Probability
Sample Space, Counting Rules, and
Rules of Probability
Jueves, Timothy Josh G.
Arena, Katlene Eury D.
BSEE-2B
What is Probability?
Probabilityis a measureofhow
likelyanevent is tooccur.
Scale: Probability ranges from 0 to 1 or
0% to 100%
0: The event is impossible
1: The event is certain
Sample Space
Sample Space(S) is the setofall
possible outcomes of an experiment.
Example:
01 Tossing a coin
S={H, T}
02 Rolling a die
S={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Events
An event is anysubsetof the
sample space.
Denoted by capital letters (A, B, C)
Example:
Rolling a die
Event A = (2, 4, 6) (even numbers)
Event B = (1, 3, 5) (odd numbers)
Relationships Among Events
1. Mutually Exclusive Events – cannot happen at the same time
2. Overlapping Events – can happen together
3. Independent Events – one does not affect the other
4. Dependent Events – one affects the other
1. Mutually Exclusive Events
Mutually Exclusive Events are events that
cannot happen at the same time. If one event
occurs, the other must not occur.
P(AUB) = P(A) + P(B)
1. Mutually Exclusive Events
Example 1:
A fair die is rolled once. What is the probability
of getting 1 OR 6?
1. Mutually Exclusive Events
Example 2
A student takes a multiple-choice exam. For one
question, the correct answer can be A, B, C, or D.
What is the probability that the correct answer is A
OR C?
2. Overlapping Events
Overlapping events are events that can happen
at the same time and share common outcomes.
P(AUB) =P(A)+P(B)-P(A B) ∩
2. Overlapping Events
Example 1
A die is rolled once. What is the probability of
getting an even number OR a number greater
than 3?
2. Overlapping Events
Example 2
A student randomly picks a number from 1 to 10.
What is the probability that the number is even
OR greater than 5?
3. Independent Events
Independent events are events where one event
does not affect the probability of the other.
P(A ∩B) = P(A)×P(B)
3. Independent Events
Example 1
Two coins are tossed. What is the probability that
the first coin is head and the second coin is head?
3. Independent Events
Example 2
You toss a coin and roll a die. What is the
probability of getting head and 6?
4. Dependent Events
Dependent events are events where the outcome
of the first event affects the probability of the
second event.
P(A ∩B) = P(A)×P(B|A)
4. Dependent Events
Example 1
A bag contains 5 red balls and 3 blue balls. Two
balls are drawn without replacement. What is the
probability that the first ball is red AND the
second ball is red?
4. Dependent Events
Example 2
Two cards are drawn without replacement from a
standard 52-card deck. What is the probability
that the first card is a King AND the second card is
also a King?
Type of Event Can Happen
Keyword Formula
Together?
Mutually Exclusive
No Or P(A)+P(B)
Events
Overlapping Events Yes Or ∩
P(A)+P(B)-P(A B))
Independent Events Yes And P(A)×P(B)
Dependent Events Yes (affected) And P(A)×P(B|A)
Counting Rules in Probability
Counting rules help
determine the number of
possible outcomes
Fundamental Counting Principle
If one task can be done in m ways
Another task can be done in n ways
Total ways = m × n
Example:
3 machines and 2 operators
Total combinations = 3 × 2 = 6
Fundamental Counting Principle
Practice problem:
How many different outfits can Mike have with
2 pants (white and black), 3 shirts (red, green,
and orange), and 2 pairs of boots (purple and
yellow)?
Permutation
Formula:
Arrangement where order
matters
Example:
How many different ways can you
arrange the 2 books in a group of
11?
Combination
Formula:
Selection where order does NOT
matter
Example: There are 11 students in a
group. The teacher wants to choose 2
students to represent the class in a
school activity. In how many different
ways can the teacher choose the 2
students?
Rules of Probability
Basic Rules
1. Probability is between 0 and 1
0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1
2. Probability of the Sample Space is 1
P(S) = 1
3. Probability of an impossible Event is 0
∅
P( ) = 0
1. Probability is between 0 and 1
0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1
Example:
Event A: Getting a Head when tossing a
coin.
Possible outcomes: {H, T}
Favorable outcome: 1
P(A) = ½ = 0.5
2. Probability of the Sample Space is 1
P(S) = 1
Example:
Event A: Rolling a die.
Sample space: S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
P(S) = 6/6 = 1
3. Probability of an impossible Event is 0
∅
P( ) = 0
Example:
Rolling a die.
Event A: Getting the number 7.
P( ∅) = 0/6 = 0
SUMMARY
Probability is a measure of how likely an event is to occur.
Sample Space (S) is the set of all possible outcomes of an experiment.
An event is any subset of the sample space.
Relationship Among Events
1. Mutually Exclusive Events – cannot happen at the same time
2. Overlapping Events – can happen together
3. Independent Events – one does not affect the other
4. Dependent Events – one affects the other
Counting rules help determine the number of possible outcomes
Fundamental Counting Principle - If one task can be done in m
ways. Another task can be done in n ways. Total ways = m × n
SUMMARY
Permutation - Arrangement where order matters.
Combination - Selection where order does NOT matter.
Basic Rules of Probability
[Link] is between 0 and 1
0≤ P(A) ≤ 1
[Link] of the Sample Space is 1
P(S) = 1
[Link] of an impossible Event is 0
∅
P( ) = 0
THANK YOU!
Jueves, Timothy Josh G.
Arena, Katlene Eury D.
BSEE-2B