MODERN PERIODIC TABLE

1. Introduc on to Periodic Classifica on

i. In the early nineteenth century about 30 elements were known and they were classified based on physical
proper es into metals, nonmetals and metalloids.

ii. As the number of discovered elements increased, scien sts a empted to classify them systema cally.

iii. Important early classifica on a empts include

(a) Dobereiner’s Triads
(b) Newlands’ Law of Octaves

iv. Dmitri Mendeleev (1869) arranged elements in increasing order of atomic masses.

v. In his table, elements with similar proper es were placed in the same ver cal groups.

vi. Proper es of elements showed gradual varia on across horizontal rows, which were later called periods.

vii. Mendeleev le gaps in the table for undiscovered elements.

viii. Later discoveries of new elements matched the predicted proper es, which validated Mendeleev’s periodic law.

ix. Later discovery of noble gases required the addi on of an extra group in the periodic table.

x. In 1913 Henry Moseley proved that proper es of elements depend on atomic number (Z) instead of atomic mass.

xi. This discovery modified Mendeleev’s law and resulted in the Modern Periodic Law.

xii. Modern Periodic Law states that

“The physical and chemical proper es of elements are periodic func ons of their atomic numbers.”

2. Structure of the Modern Periodic Table

i. The modern periodic table is also called the long form of periodic table.

ii. It is the revised version of Mendeleev’s periodic table.

iii. The table contains horizontal rows called periods.

iv. It contains ver cal columns called groups.

v. The modern periodic table has 7 periods.

vi. It has 18 groups.

vii. The numbering of periods and groups is recommended by IUPAC (Interna onal Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry).

viii. Each posi on in the table is represented by a box for an element.

ix. The modern periodic table contains 118 boxes for 118 elements.

x. Two separate rows placed below the main table contain 14 elements each.

xi. These two rows correspond to

(a) Lanthanoid series
(b) Ac noid series

Modern periodic table Khose B.N.

xii. The modern periodic table is divided into four blocks based on electronic configura on.

xiii. These four blocks are

(a) s-block
(b) p-block
(c) d-block
(d) f-block

xiv. The s-block is located on the le side.

xv. The p-block is located on the right side.

xvi. The d-block is located in the center.

xvii. The f-block is placed separately at the bo om of the table.

3. Periodic Table and Electronic Configura on

i. When elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, periodicity appears in their electronic
configura ons.

ii. This periodicity leads to the regular arrangement of elements in the periodic table.

iii. According to the Au au principle, electrons occupy orbitals in increasing order of energy.

iv. Electron distribu on follows three principles

(a) Au au principle
(b) Pauli exclusion principle
(c) Hund’s rule of maximum mul plicity.

v. The posi on of an element in the periodic table depends on the quantum numbers of the last filled orbital.

4. Electronic Configura on in Periods

i. Period number corresponds to the principal quantum number (n) of the valence shell.

ii. As atomic number increases across a period, one electron is added to the outermost shell.

iii. Each period starts with filling of a new shell.

iv. A period ends when the valence shell becomes completely filled.

v. First period
(a) Contains only 2 elements (H and He)
(b) The shell capacity is 2 electrons.

vi. Second period

(a) Begins with Li (1s² 2s¹)
(b) Ends with Ne (1s² 2s² 2p⁶)
(c) Contains 8 elements.

vii. Third period also contains 8 elements (Na to Ar).

viii. Fourth period contains 18 elements because electrons fill

(a) 4s
(b) 3d
(c) 4p subshells.

Modern periodic table Khose B.N.

ix. Fi h period also contains 18 elements.

x. Sixth period contains 32 elements due to filling of

(a) 6s
(b) 4f
(c) 5d
(d) 6p subshells.

xi. In general, a period begins with s-subshell filling and ends with p-subshell comple on.

5. Electronic Configura on in Groups

i. When moving down a group, a new electron shell is added.

ii. Therefore elements in the same group have similar outer electronic configura ons.

iii. Groups 1, 2 and 3 show similar outer electronic configura ons throughout.

iv. Groups 13 to 18 also show similar outer configura ons.

v. Groups 4 to 12 show varia on due to gradual filling of d and f subshells.

vi. Example outer electronic configura ons:

i. Group 1 → ns¹
ii. Group 2 → ns²
iii. Group 13 → ns² np¹
iv. Group 14 → ns² np²
v. Group 15 → ns² np³
vi. Group 16 → ns² np⁴
vii. Group 17 → ns² np⁵
viii. Group 18 → ns² np⁶

6. Electronic Configura on in Blocks

6.1 s-Block Elements

i. Last electron enters s-orbital.

ii. General configura on is ns¹–ns².

iii. Includes group 1 and group 2 elements.

iv. These elements are highly reac ve metals.

v. They readily lose electrons to form posi ve ions.

