1.

Author
Jose David Alvarez Guerrero1, Thomas L. Acker and Rafael Castro

,” Power System Impacts of Electric Vehicle Charging Strategies” Electricity

2022

Table

Author title year Address link conclusion

name
se David Alvarez Power 2022
uerrero1, Thomas L.
ker and Rafael Castro System
Impacts of
Electric
Vehicle
Charging
Strategies”

Refences:

1. Jose David Alvarez Guerrero1, Thomas L. Acker and Rafael Castro

,” Power System Impacts of Electric Vehicle Charging Strategies” Electricity

2022

Abstract

This article explores the potential impacts of integrating electric vehicles (EVs) and variable renewable
energy (VRE) on power system operation. EVs and VRE are integrated in a production cost model
with a 5 min time resolution and multiple planning horizons to deduce the effects of variable
generation and EV charging on system operating costs, EV charging costs, dispatch stacks, reserves
and VRE curtailment. EV penetration scenarios of the light-duty vehicle fleet of 10%, 20%, and 30%
are considered in the RTS-GMLC test system, and VRE penetration is 34% of annual energy
consumption. The impacts of EVs are investigated during the annual peak in the summer and during
the four weeks of the year in which high VRE and low loads lead to overgeneration. Uncoordinated
 and coordinated EV charging scenarios are considered. In the uncoordinated scenario, charging is
undertaken at the convenience of the EV owners, modeled using data from the Idaho National
Laboratory’s EV Project. Coordinated charging uses an “aggregator” model, wherein EV charging is
scheduled to minimize operating costs while meeting the daily charging requirements subject to EV
availability and charging constraints. The results show that at each EV penetration level, the
uncoordinated charging costs were higher than the coordinated charging costs. During a high-VRE,
low-load week, with uncoordinated EV charging at 30% penetration (3% energy penetration), the
peak load increased by as much as 27%. Using coordinated charging, the EV load shifts to hours
with low prices, coincident with either low load, high VRE, or both. Furthermore, coordinated
charging substantially reduces the curtailment of PV by as much as nine times during the low-load
seasons, and the curtailment of wind generation by more than half during the summer peak
season, compared to the scenarios with no EVs and uncoordinated EV charging. Using a production
cost model with multiple planning cycles, load and VRE forecasts, and a “look ahead” period during
scheduling and dispatching units was crucial in creating and utilizing the flexibility of coordinated
EV charging.

Conclusions
This article presented the impacts of EV charging on operation of the RTS-GMLC power system using
the PCM PSO. In the base case, the RTS-GMLC model included no EVs. Modeling of EVs considered two
charging strategies, uncoordinated and coordinated, and three EV penetration levels: 10%, 20%, and
30% of the light-duty vehicles (equal to 1%, 2% and 3% penetration of the annual energy load). To
understand the impacts, the model was applied for representative on-peak and off-peak weeks
throughout the year. The findings are presented in terms of power system loads, operation cost,
LMPs, EV charging cost, and VRE curtailment, and the impact of the two charging strategies. With
regard to the reliability metrics of unserved energy and maintaining reserve margins, the EV charging
scenarios led to no increase in unserved energy, and no violation of the reserve margins.

Author
Jose David Alvarez Guerrero1, Thomas L. Acker and Rafael Castro

Electricity

2022,

[Link]-Effects of electric vehicle charging strategies

on the German power system
 Author Title Year Link conclusion
address
p Hanemann ,
ka Behnert , Thomas Effects of
kner a b
electric
vehicle
charging
strategies
on the
German
power
system
Abstract
We analyze the impact of different electric vehicle (EV) charging strategies on the German power
system in the year 2030 by explicitly including neighboring countries. A novel parametrization
approach dealing with the weekday dependent variations of EV demand is introduced. Investigating a
broad interval of CO2 prices yields robustness against varying merit order curves. The underlying
nonlinear relationship leads to qualitatively different impacts of EVs on power plant dispatch at
different CO2 prices. Furthermore, we find that curtailment of renewable energy sources is reduced
independently of the charging strategy. Concerning system cost and emissions, the charging strategy
vehicle-to-grid proves to be most beneficial. We show that at low CO2 prices, a production increase of
emission intense technologies, such as lignite power plants is overcompensated by several other
system components.

