Ecosystem

Rakshitasingle
By
-
 functional unit of Nature
-

Ecosystem
↓

living
and also
organisms
with interact among themselvesdement
↓
is size
vary
from small pond large forest
to or sea.

* Entire Biosphere
-
Global ecosystem
↓
all local
of
composite
ecosystems.
 2 Basic

</ ->
natic-pond, lake
Terrestrial A9 river a
wetland,
desert
eg. forest, grassland, estuarial.

manmade
-
->
crop fields, Aquarium.
#COSYSTEMOR components
1
interaction
↓/
Results in a physical structure
↓I

characteristic for each

type of ecosystem.

*STRATIFICATION
-

verticle distribution of diffspecies

levels.
occupying diff
strata
Trees occupy
to
vertical
eg. forest
->

of layer of
shrubs ->
second
Herbs, -> Bottom
grasses
#components of ecosystem (run? as a units
productivity
①
② Decomposition
flow
①
Consumer a onand

prebotomy
③ Energy
-

④ Nutrient cycling & 8

unit)
eg.
pond (self-curtainable
1 1/ ③Autotrophic

↓
⑦
Abiotic
① Regulation
Rate of phytoplankton
+

of Algaeomedand
function ofentire
component some
↓I floating,
marginal
-

water X/ &

dissolved input, temp plants

↓

solar
· day length
organiz cycle, Decomposed.
climatic ⑦
inorganic other
fungi,
bacteria,

substances.
bottom
conditions.
pagelatea m
at
soil
of pond.
 functions eg.
Ecosystem
->

performs all the

↓
material
to organic
1) convention of inorganic
with of sun by autotrophs
-> energy
-> consumption of autotrophs by heterotrophs
dead
-> decomposition of mineralisation of
them back for
to release
matter
use
autotrophs
↓
unidirectional movement of energy
trophic level
towards higher
heat loss
environment.
to
PRTIVITY
① -> solar energy must for
an ecosystem

Biomass ororgan,and
①
production-
nary photosynthesis.
a

time period by plants during

Biomass production -> Productivity.
-> Rate of
kalm-yo-l
->

gm-yo" or

/ b
1 Gross
productivity
priman >
↑Net primar
productivity.
↓ ↓/
production of
rate of -
1 MpP=R

organic maternoon
-
available biomass.
her is

↓c
utilised by plant in -

Respiration loses.
pepiration
 secondary proactivity -

of formation of
Rate
matter by consumer.
New organic

E primary
-
productivity depends on a

in area
⑪plants species
factors
②environmental
ofNutrients & photosynthetic
③ availability
plant.
capacity of

Npd of whole Biosphere

Annual,
*
tons
= 10 billion
Con wt) of organsare
out of this
70% surface
occupy
+

#oceans +
↓1
But 55 billion tons

productivity
② DMPOSITION
farmer's friend
Earthworm
-

-> complex organic matter

loosening
+

↓ of soil
*pcomposition
↓
Nutrients.
CO2, 420,
to

remains
# Dead plant
leave, animal remains, faecal matters
(Bark, flower,
↓a
constitute Detritus
Raw material for decomposition)
-> of requiring process
 sinvolved

1 "I sePsoc
①fragmentation - on

② leaching
defritus.
③ catabolism

⑬ Mumificationetion7 duringreposition in

soil.

Rate -
* controlled by ->
↓
climatic
composition
->
-> chemical
factors.
detritu
of ↓ ->
a chitin soil
->
if ligning slow temp.
more decomposition moisture
rich in N26 water. -> warm a moist
-> it like decompo
soluble substance enx more
fast. temp.
decomposition low
-

sugass anaerobiosis inhibit

decomposition.
FRAGMENTATION
①

detritivores

I
Detritus By
Breakdown Cauthworm.
↓
->
eg.
↓

small particles
↓,
water soluble
inorganic nutrients

1
↓c
soil
down into
@ LEACHING
go
Horizon o

get precipitated
as unavailable salt.

③ CATABOLISM
-
degradation
-> small gnorganic
Detritus bacterial o substances
by
fungal enzymes.
④HFICATION
coloured amorphous
accumulation of dark
called tumm

1.
substances --

1/
microbe resistant
extremely
↓I
at
undergo decomposition
rate.
extremely slow

Colloidal in nature
on
reservoir
-> acts

of Nutrient

⑤ m RALISATION gnouganic Nutrients

-->
Human
degraded by
microbes
# ENERGY ONN. for
except
source of energy -> sun ->
deep sea

for all ecosystems ↓, Hydrothermal

vents.
solar
Radiation
↓

less than 50%

active.
photosynthetically
↓,
bacteria only capture 2-10% of it
photosynthetic
P
↓c plant)
producers (aveen
them.
other dependent on

consumes

unidirectional flow
of energy.
Ecosystems
* -> second law
of Thermodynam
icS
↓
is reg.
A constant supply of energy
veg. molecula, to
synthesise
to

counteract universal tendency

disorderliness.
towards increasing
-> Hesbaceous &
-> Tevestrial
Produces woody plant