6.2 p-Block Elements

i. Last electron enters p-orbital.

ii. General configura on is ns² np¹–np⁶.

iii. Includes groups 13 to 18.

iv. These elements include metals, nonmetals and metalloids.

Modern periodic table Khose B.N.

v. Group 18 elements are noble gases with complete valence shells.

6.3 d-Block Elements

i. Last electron enters (n-1)d orbital.

ii. General configura on is ns⁰–² (n-1)d¹–¹⁰.

iii. Includes groups 3 to 12.

iv. These elements are called transi on elements.

v. They o en show
(a) variable oxida on states
(b) coloured ions
(c) cataly c ac vity
(d) paramagne sm.

6.4 f-Block Elements

i. Last electron enters (n-2)f orbital.

ii. General configura on is ns² (n-1)d⁰–¹ (n-2)f¹–¹⁴.

iii. These elements are called inner transi on elements.

iv. Two series exist

(a) Lanthanoids
(b) Ac noids.

v. Ac noid elements beyond uranium (92U) are transuranium elements and are radioac ve.

7. Effec ve Nuclear Charge and Screening Effect

i. In mul -electron atoms, the nucleus a racts electrons.

ii. Electrons repel each other due to nega ve charge.

iii. Inner electrons reduce the a rac on between the nucleus and outer electrons.

iv. This effect is called screening or shielding effect.

v. The actual nuclear charge experienced by an electron is called effec ve nuclear charge (Zeff).

vi. It is calculated as

Zeff = Z − σ

vii. Here
Z = nuclear charge
σ = shielding constant.

viii. Across a period effec ve nuclear charge increases.

ix. Down a group effec ve nuclear charge decreases due to increased shielding.

Modern periodic table Khose B.N.

8. Periodic Trends in Physical Proper es

8.1 Atomic Radius

i. Atomic radius is half the distance between nuclei of two bonded atoms.

ii. Atomic radius decreases across a period.

iii. This occurs due to increasing effec ve nuclear charge.

iv. Atomic radius increases down a group.

v. This occurs due to addi on of new shells and increased shielding.

8.2 Ionic Radius

i. Ionic radius is the size of an ion in an ionic crystal.

ii. Ca ons are smaller than atoms because electrons are lost.

iii. Anions are larger than atoms because electrons are gained.

iv. Isoelectronic species have the same number of electrons.

v. Among isoelectronic species, the ion with higher nuclear charge has smaller radius.

8.3 Ioniza on Enthalpy

i. Ioniza on enthalpy is the energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom.

ii. It is expressed in kJ mol⁻¹.

iii. First ioniza on enthalpy corresponds to removal of the first electron.

iv. Second ioniza on enthalpy is always greater than the first.

v. Ioniza on enthalpy decreases down a group.

vi. Ioniza on enthalpy increases across a period.

8.4 Electron Gain Enthalpy

i. Electron gain enthalpy is the energy change when an atom gains an electron.

ii. It may be nega ve or posi ve.

iii. Elements of group 17 (halogens) have highly nega ve electron gain enthalpy.

iv. Noble gases have posi ve electron gain enthalpy.

v. Across a period electron gain enthalpy becomes more nega ve.

vi. Down a group it becomes less nega ve.

8.5 Electronega vity

i. Electronega vity is the ability of an atom to a ract shared electrons in a covalent bond.

Modern periodic table Khose B.N.

ii. It is measured using scales such as the Pauling scale.

iii. Fluorine has the highest electronega vity (4.0).

iv. Electronega vity increases across a period.

v. Electronega vity decreases down a group.

9. Periodic Trends in Chemical Proper es

9.1 Valency

i. Valency is the number of bonds an atom can form.

ii. It depends on the number of valence electrons.

iii. Across a period valency changes gradually.

iv. Down a group valency remains the same.

9.2 Metallic and Non-metallic Character

i. Metals are good conductors of electricity and lose electrons.

ii. Nonmetals are poor conductors and gain electrons.

iii. Metallic character increases down a group.

iv. Metallic character decreases across a period.

v. Nonmetallic character increases across a period.

vi. Nonmetallic character decreases down a group.