Conclusion
The study concludes that electric vehicles will have a significant impact on the German power system
by 2030, depending on the charging strategy used and the level of CO₂ pricing. Electric vehicle
integration can help improve the efficiency of the power system by reducing the curtailment of
renewable energy sources, regardless of the charging method. Among the analyzed strategies,
Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) provides the greatest benefits, as it allows EVs to store electricity and return it
to the grid, improving system flexibility, lowering overall system costs, and reducing emissions.
Although at low CO₂ prices there may be a temporary increase in electricity generation from emission-
intensive sources such as lignite plants, the overall system effects compensate for this increase
through improved renewable energy utilization and better grid management. Therefore, adopting
advanced EV charging strategies, particularly V2G, can play an important role in supporting a more
efficient and sustainable future power system.

Author
Philipp Hanemann , Marika Behnert , Thomas Bruckner a b

[Link]-Analysis of electric vehicle charge scheduling

and effects on electricity demand costs
Abstract
Due to the recent inflow of electric vehicles (EVs) to the automobile market, new concerns have risen
with respect to the additional electrical load and the resultant effects on an overloaded electric grid. It
takes approximately three to four hours to fully charge the battery of some common EVs depending
on battery capacities. Either for convenience purposes or possibly necessity due to limited electric
range on EVs, some EV owners may desire to charge their EV while at work in addition to charging at
home. These forward-thinking daytime charging providers are typically Commercial and Industrial
(C&I) electric ratepayers, or other large electric consumers which constitute the majority of
businesses, shopping centers, academic campuses and manufacturing facilities. C&I consumers
generally pay for electricity consumption based not only on total energy consumed, but also on peak
electric demand measurements because certain portions of the working day are traditionally
associated with C&I peak load periods. Electricity consumption during these periods results in higher
electricity costs due to differences in the billing structures. Therefore, uncontrolled EV charging in
large numbers potentially creates significant peak demand increases resulting in higher electric costs
for the C&I ratepayer and exacerbating grid issues relating to electric generation and grid stability.
Proper scheduling of EV charging is a necessity to avoid such increases in peak electric demand.
Scheduling can be implemented in a number of ways including traditional process control strategies
such as model predictive control or machine scheduling algorithms.

Conclusions
In this work, a study of EV charging prioritization algorithms was conducted as a subcomponent of the
overarching PMCS for EV chargers as proposed in [14, 15]. The parallel machine scheduling problem
was formulated as a mixed integer linear program and solved using CPLEX [2]. Four heuristic machine
scheduling algorithms are proposed and adapted to the problem of EV charging in cases where
charger availability constraints are present. The essential objective of all scheduling algorithms studied
was to minimize the total makespan of all charging jobs while ensuring that charging activity is halted
during peak demand periods to avoid disproportionate increases in electricity costs incurred by C&I
ratepayers.

Authors
N Jewell, L Bai, J Naber, ML McIntyre - Energy Systems, 2014 - Springer

[Link]- Network Impacts and Cost Savings of

Controlled EV Charging
Abstract:
This paper investigates the distribution system impacts of electric vehicle (EV) charging. The analysis is
based on a large number of operational distribution networks in The Netherlands. Future load profiles
have been constructed by adding different EV charging profiles to household loads and solving the
power flows to assess the network impacts on various network levels. The results indicate that
controlled charging of EVs leads to significant reduction of overloaded network components that have
to be replaced, but the impact varies per network level. Overall, in the uncontrolled charging scenarios
roughly two times more replacements are needed compared to the controlled charging scenario.
Furthermore, it was shown that for the controlled charging scenario the overall reduction in net
present value due to energy losses and the replacement of overloaded network components is
approximately 20% in comparison with the uncontrolled charging scenario. The results suggest that
the deployment of a flexible and intelligent distribution network is a cost-beneficial way to
accommodate large penetrations of EVs.