↓ Aquatic ->

phytoplankton, Algae
plants.
&

Higher
energy
↓/
food is formed
passes to web
chain
-> or
consumer
Detritus food
- to next - if itdies->
chain (web.
 consumess -> Animals
-
for food
depends on plant
↓
(directly or indirectly)
Heterotrophs
secondary
-> primary ->
Produces consumers
consumer
priman camivove,

↓
↓,
Herbivores
nal
Toress

I
eg. Insects
Birds el0s4 stem Tertian
mammals consumers

Mollure
J an
Aqua
secondary
carnivores
# Fochain.
Goat > man
Grass >

primary secondary
produces
consumer
consumes

chain (PFC)
food e
# D
begins with dead organic matter
decomposes Heterotrophic)
by
Bacteria.

↓
Fungio
↓/
also cla Saprotrophs
secrete

digestive juices

↓ simple, inorganic
Dead &
-> materials.
waste
materials
# Aquatic ecosystem ->

arc major energy

conduit

DrC have more

Tevestrial ecosystem ->
flow.
↓energy
be connected to aft
may
at some levels.

cockroaches, crows
eg.
are omnivores.

↓
Natural interconnection
forming food chains
of
↓(
#od
web
 occupy specific place
Each organism
in food chain called
levels.
his
 byateach level
energy
* trophic
organism
at Higher level depends
on lower ones for energy.
* Law - 10%energy is transferred
# levels
successive
to prophic
1/
levels.
Hence, fixed no.
of trophic

love here
trophic
sADINGCROP
- each
# material
mass of living
particular time.
ata

no. in
Biomass or
measured
->
on
unit area.
↓
fresh or

dry weight.
EGICAL
#
PRAMIDS
obtained while expressing
fee
food orenergy relational levels.
diff. trophic
↓/
energy.
In terms of no, biomass,
level
trophic
↑

produces or first
Base ->
level consumer.
top
- -

or
Tertiary
↑ex
->

No.
① pyramid of
Biomass
② pyramid of
③ pyramid of energy
gn pyramids
content,
⑪Any calculations of energy
number has include
to
or
biomass
level.
all organisms
atthat trophic
I (
few individuals.
No generalisations by
more than one
may ocupy
②All org
levels simultaneously.
tophic more than
occupy
③ A species can in the same
level
one trophic time
at same
ecosystem consumer)
(primary
eg. sparrow
heat seeds, fruit, peas
↓,
consumer
secondary worms.
eat insects &
mcosystems
1/

All pyramids
↓I insect needing on
No. of
except0
upright a big
tree.
↓C
them
Now small birds eating
Marge
⑨pyramid of ↑
Biode
in sea
Biomass ⑲
↓I ↑e
gnvested

&
↑plankton
pyramid
*
of energy-> auplight
Limitations
belonging
--

Don'ttake
①
lame species
levels
to a or more trophic
food chain
Assumes a simple
② almost never exist
(which
food web
doesn't accommodate
③
aren't given any
④ capophyta place.
 SESSIONAchere
comp
#SCOCOGC enx.
constantly changes
to
changing
↓,
sequential

I
orderly a
Ecological ↓,
community equi
succession
near
lead to

·community
pioneer community
②
which started

Sevels entire sequence of

③ ->
that successively
communities
in
change given area.

③ Transitional communities Seral -

stages
seval communities.
 In successive seval
stages
change
① in species diversity
② a in No.
of species & org.
in total Biomass.

200tpeccodoanimals
↑&
also chanaand

sow 70mm
life
->

primany where
somehow
where no life was but

ever lost all organisms

forms farm lands
Abandoned
existed
->

sumed or
->
cut forests
->
Baze ROCK lands.
+
flooded
->Newly cooled lava
-

Newly created pond * faster than primary

or reservoir.
hundreds a
* takes
thousands of yes.
# ITRIENTING
Nutrient elements through
Amount of
the various component of an ecosystem.
Also called Biogeochemical cycles.
Nutrients carbon,
of
-

state -> Amount

standing calcium etc
present
Nitrogen, phosphor,
in soil atany given time.

never lost
Nutrient
* are

recycled time and

again.

I types
->
1 sedimentary
Gaceous
sulphur, phosphorus
carbon
Nitrogen,
Rate
of
Nutrients release affected by
soil
①
② moisture
③ pH
④ Temp
occur
Reavoir -> meet the deficitwhich
due to imbalance in

rate
of influx of efflux.
 serviceecosystem
oystem
*

C
processes

wide economic, environmental,

range of
services.
aesthetic goods &

water purification
eg. D
Air &
1100ds
② mitigate drought,
cycle Nutrients
⑤
feutile 10ils
④ generate
Habitat
⑦
Provide wildlife
⑥ maintain Biodivenity
⑦
pollinate crops
spiritual values
fal a

value can'tbe defined.