9.3 Chemical Reac vity

i. Reac vity depends on the ease of gaining or losing electrons.

ii. Elements on the extreme le (alkali metals) are highly reac ve.

iii. Elements on the extreme right (halogens) are also highly reac ve.

iv. Noble gases are least reac ve due to complete valence shells.

Modern periodic table Khose B.N.

 No. MCQs A B C D
1 Modern periodic law is based on Atomic mass Atomic Atomic weight Atomic volume
number
2 The scien st who arranged elements Moseley Mendeleev Dobereiner Bohr
based on atomic mass was
3 The modern periodic table contains 6 7 8 9
how many periods?
4 The modern periodic table contains 16 17 18 20
how many groups?
5 Number of elements in the modern 92 102 118 120
periodic table
6 Horizontal rows in periodic table are Groups Periods Blocks Families
called
7 Ver cal columns in periodic table are Periods Series Groups Rows
called
8 The numbering of groups and periods WHO IUPAC UNESCO ISRO
is recommended by
9 The first period contains how many 2 4 6 8
elements?
10 Which of the following elements ends He Ne Ar Kr
the first period?
11 Second period contains how many 6 8 10 12
elements?
12 The fourth period contains how many 8 18 32 36
elements?
13 Which block is located at the extreme p-block s-block d-block f-block
le of periodic table?
14 Which block is located at the extreme s-block d-block p-block f-block
right?
15 Transi on elements belong to s-block p-block d-block f-block
16 Inner transi on elements belong to s-block p-block d-block f-block
17 General configura on of s-block ns1–2 ns2np6 ns2np1–6 ns2(n-1)d
elements
18 General configura on of p-block ns2np1–6 ns1 ns2 ns2(n-1)d
elements
19 Which group contains noble gases? 16 17 18 1
20 Which group contains halogens? 15 16 17 18
21 Which group contains alkali metals? 1 2 13 17
22 Which group contains alkaline earth 1 2 16 17
metals?
23 Which block contains lanthanoids and s-block p-block d-block f-block
ac noids?
24 Number of elements in lanthanoid 10 12 14 18
series
25 Number of elements in ac noid series 10 12 14 18
26 Effec ve nuclear charge is Z+s Z−s Z×s Z/s
represented as
27 Shielding effect is caused by Outer Inner Nucleus Protons
electrons electrons
28 Atomic radius across a period Increases Decreases Remains same First increases
generally then decreases
29 Atomic radius down a group Decreases Increases Remains same First decreases
then increases
30 Ioniza on enthalpy across a period Decreases Increases Remains same Irregular only

Modern periodic table Khose B.N.

 31 Ioniza on enthalpy down a group Increases Decreases Constant Random
32 Electron gain enthalpy becomes more Across Down group Constant Random
nega ve period
33 Electronega vity across a period Decreases Increases Constant Random
34 Electronega vity down a group Increases Decreases Constant Random
35 Which element has highest O Cl F N
electronega vity?
36 Pauling assigned electronega vity Oxygen Fluorine Nitrogen Chlorine
value of 4.0 to
37 Ca ons are formed by Gain of Loss of Sharing No change
electrons electrons electrons
38 Anions are formed by Loss of Gain of Sharing No change
electrons electrons electrons
39 Size of ca on compared to atom is Larger Smaller Equal Variable
40 Size of anion compared to atom is Smaller Larger Equal Same
41 Elements having same number of Isotopes Isobars Isoelectronic Isomers
electrons are called
42 Elements with similar chemical Period Group Block Series
proper es occur in same
43 Metallic character across a period Increases Decreases Constant Random
44 Metallic character down a group Decreases Increases Constant Random
45 Nonmetallic character across a period Decreases Increases Constant Random
46 Nonmetallic character down a group Increases Decreases Constant Random
47 Valency of main group elements Atomic mass Valence Neutrons Orbitals
depends on electrons
48 Most reac ve metals are found in Group 1 Group 2 Group 17 Group 18
49 Most reac ve nonmetals are found in Group 1 Group 2 Group 17 Group 18
50 Least reac ve elements belong to Group 1 Group 2 Group 17 Group 18

Modern periodic table Khose B.N.

Modern Periodic Table – Reasoning Based

1. Explain why atomic radius decreases across a period.

i. Across a period, atomic number increases.

ii. Nuclear charge increases while the number of shells remains the same.
iii. Increased nuclear a rac on pulls electrons closer to the nucleus.
iv. Therefore atomic radius decreases across a period.