Conclusions
A method to assess the network impacts of EV charging and its economic consequences has been
presented in this paper. This approach, that combines recent network load measurements and
modeled future EV profiles, has been used to analyze a large number of operational distribution
networks and calculate the resulting costs for energy losses and reinforcement of network
components. Because our analysis covers a large set of different distribution networks consisting of
thousands of different grid assets, our findings should be interpreted to reflect system level figures
rather than predictions for individual networks or assets. Within the validity of our assumptions,
however, a number of important conclusions can be drawn.

Authors
Remco A. Verzijlbergh; Marinus O. W. Grond; Zofia Lukszo; Johannes G. Slootweg; Marija D. Ilic.
[Link]- Review of impact of electric vehicle charging
station on the power grid
Abstract:
As a measure to tackle the ever increasing energy demand as well as climate change 21st century has
witnessed the concept of e mobility and a prototype shift from conventional vehicles to Electric
Vehicles (EVs). But the increasing number of EVs is a major threat to the power distribution network.
The increase in the demand of power required for charging EVs may hamper the smooth performance
of the power distribution network. In order to ensure secure and steady performance of the power
distribution network it is essential to analyze the impact of EV charging stations on the power grid. In
the past few years there is extensive research on the effect of EV charging stations on power
distribution network. In this particular review study the literature bearing on the impact of EV charging
stations on the power distribution network are considered.

Conclusion
The review concludes that the increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is an important step
toward reducing environmental pollution and meeting future energy demands. However, the rapid
growth of EV charging stations can place additional load on the power distribution network, which
may lead to issues such as voltage instability, increased peak demand, and stress on grid
infrastructure. The literature reviewed indicates that careful planning, proper placement of charging
stations, and the use of smart charging technologies are essential to minimize negative impacts on the
power grid. Therefore, effective management strategies and advanced grid technologies are necessary
to ensure the reliable and stable operation of the power distribution system while supporting the
continued growth of EV infrastructure.

Authors
Sanchari Deb; Karuna Kalita; Pinakeshwar Mahanta

[Link]-An Investigation of Plug-In Electric Vehicle

Charging Impact on Power Systems Scheduling and
Energy Costs
Abstract:
This paper investigates the impact of plug-in electric vehicle (EV) integration on the power systems
scheduling and energy cost. An intermediary entity, the EV aggregator, participates in the market on
behalf of the EV owners by optimally self-scheduling under the price-taking approach. Through
detailed rolling simulations for a year and different EVs' penetration scenarios at a large insular power
system, this work highlights the different impact of direct and smart charging on power system
scheduling and energy costs, the limitations of the price-taking approach, which is widely used in self-
scheduling models, and the difference in system value and market value that smart charging adoption
creates in restructured markets under the marginal pricing rule.

Conclusion
In this work an investigation of the impact of plug-in electric vehicles (smart and direct) charging on
power systems scheduling and energy costs has been carried out, assuming an EVA that participates in
the market on behalf of the EV owners by optimally self-scheduling under the price-taking approach.
Based on the examined case study, the insular power system of Crete, Greece, the expected EVs
penetration until 2030 can be successfully accommodated in the system in the context of the existing
generation fleet. However, direct charging and smart charging scenarios have a completely different
impact on the power system operation (energy production mix and unit cycling) as well as on energy
economics. The impact also depends on the EV penetration. When the size of the EV fleet increases to
the point that it has a considerable impact on the unit commitment schedule, the results begin to
present a non-regular performance, which cannot be easily estimated. Such performance is observed
when the number of EVs in the island reaches 21,000 (corresponding to1.75% of total demand).

