If an organism is alive, it must keep repairing ● The organisms having autotrophic
and maintaining its structures. The mode of nutrition or can make their
maintenance functions of living organisms own food are called autotrophs or
must go on even when they are not doing autotrophic organisms.
anything particular. The processes which ● Examples : Green plants and some
together perform this maintenance job are bacteria.
called life processes.
Photosynthesis
Nutrition
● Photosynthesis is the process of
● Nutrition is the process of intake of preparing organic food (carbohydrate)
nutrients (like carbohydrates, fats, by combining carbon dioxide and
proteins, minerals, vitamins and water) water, using solar energy by
by an organism as well as the chlorophyll pigments.
utilization of these nutrients by the ● The sugar produced in photosynthesis
organism. is stored in the form of starch in plants
and it is the source of reserved internal
Modes of nutrition energy.
Autotrophic Nutrition
● It is the process by which organisms
take in simple inorganic substances
from outside and use them to Heterotrophic Nutrition
synthesize organic molecules and then
convert into stored forms of energy. ● Mode of nutrition in which the
● For example green plants prepare their organisms derive their nutrition by
food by using carbon dioxide and taking readymade food, from other
water in the presence of chlorophyll dead or living plants and animals e.g.,
and sunlight. Animals, fungi and most of bacteria.
[1]
The survival of heterotrophs depends stomach, where further digestion
directly or indirectly on autotrophs. occurs.
● Heterotrophic mode of nutrition is ● The stomach secretes hydrochloric
classified into three types on the basis acid, which creates an acidic
of methods of obtaining food. environment for the enzyme pepsin to
● Holozoic nutrition - Ingestive digest proteins.
nutrition Mode of nutrition in which ● Food is then gradually released into
the animals take complex solid food or the small intestine, where digestion
whole material and break down and absorption occur.
(digest) it inside the body. They may ● Digestive juices from the pancreas and
be herbivores (Cow), carnivores (Lion) liver help break down proteins,
and omnivores (Rat). carbohydrates, and fats. The small
● Saprotrophic nutrition - In this type intestine absorbs nutrients into the
of nutrition the organisms obtain their bloodstream.
food from decaying organic ● After absorption, the indigestible
substances. They are also called waste is moved to the large intestine,
saprotrophs. They break down the where water is reabsorbed, and the
food material outside the body and remaining material is excreted.
then absorb it. e.g., Bacteria, Fungi
(bread molds, yeasts and mushrooms).
● Parasitic nutrition - Mode of
nutrition in which organisms (parasite)
derive nutrition from other plants and
animals (host) without killing them.
e.g., Cuscuta (Amarbel), ticks, lice,
leeches and tapeworms.
Nutrition in Human Beings
● In humans, nutrition begins with
ingestion, where food is broken down
into smaller particles through chewing,
aided by saliva.
● Saliva contains salivary amylase,
which helps break down starch into
simpler sugars.
● The food then moves down the
esophagus through peristalsis into the
[2]
Respiration cavity is surrounded by ribs on the
sides.
Respiration is the process by which the food ● A large, muscular sheet called
taken through nutrition gets oxidized to diaphragm forms the floor of the chest
release energy for various activities. cavity.
● Breathing involves the movement of
Types of respiration
the diaphragm and the rib cage.
Difference between Aerobic and Anaerobic
Respiration
S. Features Aerobic Anaerobic
No Respiration Respiration
1. O2 O2 required Not
requirem required
ent
2. Occurs Cytoplasm Cytoplasm
in and only
mitochondria Transportation
3. Break- Complete Incomplete
down breakdown breakdown ● In unicellular organisms a single cell
of glucose of glucose carries out all the life processes as the
takes place takes place cell itself is the organism. In advanced
forms like the few-celled algae,
4. End CO2 CO2 and
protozoa, sponges, etc., the size of the
products and H2O ethyl
alcohol or organism ensures that all the cells are
lactic acid not very far from each other.
● The uptake of materials from the
5. Energy 38 ATP 2 ATP environment is through the general
produced
body surface and the transport within
from one
glucose the cells is by diffusion.
molecule ● However, more advanced multicellular
forms need a transportation
Human respiratory system mechanism. The sites of absorption
and synthesis are very specific and are
● When we inhale air, it passes through separated by a greater distance from
our nostrils into the nasal cavity. the other parts of the body.
● From the nasal cavity, the air reaches ● The actual movement of materials into
our lungs through the windpipe. Lungs the individual cells is by diffusion,
are present in the chest cavity. This osmosis or active transport.
[3]
Blood 2. Kind of Oxygen Deoxygena Blood
blood ated ted blood changes
blood except in from
except pulmonary oxygenated
in the vein. to
pulmona deoxygenat
ry ed.
artery.
3. Blood Pressure Pressure is Pressure
pressure is high. low. is
extremely
low.
4. Blood Blood Blood Blood
flow flows flows flows
rapidly smoothly smoothly
with without without
jerks. jerks. jerks.
5. Lumen Narrow Wide Very small
6. Valves Absent Present Absent
7. Location Mostly Mostly Form a
deep superficial network
seated. all over
the body
and in the
organs.
Blood Vessels The Heart
In humans, three types of blood vessels are ● The heart is a muscular organ
present. responsible for pumping blood through
two primary circuits: the pulmonary
S Features Arteries Veins Capillaries
.
circuit, which connects the heart to the
N lungs, and the systemic circuit, which
o distributes blood throughout the rest of
1. Direction Take the Bring the Blood the body. It consists of four chambers
of blood blood blood flows from — two atria and two ventricles — that
flow away towards the arterioles to work together to keep oxygenated and
from the heart from capillaries
heart to various and then to deoxygenated blood separate.
different body parts. venules.
parts of
the
body.
[4]
● Water is moved upwards through
transpiration, which also helps regulate
the plant's temperature.
Excretion
● A mechanism to filter the blood is
required.
● This is done by the blood capillaries in
the kidneys. When the blood reaches
the two kidneys, it contains both useful
and harmful substances.
Lymphatic System ● The useful substances are absorbed
back into the blood. The wastes
● Lymph is a fluid that gathers excess dissolved in water are removed as
tissue fluid and returns it to the urine. Excretory system consists of the
bloodstream. following organs :
● It also transports digested fats from the ● A pair of kidneys
intestine and aids in the immune ● Ureters
response. ● Urinary bladder
● Urethra
Transportation in Plants
● Kidneys are 2 bean shaped organs
● Plants have specialized systems for which help in filtering blood to
transporting water, minerals, and remove waste.
nutrients. ● A narrow tube called the ureter runs
● Xylem carries water from the roots to from the inner side of each kidney.
the leaves, while phloem transports the ● The ureters, in turn, are connected to a
products of photosynthesis, like large sac called the urinary bladder.
glucose, to various parts of the plant. Urine passes from the kidney through
[5]
two ureters into the urinary bladder.
Urine is collected and stored here.
● Leading from the bladder is another
tube called the urethra. Urethra works
as the outlet passage for urine.
Excretion in Plants
● Plants handle excretion differently.
● During photosynthesis and respiration,
they release gasses like oxygen and
carbon dioxide through stomata.
● Some wastes are stored in leaves,
which are later shed, while others are
stored as resins or gums.
[6]