2. Explain why atomic radius increases down a group.

i. Down a group, a new electron shell is added.

ii. Distance between nucleus and valence electrons increases.
iii. Shielding effect of inner electrons increases.
iv. Therefore atomic radius increases down a group.

3. Explain why ioniza on enthalpy increases across a period.

i. Nuclear charge increases from le to right.

ii. Atomic radius decreases.
iii. Electrons are held more ghtly by the nucleus.
iv. Therefore more energy is required to remove an electron.

4. Explain why ioniza on enthalpy decreases down a group.

i. Atomic size increases down a group.

ii. Valence electrons are farther from the nucleus.
iii. Shielding effect increases due to more inner electrons.
iv. Therefore electrons are removed more easily.

5. Explain why ca ons are smaller than their parent atoms.

i. Ca ons are formed by loss of electrons.

ii. Number of electron shells may decrease.
iii. Nuclear a rac on on remaining electrons increases.
iv. Therefore ionic radius decreases.

6. Explain why anions are larger than their parent atoms.

i. Anions are formed by gain of electrons.

ii. Electron-electron repulsion increases.
iii. Effec ve nuclear a rac on decreases.
iv. Therefore ionic radius increases.

7. Explain why elements in the same group have similar chemical proper es.

i. Elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons.
ii. They have similar outer electronic configura on.

Modern periodic table Khose B.N.

iii. Chemical proper es depend mainly on valence electrons.
iv. Therefore elements in a group show similar chemical behavior.

8. Explain why noble gases are chemically inert.

i. Noble gases have completely filled valence shells.

ii. Their electronic configura on is very stable.
iii. They have very high ioniza on enthalpy.
iv. Therefore they rarely par cipate in chemical reac ons.

9. Explain why metallic character increases down a group.

i. Atomic radius increases down the group.

ii. Ioniza on enthalpy decreases.
iii. Atoms lose electrons more easily.
iv. Therefore metallic character increases.

10. Explain why non-metallic character increases across a period.

i. Effec ve nuclear charge increases across the period.

ii. Atomic radius decreases.
iii. Atoms a ract electrons more strongly.
iv. Therefore nonmetallic character increases.

11. Explain why alkali metals are highly reac ve.

i. Alkali metals have only one valence electron.

ii. Ioniza on enthalpy is very low.
iii. They easily lose this electron to form posi ve ions.
iv. Therefore they are highly reac ve.

12. Explain why halogens are highly reac ve.

i. Halogens have seven valence electrons.

ii. They need one electron to complete octet.
iii. Electron gain enthalpy is very high.
iv. Therefore they readily gain electrons and are highly reac ve.

13. Explain why noble gases have very high ioniza on enthalpy.

i. Their valence shell is completely filled.

ii. Electronic configura on is very stable.
iii. Removing an electron disturbs this stability.
iv. Therefore a large amount of energy is required.

Modern periodic table Khose B.N.

14. Explain why effec ve nuclear charge increases across a period.

i. Atomic number increases across a period.

ii. Number of protons in nucleus increases.
iii. Shielding effect remains almost constant.
iv. Therefore effec ve nuclear charge increases.

15. Explain why effec ve nuclear charge decreases down a group.

i. Number of electron shells increases down a group.

ii. Inner electrons shield outer electrons from nucleus.
iii. Shielding effect increases.
iv. Therefore effec ve nuclear charge decreases.

16. Explain why electron gain enthalpy becomes more nega ve across a period.

i. Effec ve nuclear charge increases across the period.

ii. Atomic radius decreases.
iii. Atom a racts addi onal electron more strongly.
iv. Therefore energy released increases.

17. Explain why electron gain enthalpy becomes less nega ve down a group.

i. Atomic size increases down the group.

ii. Added electron enters a higher energy shell.
iii. Nuclear a rac on for added electron decreases.
iv. Therefore less energy is released.

18. Explain why transi on elements show variable oxida on states.

i. Transi on elements have par ally filled d orbitals.

ii. Both ns and (n−1)d electrons par cipate in bonding.
iii. Different numbers of electrons can be lost.
iv. Therefore they show variable oxida on states.

19. Explain why some transi on metal compounds are coloured.

i. Transi on metals have par ally filled d orbitals.

ii. Electrons can move between different d energy levels.
iii. This absorbs specific wavelengths of light.
iv. Therefore compounds appear coloured.

20. Explain why helium is placed in group 18 although it has no p electrons.

i. Helium has configura on 1s².

ii. Its valence shell is completely filled.