Authors
Stylianos I. Vagropoulos; Georgios A. Balaskas; Anastasios G. Bakirtzis

[Link]-Analysis method and utilization mechanism of

the overall value of EV charging
Abstract
Electric Vehicle (EV) can save energy while reducing emissions and has thus attracted the attention of
both academics and industry. The cost and benefit of charging are one of the key issues in relation to
EV development that has been researched extensively. But many studies are carried out from a
viewpoint of some local entities rather than a global system, focus on specific types or aspects of EV
charging, or use mixed models that can only be computed by computer simulation and lack physical
transparency. This paper illuminated that it is necessary to consider the value of EV charging on a
system scale. In order to achieve this, it presents an analytical model for analyzing the overall value of
EVs, an analysis model to evaluate the reduction of pollutions relevant to photovoltaic power, and a
model to transfer the intrinsic savings of wind power to the off-peak charging loads. It is estimated
that EV charging has a significant positive value, providing the basis for enhanced EV subsidies.
Accordingly, a utilization mechanism apt to optimize globally is proposed, upon which sustainable
business models can be formed by providing adequate support, including the implementation of a
peak–valley tariff, charging subsidies and one-time battery subsidies. This utilization mechanism, by
taking full advantage of the operation system of power utilities to provide basic support and service,
may provide new approaches to the development of EVs. The method proposed here is of important
value for the systematic considerations about EV development and maybe can help broaden the
possibility of EV development.

Conclusions
In this research, a model to analyze the overall value of EV that includes peak regulation, pollution
reduction and the increasing of new energy utilization was presented, indicating a clear positive value
of EV charging and providing the sources for increasing EV subsidies. By comparing EV with
photovoltaic power, a model was proposed to calculate the value of emission reduction as a result of
EV charging. It was presented that if the amount of damage caused by fuel vehicles is k times that
caused by EVs, then the subsidy for EVs should be (k − 1) times greater than the subsidy for
photovoltaic power. An analysis model was also proposed for evaluating the improvement in new
energy utilization as a result of EVs.

Authors
Chunlin Guo , Ching Chuen Chan

[Link]-Electric Vehicle Charging Stations With

Renewable Power Generators: A Game Theoretical
Analysis
Abstract:
In this paper, we study the price competition among electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) with
renewable power generators (RPGs). As electric vehicles (EVs) become more popular, a competition
among EVCSs to attract EVs is inevitable. Thereby, each EVCS sets its electricity price to maximize its
revenue by taking into account the competition with neighboring EVCSs. We analyze the competitive
interactions between EVCSs using game theory, where relevant physical constraints such as the
transmission line capacity, the distance between EV and EVCS, and the number of charging outlets at
the EVCSs are taken into account. We show that the game played by EVCSs is a supermodular game
and there exists a unique pure Nash equilibrium for best response algorithms with arbitrary initial
policy. The electricity price and the revenue of EVCSs are evaluated via simulations, which reveal the
benefits of having RPGs at the EVCSs.
Conclusion
In this paper, the price competition between EVCSs with renewable electricity generation in smart grid
was explored. We modeled the competitive price adjustment of EVCSs as a game and proved the
convergence of the game based on supermodularity. Through simulations, we investigated the
electricity price and the revenue of EVCSs as a function of the generation capacity of RPGs and found
that adopting RPGs at the EVCSs is beneficial for both the EVs and the EVCSs providing that the cost
incurred by adopting RPG is not extremely [Link] interesting extension of this paper is the
consideration of the use of local storage units at the EVCSs such that the EVCSs can store their surplus
renewable energy for future use. Furthermore, it would be interesting to consider other charging
options for EVs, e.g., charging at home, in the EV charging market.

