the
which passed of
abue b) which which b)forms
KOH b) lose -
A
perdicarbonate
II
ofI, type
Pota ssi
Na,63(O0, casily is only formsum electronsQuestions
(Each isfrom alcohol, into
I:
les representedneutral an
c) soloooxdesa
u bi e nib)
c) CesiumLithium
d)Photoelvic etttd)powrb) Question
tride Oxidising ice
dvnpss
K,CO, Lithisiun when 0-OK
solution
another cold
liberates
cas1ly
exposed Ma) I an
by solution
SLiOHd) wth perdicarbonate
unsymmetrical ofonly
d)
, to KI. 50% of
um s light therefore of potassium
is the is
 Part 12. 10. 9. 8. 7. The 6.
I) 11.
Formula
Na,B,0, a)
Li
d -K,C,0,
2) K,Co,
A
a)The Linear
c)Tetrahedral c) a) Nylon
Structure a) The
c) rayon
Cellulose a) Food c) Which
Preservative
Co
c)Alnico
Al a)Ca,BO c) a)
3)b
Answer:
It metal
formula volatile is
4)c
is alloy a of of
softening the which
of borox
d of carbon liquid contains following Na
b)
5)
a Potassium does
is
6)
a disulphide used agent
64 is not
7)b for not
perdicorbonate form
8)d KC0,
K,c,o, d) b) Trigonal
Pyramidal d) b)
Carbondisulphide d)
NaOH b) the d) Ni
b) Na,B,0,
Fungicide b) Na,B,0, b)
Oxidising
agent d)
applicable d) c)
K
is manufacture all solid
9) the
d above bicarbonate
0)01 to
is borax Cs
d)
11) d of
a viscose
12)
d is

2. 1.
4.
Explainthe 3. 2. 1.
a 10. 8. 7. 6.
3. 5. 4. 3
Magnesium.
KBr a)
Write OXIdes,
Discuss Compare Discuss How How KBr a)How HowDiscuss Mention
their How sulphide.
Give structure.
Write Magnesium. Explain
is
wil
wil wil
the wil
compari
the des tive
hydroxi the
Borazine
the you you
the any the Part
PART you you
preKCIO,parab)tion diagonalposition anamalous position
propertiespreparation
-C prepare
prepare O,b) prepare
KCIprepare four
-B
prepared?
halides, study (Each similarities of(Each
the ofofhydrogen ofalkQuest
diborane. thecaustic
behaviour
65 of hydrogenQuestion
Na,C0,c) relationshipcarbonates ali ion permono carbon and following Write
fol owing soda.
in 8
and and properties its Write of
between in 5
the Marks)
the metalsMarks)
of and structure. compounds. Beryllium.
compounds Lithiubipermcariodibonatc es. withperdicarbonates. silicon. its
periodic
ofstructure. Lithium
respect
table. carbondi table.
and and
to
 S
perdicarbonates.
permono
and DiscussDiscuss
Explain Discuss
Impuritics
Residue
Aluminium
Extractionof the the the the
Al,0,2H,0
Bauxite extraction anamalous
preparation
preparation
Hel Sodium
66
Chart
Flow
ieulh Heated
NaOH
with of
behaviour
and
Prusesotody Residue
AlOH), meta Aluminium.
properties
Al,0,
Solution structure
Al aluminate
of
sa and What beryllium.
of
NaAlO, diborane.
structure are
its
uses
of

grey, :(ot
4-antimtonyallotropes AIl ) Attheomie I) and Nand Bismath
Allotropy i)solids.arcas1ly
e The electronic i ) periodic
Antimony )3.1.
the addition Atomic Physical Elements
yellow part iy
and
-met al ic Met al ic
P converted
first General 3.
element s are element table. CHEMISTRY
and and ofP ionc and
of non-metals. and configuration
state
(Sb)
are
B-antutuny black except clevtrons loni c into
characteristics
They Nitrogen
and
rati Non-met Bi a l ic nitrogen :
white is vapour Bismuth
are
lorTs P Bi the in radius
increases
a As (Gronp15-13)
is p-block ns (N). OF
(three S rdshow : metal and
6
new state. gas aSslidGan npPosphorus
(Bi) ofp-BLOCK
os rupyP quannn \ property:
trom Sb ee
toems allOt are Phosphoras elements
Arsenic. constitute
partily ments
a B (P). of ELEMENTS
P wIth group
nNalls T icei Antimoney Groap
mrants
hs non-etal
soid
is the Areme
orn e general 15 of(As. 15:
a nd ut the