Modern periodic table Khose B.N.

iii. It behaves like noble gases chemically.
iv. Therefore helium is placed in group 18.

Modern periodic table Khose B.N.

Example based reasoning
1. Explain why Na has a larger atomic radius than Na⁺.

i. Na⁺ is formed by loss of one electron from Na.

ii. Na has three occupied shells, while Na⁺ has only two occupied shells.
iii. In Na⁺, the same nuclear charge acts on fewer electrons.
iv. Therefore, Na⁺ is smaller and Na has a larger radius than Na⁺.

2. Explain why Na⁺ has a larger radius than Mg²⁺.

i. Na⁺ and Mg²⁺ are isoelectronic species.

ii. Both have the same number of electrons.
iii. Mg²⁺ has greater nuclear charge than Na⁺.
iv. Greater nuclear charge pulls electrons closer.
v. Therefore, Na⁺ has a larger radius than Mg²⁺.

3. Explain why Cl has more nega ve electron gain enthalpy than Br.

i. Cl and Br belong to the same group.

ii. Down the group, atomic size increases.
iii. The added electron in Br enters a shell farther from the nucleus.
iv. Nuclear a rac on for the incoming electron is less in Br.
v. Therefore, Cl has more nega ve electron gain enthalpy than Br.

4. Explain why F has more nega ve electron gain enthalpy than O.

i. F and O belong to the same period.

ii. Across a period, effec ve nuclear charge increases.
iii. Atomic radius decreases from O to F.
iv. F a racts an incoming electron more strongly.
v. Therefore, F has more nega ve electron gain enthalpy than O.

5. Explain why the first ioniza on enthalpy of B is lower than that of Be.

i. Be has outer configura on 2s², while B has 2s² 2p¹.

ii. In B, the electron removed is from a 2p orbital.
iii. A 2p electron is less penetra ng and less ghtly held than a 2s electron.
iv. Therefore, it is easier to remove an electron from B.
v. Hence, B has lower first ioniza on enthalpy than Be.

6. Explain why the first ioniza on enthalpy of O is lower than that of N.

i. N has configura on 2s² 2p³, which is a half-filled stable arrangement.

ii. O has configura on 2s² 2p⁴.
iii. In O, one 2p orbital contains a pair of electrons.
iv. Repulsion between paired electrons makes removal easier.
v. Therefore, O has lower first ioniza on enthalpy than N.

7. Explain why the first ioniza on enthalpy of Li is lower than that of F.

i. Li and F are in the same period.

ii. Across a period, effec ve nuclear charge increases.
iii. Atomic radius decreases from Li to F.
iv. The valence electron in F is held much more strongly.
v. Therefore, Li has much lower ioniza on enthalpy than F.

Modern periodic table Khose B.N.

8. Explain why He is placed in group 18 although its configura on is 1s².

i. Helium does not have p-electrons in the valence shell.

ii. However, its outermost shell is completely filled.
iii. This gives it stable noble gas character.
iv. Therefore, chemically it resembles the noble gases.
v. Hence, He is placed in group 18.

9. Explain why Au belongs to the d-block.

i. Au has outer configura on 6s¹ 5d¹⁰.

ii. Its differen a ng electron enters the d-orbital.
iii. Elements in which the last electron enters d-subshell are d-block elements.
iv. Therefore, Au belongs to the d-block.

10. Explain why S belongs to group 16 and p-block.

i. S has outer electronic configura on 3s² 3p⁴.

ii. The last electron enters the p-subshell, so it belongs to the p-block.
iii. It has six valence electrons.
iv. Elements with six valence electrons are placed in group 16.
v. Therefore, S belongs to group 16 and p-block.

11. Explain why Xe belongs to period 5 and group 18.

i. Xe has outer configura on 5s² 5p⁶.

ii. The highest principal quantum number is 5, so it belongs to period 5.
iii. Its valence shell is completely filled with an octet.
iv. Elements with complete valence shells are placed in group 18.
v. Therefore, Xe belongs to period 5 and group 18.

12. Explain why Na₂O is a basic oxide.

i. Sodium is a highly reac ve metal of the extreme le side of the periodic table.
ii. Metals generally form basic oxides.
iii. Na₂O reacts with acids like HCl to form salt and water.
iv. It does not show acidic behavior with bases.
v. Therefore, Na₂O is a basic oxide.

13. Explain why Al₂O₃ is an amphoteric oxide.

i. Aluminium lies near the center of the main group elements.

ii. Al₂O₃ reacts with acids to form salt and water.
iii. Al₂O₃ also reacts with bases to form salt and water.
iv. A substance that reacts with both acids and bases is amphoteric.
v. Therefore, Al₂O₃ is amphoteric.