Authors
Woongsup Lee; Lin Xiang; Robert Schober; Vincent W. S. Wong

[Link]-Optimized Operational Cost Reduction for an

EV Charging Station Integrated With Battery Energy
Storage and PV Generation
Abstract:
A four-stage intelligent optimization and control algorithm for an electric vehicle (EV) bidirectional
charging station equipped with photovoltaic generation and fixed battery energy storage and
integrated with a commercial building is proposed in this paper. The proposed algorithm aims at
maximally reducing the customer satisfaction-involved operational cost considering the potential
uncertainties, while balancing the real-time supply and demand by adjusting the optimally scheduled
charging/discharging of EV mobile/local battery storage, grid supply, and deferrable load. The chance-
constrained optimization objective has been stated in stages: (1) stage I, optimization of day-ahead
energy management schedules; (2) stage II, multitiered EV charging price update and optimization of
discharging participation bonus; (3) stage III, optimization of hour-ahead energy management
schedules; and (4) stage IV, real-time control. Such algorithm provides more resilience for
unpredictable conditions, provides more incentives for EV users to participate, and better coordinates
the integrated system including the building load to reliably serve the customers while lessening cost.
Case studies are implemented and the comparison analysis is performed in terms of the use and
benefit of each design feature of the algorithm. The results indicate that the proposed algorithm can
reduce the operational cost and at the same time provide higher tolerability toward uncertainties.

Conclusion
In this paper, a four-stage optimization and control algorithm is proposed for the purpose of reducing
the operational cost of the integrated smart charging station. The proposed algorithm spans three
time scales, has an additional stage II to deal with PEV charging/discharging prices to attract customers
to participate, and offers a novel control scheme design to improve the operational performance.

Authors
Qin Yan; Bei Zhang; Mladen Kezunovic

[Link]-Research on the valley-filling pricing for EV

charging considering renewable power generation
Abstract
The real-time dispatch of electricity grids faces two new challenges: the volatility of renewable energy
power generation and the impact caused by the large-scale charging demand of electric vehicles (EVs).
Under the premise that China's renewable energy power generation is a prior connection to the grid,
this article aims to guide the coordinated charging of EVs through the design of the time-of-use
charging price mechanism and to help achieve valley-filling. The peak and valley hours were divided
according to the load of baseload units that do not include renewable energy power generation. A
nationwide discrete choice experiment has been conducted to investigate the willingness to pay of
2637 Chinese consumers for charging at different times and to analyse the influence of heterogeneous
factors. Finally, the power economic dispatch model has been used to simulate the effect of the
charging time-of-use pricing on the cost and load of the regional power system. Policy
recommendations are provided based on consumers' willingness to pay for charging at public charging
stations and home chargers at different times on weekdays and weekends. The simulation shows that
under the EV charging time-of-use price mechanism with a 50% price increase during peak hours and a
50% price reduction during valley hours, the total power cost of Beijing-West Inner Mongolia power
systems is reduced by 302.3 million CNY compared with the current scenario. The average peak-valley
difference of thermal power output can also be reduced by 11.7% on weekdays.

Conclusions
Considering that grid-connected renewable energy will affect the operation of the baseload units of
the electricity grid, the peak and valley hours of the grid load on weekdays and weekends were
divided. Combined with the theory of utility maximization, a nationwide discrete choice experiment
was conducted in China to quantify consumers' WTP for charging at different times. In addition, the
influence of consumer heterogeneity on the choice of charging time and WTP has been discussed.
Finally, combined with the number of EVs and the installed capacity of renewable energy generation,
the cost and the load impact caused by the TOU EV charging pricing on the Beijing-West Inner
Mongolia power systems have been simulated. The following conclusions were obtained.
Authors
Shao-Chao Ma , Bo-Wen Yi , Ying Fan

