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Solutions Handwritten Style Notes

This document provides a quick revision sheet for Class 12 Chemistry focusing on solutions, including key concentration terms such as mass %, volume %, molarity, and molality. It outlines important laws like Henry's Law and Raoult's Law, as well as concepts related to boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure. Additionally, it discusses the Van’t Hoff factor and abnormal molar mass.

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yadavbaburam9805
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18 views2 pages

Solutions Handwritten Style Notes

This document provides a quick revision sheet for Class 12 Chemistry focusing on solutions, including key concentration terms such as mass %, volume %, molarity, and molality. It outlines important laws like Henry's Law and Raoult's Law, as well as concepts related to boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure. Additionally, it discusses the Van’t Hoff factor and abnormal molar mass.

Uploaded by

yadavbaburam9805
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Class 12 Chemistry – Solutions (Quick Revision

Sheet)

1. Concentration Terms

Mass % = (w■ / w) × 100

Volume % = (V■ / V) × 100

Molarity (M) = n■ / V

Molality (m) = n■ / w■

Mole Fraction (X_A) = n_A / (n_A + n_B)

Normality (N) = equivalents / V

2. Molarity–Molality Relation

m = (M × 1000) / (1000d − M M■)

3. Henry’s Law

p = k_H x

4. Raoult’s Law

p_A = p_A° x_A

(p_A° − p_A)/p_A° = x_B

5. Elevation of Boiling Point

∆T_b = K_b m

6. Depression of Freezing Point

∆T_f = K_f m

7. Osmotic Pressure

π = CRT or π = (n■/V)RT

8. Van’t Hoff Factor


i = observed / calculated

i = 1 + α(n−1) (dissociation)

i = 1 − α (association)

9. Abnormal Molar Mass

M_observed = M_normal / i

Symbols:

α = degree of dissociation

i = van’t Hoff factor

K_b = boiling point constant

K_f = freezing point constant

π = osmotic pressure

x = mole fraction

M = molarity, m = molality

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