14. Explain why Cu forms coloured salts while Zn forms colourless salts.

i. Cu is a d-block element with par ally filled d-orbitals in its ions.

ii. Such ions can absorb certain wavelengths of visible light.
iii. Hence Cu salts appear coloured.
iv. Zn has completely filled d-orbitals in its common ionic state.
v. Therefore, Zn salts are generally colourless.

15. Explain why a metal that reacts vigorously with water is placed in the s-block, while one reac ng slowly with
water may be in the d-block.

Modern periodic table Khose B.N.

i. s-block metals have one or two valence electrons and low ioniza on enthalpy.
ii. They lose electrons very easily and are highly reac ve.
iii. Many d-block metals are less reac ve than s-block metals.
iv. Therefore, a metal reac ng vigorously with water is likely from the s-block.
v. A metal reac ng slowly with water can be placed in the d-block.

Modern periodic table Khose B.N.

 Periodic Trends – Flow Chart

1. Atomic Radius Trend

Across a Period

Increase in Atomic Number

↓
Increase in Nuclear Charge
↓
Electrons pulled closer to nucleus
↓
Atomic Radius Decreases

Down a Group

Addi on of New Shell

↓
Increase in Shielding Effect
↓
Valence electrons farther from nucleus
↓
Atomic Radius Increases

2. Ionic Radius Trend

Forma on of Ca on

Atom loses electron

↓
Number of electrons decreases
↓
Effec ve nuclear a rac on increases
↓
Ca on radius < Atomic radius

Forma on of Anion

Atom gains electron

↓
Electron–electron repulsion increases
↓
Effec ve nuclear a rac on decreases
↓
Anion radius > Atomic radius

3. Ioniza on Enthalpy Trend

Across a Period

Atomic Number increases

↓

Modern periodic table Khose B.N.

 Effec ve Nuclear Charge increases
↓
Electrons held more ghtly
↓
More energy required to remove electron
↓
Ioniza on Enthalpy Increases

Down a Group

Atomic size increases

↓
Shielding effect increases
↓
Nuclear a rac on decreases
↓
Electron removed easily
↓
Ioniza on Enthalpy Decreases

4. Electron Gain Enthalpy Trend

Across a Period

Effec ve Nuclear Charge increases

↓
Atomic size decreases
↓
Atom a racts incoming electron strongly
↓
More energy released
↓
Electron Gain Enthalpy becomes More Nega ve

Down a Group

Atomic size increases

↓
Incoming electron enters farther shell
↓
Nuclear a rac on decreases
↓
Less energy released
↓
Electron Gain Enthalpy becomes Less Nega ve

5. Electronega vity Trend

Across a Period

Effec ve Nuclear Charge increases

↓

Modern periodic table Khose B.N.

 Atomic size decreases
↓
Stronger a rac on for shared electrons
↓
Electronega vity Increases

Down a Group

Atomic size increases

↓
Shielding effect increases
↓
A rac on for bonding electrons decreases
↓
Electronega vity Decreases

6. Metallic Character Trend

Across a Period

Ioniza on enthalpy increases

↓
Loss of electrons becomes difficult
↓
Metallic character decreases
↓
Metals → Metalloids → Nonmetals

Down a Group

Ioniza on enthalpy decreases

↓
Electrons lost easily
↓
Metallic character increases

7. Non-Metallic Character Trend

Across a Period

Electron gain enthalpy becomes more nega ve

↓
Tendency to gain electrons increases
↓
Non-metallic character increases

Down a Group

Atomic size increases

↓
Tendency to gain electrons decreases
↓
Non-metallic character decreases

Modern periodic table Khose B.N.

8. Valency Trend (Main Group Elements)

Valence Electrons Increase Across Period

↓
Valency increases from 1 → 4
↓
Then decreases from 4 → 0

Example trend:
1→2→3→4→3→2→1→0

Down a group
↓
Number of valence electrons same
↓
Valency remains constant

9. Chemical Reac vity Trend

Metals

Down a group
↓
Ioniza on enthalpy decreases
↓
Loss of electrons easier
↓
Reac vity increases

Nonmetals

Across a period
↓
Electron gain enthalpy increases
↓
Tendency to gain electrons increases
↓
Reac vity increases

Modern periodic table Khose B.N.