[Link]-Cost-benefit and net zero impact analysis of

PV-grid-battery systems for EV charging stations
Abstract
The transition to sustainable energy solutions is critical for achieving net zero emissions, particularly in
the transportation sector. This study presents a comprehensive cost-benefit and net-zero emission
impact analysis of hybrid photovoltaic (PV)-grid-battery systems designed for electric vehicle (EV)
charging stations in Bangladesh, which evaluates various configurations of PV systems, battery
storage, and grid connectivity during the preliminary design phase, optimizing energy provision and
system reliability based on demand load profiles reflecting anticipated EV usage patterns. The
proposed system supports up to 54 EVs within 24 h, with a total demand load of 2800 kW. The study
focuses on five locations—Dhaka, Sirajganj, Faridpur, Cumilla, and Habiganj—selected based on solar
irradiance levels and urban density. Using the HOMER Pro database, the analysis identifies significant
seasonal variations in solar radiation, with Sirajganj achieving a peak of 6.05 kWh/m2/day in April.
Energy performance analysis across the five locations shows that generic flat-plate PV systems
contribute nearly 100 % of the total annual energy production, with specific yields ranging from
67,882,490 kWh/yr in Cumilla to 75,474,534 kWh/yr in Sirajganj. The three different variant
configurations for the EVCS were evaluated in order to determine the best scenario for efficiency,
each being composed of PV generation, grid connectivity, and energy storage combinations. In Case 3,
grid sales exceed purchases, with Dhaka reporting the highest grid sales at 39,025,459 kWh/yr. The
renewable fraction stabilizes at around 90.5 % in Case 3 across all locations, demonstrating balanced
integration of renewables. Simpler system configurations yield higher ROIs, with Case 1 in Cumilla
achieving 171.8 %. The study recommends a grid-connected net metering system to optimize excess
PV energy contributions. The proposed system can reduce energy costs by up to 30 % compared to
grid-only solutions. This research underscores the role of PV-grid-battery systems in advancing
Bangladesh towards a net-zero emissions future with a decrease of approximately 910,395.488 kg CO2
per year, offering a scalable and economically feasible model for EV charging infrastructure. Deploying
EV charging stations in Bangladesh presents challenges, including site selection based on population
densities and travel patterns and integrating PV systems into EVCS networks without proper sizing
guidelines. The intermittent nature of solar energy necessitates hybrid energy management solutions,
highlighting the need for strategic planning to ensure reliable and sustainable EVCS operations.
Conclusion
This study offers a framework for assessing the technical viability and sustainability of photovoltaic-
grid-battery systems for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations (EVCSs) in Bangladesh. In an analytical
approach, it systematically analyzes the cost-benefit and net zero emission scenario impacts and
accounts for detailed assessments of system configurations, site-specific site economies, and
environmental metrics. The first phase of the framework will be a pre-design phase, which comprises
all different configurations of PV systems, battery storage, and grid connectivity for the energy needs
of EV charging stations (EVCSs). The site selection and climate analysis emphasize a primary feature,
targeting sites with access to optimal solar incidence and the needed infrastructure. The techno-
economics brings to light the financial and production aspects of energy. It may lead to a feedback
design optimization based on iterations. Cost-energy-environmental impact analysis produces an
efficient system design, leading to an optimal dispatch strategy for the use of energy. This holistic
approach will design a sustainable EV charging infrastructure in line with Bangladesh's renewable
energy goals and net zero emissions target, providing important information on renewable energy
integration within the EV ecosystem.

Authors
Munyem Ahammad Muyeed, Moslema Hoque Oeishee, Abu S.M. Mohsin

[Link]-Comprehensive impact analysis of electric

vehicle charging scheduling on load-duration curve
ABSTRACT
Within the next decade, the number of electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
(PHEVs) will increase exponentially owing to the environmental benefits related to their utilization. In
an ideal framework condition, the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) system provides advantages such as
subordinate administration of load leveling and peak shaving guidelines, and minimized upgrade costs.
In this paper, deterministic and probabilistic methods of scheduling PHEV charging/discharging are
analyzed, and their performances are compared based on a case study. In the case of the deterministic
method, an optimization model is proposed to reduce the overall grid output power consumption for
utilities and operate a smart charging/discharging schedule for PHEV users. Quadratic programming
(QP) is used to solve the optimization cost function. In contrast, the probabilistic method uses Monte
Carlo simulation (MCS) to analyze the impact and determine a coordinated time-of-use (TOU)
structure for the PHEV charging/discharging schedule. Both methods suggest V2G feasibility for the
smart grid system.

