Electrical properties
• Resistance: Opposition to flow of electric current through a
conductor. Unit: Ω
Resistivity = Resistance of a material having unit length
and unit [Link]: Ω-m
• Metals with high resistance are used in heating element and
low resistance for long distance transmission lines
• Conductance: Property of material which allows passage of
electric current through it [Link]:mho
• Conductivity: Conductance of material per unit volume
• Reciprocal of resistivity
• Unit :(Ω - m) -1 or mho/ m, Simens/m
Capacitor
• Device used to store electric charge
• Consists of two conducting surface separated by an
insulator(dielectric)
• Capacitance: Property of capacitor to store electric
charge when a potential difference exists between the
terminals
chemical properties
Corrosion resistance: Resistance to deterioration or
decaying of metal by chemical or electrochemical
reaction with its environment
• Corrosion degrade material properties and reduce
economic value
• Acidity: Substance that gives hydrogen (H+) ions or
hydronium ions(H3O+) in aqueous solution
HCl + H2O = H3O+ + Cl-
• Alakalinity: Substance that gives hydroxyl ions (OH-)
ions in aqueous solution
Na(OH) + H2O = Na+ + OH
Physical properties
•Density:
•Amount of mass contained in unit volume of material
• Higher the density the heavier is the substance
• For water 1000 Kg/m3
• Unit: Kg/m3
• Viscosity(dynamic viscosity): Property of fluid which
offers resistance to the flow of one layer of fluid over
another adjacent layer of fluid
• Unit of viscosity : Ns/m2
• Kinematic viscosity, μ =
Specific gravity
• Ratio of density of a substance to the density of fresh
water at 4°C
• No unit. For mercury 13.6
• Colour:
• Represents reflective properties of substance
• Colour of material is that colour which is
[Link]:Yellow colour of gold
• Porosity: Presence of small holes or vacant space
• Eg:Clay
• Melting point: Temperature at which material
changes its state from solid to liquid at standard
atmospheric pressure
Material testing
• Purpose of material testing is to
• check chemical composition
• suitability of material for particular applications
• find out mechanical properties (ductility, toughness
etc.)
• determine data such as stress values, for design
purpose
• determine surface and sub-surface defects
Classification of Mechanical tests
1. Destructive Tests: specimen or the component is destroyed and
cannot be reused.
Eg. Tensile test, hardness test, impact test, fatigue test, creep test,
etc.
2. Non-Destructive Tests: The specimen is not destroyed and can be
used after the test.
Eg: Liquid Penetrant Test (LPT), Radiographic Test (RT), Ultrasonic
Testing(UT
Tensile test
• To determine tensile properties such as tensile strength, yield
strength, percentage reduction in area and modulus of elasticity.
• Test is carried out in UTM(Universal testing machine)
• Specimen is held in the jaws of machine after marking gauge length
• Pull load is applied gradually(usually hydraulically)
• This causes specimen to elongate and finally fracture
• Magnitude of the load is measured by measuring unit.
• Elongation is measured by an extensiometer attached to machine
• Stress strain graph is plotted from above data
Compression test
• Tested in UTM
• Opposite of tensile test
• For testing brittle material like cast iron, concrete etc.
• Specimen placed between table and adjustable cross head
• Push load is applied
Hardness test
• Brinell hardness test
• Vickers hardness test
• Rockwell hardness test
Brinell hardness test
• Test consist of pressing hardened steel ball of diameter (D = 10 mm)
into the surface of specimen by a gradually applied load P
• Specimen is placed on anvil
• Hand wheel is rotated so that specimen along with anvil contact the
ball.
• Apply the desired load for 10-15 seconds
•
Hardness
Property of a material to resist penetration by another material is known as hardness. It embraces
many different properties such as resistance to wear, scratching, deformation etc.. Hardness of
materials can be meant like resistance to abrasion, deformation or indentation. There are many
hardness measurement methods available namely, Moh‘s scale, Vicker‘s hardness, Rockwell
hardness, Knoop test, and Brinell hardness. Usually, hardness of material is measured by the depth of an
area Three kind of forces for hardness measurement available, with that force it is classified as macro
hardness (force >30 N), small hardness (force 3-30 N) and micro hardness (<0.5N)
In, Brinell hardness test (BHN), an iron ball of tempered steel or carbide steel with a known diameter is
pressed vertically with a test force ‗F‘ on the testing surface of specimen [19, 20]. Test force is exerted
during a defined time called dwell time. Brinell hardness (figure 7 a) is calculated by the pressure
diameter and the test force. The Brinell hardness measurement is used for the soft metals and
medium hard metals
In Vickers hardness test (HV), indenting the test material with a diamond indenter, in the form of a right
pyramid with a square base and an angle of 136° between opposite faces subjected to a load of
different kg for 10 to 15 seconds.
After removal of the load, two diagonals of the indentation left on the surface of material are
measured using a microscope and their average is calculated. Vickers hardness is the quotient
obtained by dividing the kg load by the square mm area of indentation.
Rockwell Hardness test consists of indenting the test material with a diamond cone or hardened steel
ball indenter. The standard for this is on hard and very hard materials and N versions (for thin walls) a
diamond ball is used or steel ball is used. The permanent increase in depth of penetration, resulting
from the application and removal of the additional major load is used to calculate the Rockwell
hardness