 Exercise

1. Explain the following

(A) The elements Li, B, Be, C and N have electronega vi es 1.0, 2.0, 1.5, 2.5 and 3.0 respec vely.

Solu on

i. All these elements belong to the second period.

ii. Across a period atomic number increases.
iii. Effec ve nuclear charge increases from le to right.
iv. Atomic radius decreases.
v. Therefore electronega vity increases gradually from Li → N.

(B) The atomic radii of Cl, Br and I are 99 pm, 114 pm and 133 pm respec vely.

Solu on

i. Cl, Br and I belong to Group 17 (halogens).

ii. Down the group the number of electron shells increases.
iii. Shielding effect increases.
iv. Valence electrons move farther from the nucleus.
v. Therefore atomic radius increases: Cl < Br < I.

(C) The ionic radii of F⁻ and Na⁺ are 133 pm and 98 pm respec vely.

Solu on

i. F⁻ and Na⁺ are isoelectronic species (both have 10 electrons).

ii. Na⁺ has greater nuclear charge than F⁻.
iii. Greater nuclear charge pulls electrons closer.
iv. Therefore Na⁺ has smaller radius than F⁻.

(D) Al is a metal, Si is a metalloid and P is a non-metal.

Solu on

i. Al, Si and P belong to Period 3.

ii. Across a period metallic character decreases.
iii. Al easily loses electrons → metal.
iv. Si shows intermediate proper es → metalloid.
v. P tends to gain electrons → non-metal.

(E) Cu forms coloured salts while Zn forms colourless salts.

Solu on

i. Cu has par ally filled d-orbitals.

ii. Electrons move between d-orbitals absorbing visible light.
iii. Therefore Cu compounds appear coloured.

Modern periodic table Khose B.N.

iv. Zn has completely filled d-orbitals.
v. No electronic transi on occurs, so Zn salts are colourless.

2. Write the outer electronic configura on of the following using orbital nota on

(A) Ge (belongs to period 4 and group 14)

Solu on

i. Period number = 4 → outer shell n = 4.

ii. Group 14 → four valence electrons.
iii. Outer electronic configura on: 4s² 4p²

(B) Po (belongs to period 6 and group 16)

Solu on

i. Period number = 6 → outer shell n = 6.

ii. Group 16 → six valence electrons.
iii. Outer electronic configura on: 6s² 6p⁴

(C) Cu (belongs to period 4 and group 11)

Solu on

Electronic configura on of Cu:

[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s¹

i. The differen a ng electron enters d-subshell.

ii. Therefore Cu belongs to the d-block.
iii. Total outer electrons correspond to group 11.

3. Answer the following

(A) La belongs to group 3 while Hg belongs to group 12. Write the outer electronic configura on of elements from
La to Hg.

Solu on

The general outer configura on of these elements is:

ns² (n−1)d¹–¹⁰

Example pa ern:

La → 6s²5d¹
Hf → 6s²5d²
Ta → 6s²5d³
W → 6s²5d⁴
Re → 6s²5d⁵
Os → 6s²5d⁶

Modern periodic table Khose B.N.

Ir → 6s²5d⁷
Pt → 6s²5d⁹
Au → 6s¹5d¹⁰
Hg → 6s²5d¹⁰

(B) Ioniza on enthalpy of Li is 520 kJ mol⁻¹ while that of F is 1681 kJ mol⁻¹. Explain.

Solu on

i. Li and F belong to the same period.

ii. Effec ve nuclear charge increases across the period.
iii. Atomic radius decreases from Li to F.
iv. Valence electron in F is strongly a racted to the nucleus.
v. Therefore ioniza on enthalpy of F is much greater than Li.

(C) Explain the screening effect with an example.

Solu on

i. Inner electrons repel outer electrons.

ii. They shield outer electrons from nuclear a rac on.
iii. This reduces the effec ve nuclear charge felt by outer electrons.
iv. Example: In Na, inner electrons shield the outer 3s electron.

(D) Why is second ioniza on enthalpy greater than the first?

Solu on

i. A er removal of one electron a posi ve ion is formed.

ii. Nuclear a rac on on remaining electrons increases.
iii. Electrons are held more strongly.
iv. Therefore more energy is required to remove the second electron.

(E) Why do elements in the same group have similar chemical proper es?

Solu on

i. Elements of the same group have same valence electrons.

ii. Their outer electronic configura on is similar.
iii. Chemical proper es mainly depend on valence electrons.
iv. Therefore elements in the same group show similar chemical behavior.

(F) Explain electronega vity and electron gain enthalpy. Which is measurable?