Conclusion
PHEVs can be viewed as distributed energy-storage devices if they can be controlled and operated
sensibly and reasonably. They offer immense possibilities in terms of peak shaving as well as load
shifting. Numerous variables affect the charging/discharging load of PHEVs. In this paper, a PHEV
charging/discharging model is proposed to expand the EVs’ financial advantages with QP optimization
under a deterministic method. This study additionally investigates the economic and environmental
effects. It provides an organized TOU type for planning PHEV charging/discharging with MCS.
However, PHEV users can also be benefitted if they follow the peak and off-peak schedule. SEC can
easily allow 10% of PHEVs in Riyadh. Otherwise, these extra loads will destroy the load curve by
significantly increasing the peak load and also by creating another peak load at a different time.
Charging loads have obvious differences between peaks and valleys due to TOU, which are roughly
consistent with peaks in the power grids over time. If TOU power prices and other strategies are
adopted to control PHEV charging loads, much of the pressure on power grids will be reduced and the
operation costs of power grids will be cut down. Saudi Arabia is not in favor of adopting EVs due to the
low oil prices and lack of basic EV infrastructure. Utilizing the V2G system can help the country utilize
this limited oil resource judiciously. Further study must be carried out to measure the costs of
integrating smart charging points with a smart metering infrastructure in the DN system, particularly
under the existence of EVs and other DERs in the KSA.

Authors
Mohammad Mominur Rahman , Essam A. Al-Ammar , Himadry Shekhar Das , Wonsuk Ko

[Link]-Power system impacts of electric vehicles in

Germany: Charging with coal or renewables?
Abstract
We analyze the impacts of future scenarios of electric vehicles (EVs) on the German power system,
drawing on different assumptions on the charging mode. We find that the impact on the load duration
curve strongly differs between charging modes. In a fully user-driven mode, charging largely occurs
during daytime and in the evening, when power demand is already high. User-driven charging may
thus have to be restricted because of generation adequacy concerns. In contrast, cost-driven charging
is carried out during night-time and at times of high PV availability. Using a novel model formulation
that allows for simulating intermediate charging modes, we show that even a slight relaxation of fully
user-driven charging results in much smoother load profiles. Further, cost-driven EV charging strongly
increases the utilization of hard coal and lignite plants in 2030, whereas additional power in the user-
driven mode is predominantly generated from natural gas and hard coal. Specific CO2 emissions of EVs
are substantially higher than those of the overall power system, and highest under cost-driven
charging. Only in additional model runs, in which we link the introduction of EVs to a respective
deployment of additional renewables, electric vehicles become largely CO2-neutral.

Conclusions
We analyze the integration of future fleets of electric vehicles into the German power system for
various scenarios of 2020 and 2030. We use a numerical dispatch model with a unit commitment
formulation which minimizes overall dispatch costs over a full year to study the effects of different
charging modes on the load curve, dispatch, costs, and emission. By applying a novel model
formulation, we are able not only to simulate extreme charging modes, but also more realistic
intermediate ones.

Based on our findings we suggest several policy-relevant conclusions. First, the overall energy
requirements of electric vehicles should not be of concern to policy makers for the time being,
whereas their impact on peak loads should be. Not only with respect to costs, but also to system
security, cost-driven charging is clearly preferably to the user-driven mode. Because of generation
adequacy concerns, user-driven charging may have to be restricted, at the latest if the vehicle fleet
gets as large as in our 2030 scenarios, unless high charging tariffs render user-driven charging
unattractive, anyway.