Solu on

Electronega vity

i. It is the ability of an atom to a ract shared electrons in a covalent bond.

Electron gain enthalpy

ii. It is the energy change when an electron is added to an isolated gaseous atom.

Modern periodic table Khose B.N.

iii. Electron gain enthalpy is experimentally measurable.
iv. Electronega vity is not directly measurable.

4. Choose the Correct Op on

(A) Consider the elements B, Al, Mg and K.

Predict the correct order of metallic character.

Solu on

i. Metallic character increases down a group.

ii. Metallic character decreases across a period.
iii. B is a metalloid and least metallic.
iv. Al is metallic but less than Mg.
v. K is an alkali metal and highly metallic.

Correct order: K > Mg > Al > B

(B) Iden fy the element having largest atomic radius among the following:

Li, Na, K, Rb

Solu on

i. These elements belong to Group 1.

ii. Atomic radius increases down the group.

Therefore: Rb > K > Na > Li

Largest atomic radius → Rb

(C) Iden fy the element having highest ioniza on enthalpy:

Li, B, C, N

Solu on

i. Ioniza on enthalpy increases across a period.

ii. These elements belong to Period 2.

Order: Li < B < C < N

Highest ioniza on enthalpy → N

(D) Iden fy the element having most nega ve electron gain enthalpy:

F, Cl, Br, I

Solu on

i. These elements belong to Group 17.

ii. Electron gain enthalpy becomes less nega ve down the group.

Order: Cl > F > Br > I

Modern periodic table Khose B.N.

Most nega ve electron gain enthalpy → Cl

(E) Iden fy the element having highest electronega vity:

N, O, F, Cl

Solu on

i. Electronega vity increases across a period.

ii. Fluorine is the most electronega ve element.

Correct answer → F

5. Arrange the Following in Increasing Order

(A) Atomic Radius

C, N, O

Solu on

i. All belong to Period 2.

ii. Atomic radius decreases across the period.

Increasing order: O < N < C

(B) Ioniza on Enthalpy

Na, Mg, Al

Solu on

i. These elements belong to Period 3.

ii. Ioniza on enthalpy increases across the period.
iii. Excep on: Al has slightly lower IE than Mg.

Increasing order: Na < Al < Mg

(C) Electronega vity

C, N, O, F

Solu on Electronega vity increases across the period.

Increasing order: C<N<O<F

(D) Atomic Radius

Li, Be, B, C

Solu on Atomic radius decreases across the period.

Increasing order: C < B < Be < Li

Modern periodic table Khose B.N.

6. Predict the Formula of Compounds

(A) Compound formed between Ge and S

Given: Ge → valency = 4 S → valency = 2

Cross mul plica on: Ge₂S₄ Simplified empirical formula: GeS₂

(B) Compound formed between Ge and Br

Given: Ge → valency = 4 Br → valency = 1

Cross mul plica on: GeBr₄ Empirical formula: GeBr₄

Modern periodic table Khose B.N.

 Self Test
Chemistry Test – Modern Periodic Table

Time: 30 Minutes Marks: 25

Sec on A

MCQs (1 × 5 = 5 marks)

1. The modern periodic law is based on

A. Atomic mass
B. Atomic number
C. Atomic volume
D. Atomic weight

2. The modern periodic table contains how many periods?

A. 6
B. 7
C. 8
D. 9

3. The noble gases belong to which group?

A. 16
B. 17
C. 18
D. 1

4. Which block contains transi on elements?

A. s-block
B. p-block
C. d-block
D. f-block

5. The elements of group 1 are called

A. Halogens
B. Alkali metals
C. Noble gases
D. Transi on metals

Sec on B

Very Short Answers (2 × 4 = 8 marks)

6. State the modern periodic law.

7. Define atomic radius.

8. What is ioniza on enthalpy?

9. What is meant by valency?

Modern periodic table Khose B.N.

 Sec on C – Short Answer Ques ons

Solve Any 3 (2 × 3 = 6 marks)

10. Write any two features of the modern periodic table.

11. Write the general electronic configura on of s-block elements.

12. State the trend of atomic radius across a period and down a group.

13. Name the four blocks of the periodic table.

Sec on D – Long Answer Ques ons

Solve Any 2 (3 × 2 = 6 marks)

14. Explain the trend of ioniza on enthalpy across a period and down a group.

15. Explain why atomic radius decreases across a period and increases down a group.

16. Explain the periodic trend of metallic and non-metallic character in the periodic table.

Modern periodic table Khose B.N.