Authors
Wolf-Peter Schill , Clemens Gerbaulet

[Link]-A Cost-Efficient Approach to EV Charging

Station Integrated Community Microgrid: A Case Study
of Indian Power Market
Abstract
Rising atmospheric adulteration due to exponential growth in urbanization, industrialization, and
increasing the number of on-road vehicles is raising an alarming situation for urban communities. To
mitigate the effects of this escalating issue, there is direct need for implementation of alternative fuel-
based distributed generation and transportation system. In this paper, an optimal framework of
energy management system (EMS) for public electric vehicles (EVs) charging station integrated with
the community microgrid is proposed, based on switching mechanism from one trading market to
another. The proposed framework is executed by formulating a mix integer, nonlinear problem under
multiple trading locations. The aim of EMS is to minimize the cost of energy to charge the vehicle and
to meet the community load, demand while maximizing the selling cost of the surplus energy of a
solar photovoltaic system and the energy discharged by EVs. The proposed approach is applied to a
100-house community in the context of the Indian community, assuming each house governs one EV
and returning charging station to charge and discharge the EV.

Conclusion
The proposed EMS performs optimal scheduling of the EV charging station within the microgrid and on
the grid under multimarket environment. The dynamic nature of EVs has been considered using the
probability curve of the vehicle trip distribution and daily mileage distribution. The forecasted
community load demand, energy price, and PV generation are incorporated in the proposed EMS and
the error analysis shows the suitability of the considered forecasting models.

The formulated mix integer nonlinear problem has been linearized, in order to obtain a global
optimum solution. At the first stage, the formulated problem has been investigated for a base case
where the uncertainty was ignored. However, at a later stage, the uncertainties, associated with
various variables, have been considered and their impact has been analyzed.

For the base case, the presented case study shows a significant profit to MGSO, i.e., the MGSO paid
4.61% less cost of energy as compared to DA, while 11.75% and 8.78% less as compared to bilateral-
and DISCOM-based trading platforms, respectively.

Moreover, the uncertainty analysis shows a profit range of 2.88% to 18.30% with an average standard
deviation of 3.22.

Authors
Furkan Ahmad; Mohammad Saad Alam; Samir M. Shariff; Mahesh Krishnamurthy

[Link]-Analysing the impact of electric vehicle

charging on households: An interrelated load profile
generation approach
Abstract
Electric vehicles (EVs) have drawn considerable attention for their role in energy security and
efficiency at the household, building and grid levels. As consumers coordinate indoor activities and
outdoor trips, their cohesive activity profiles lead to interrelated residential loads and EV charging
loads. However, these two types of loads are often generated separately, neglecting the connection
between them. This separate EV load generation approach can lead to inaccurate estimations of peak
loads and demand flexibility at the household, building and residential grid levels. This study develops
a bottom-up approach to simulate interrelated load profiles including the EV charging load and the
loads from indoor household appliances. This approach extracts both travel activities and indoor
appliance-related activities from the same individuals’ time use surveys to maintain the
interconnection between them. Conversion factors, such as appliance load patterns, travel patterns,
and EV charging rates, are derived from diverse data sources to translate household activities into load
profiles. The output not only provides an accurate estimation of peak loads but also facilitates demand
flexibility management for households and residential buildings. In a dataset comprising about 200
households, our load profile simulation indicates that a 100% EV penetration rate may increase the
total electricity consumption by 12.9% to 19.0% across three charging scenarios, while peak load
increases the range from 14.9% to 35.0%. Furthermore, simple rule-based EV charging power rate
limitations are shown to mitigate peak load surges without significantly influencing EV usage. The
validation against meter-recorded electricity measurements reveals that the generated household
appliance loads capture the fluctuation of the average daily load profiles. This study presents a
straightforward method for generating interrelated EV charging loads and indoor household appliance
loads, offering valuable inputs and insights for impact analysis, policy-making and demand response.
Conclusion
This paper presents an interrelated load profile generation approach to analyse the impact of EV
charging on households using time use survey data. EV charging loads and interrelated household
appliance loads are generated based on cohesive activity profiles. Therefore, the proposed approach
can accurately analyse the impact of EV charging at both disaggregated and aggregated household
levels. Moreover, it establishes significant connections between outdoor travel behaviours, indoor
activities and electricity consumption, offering valuable opportunities to integrate the EV charging
demand flexibility into residential demand response. This approach can be integrated into demand-
side response models to generate accurate load profiles and identify corresponding flexibilities.

Authors
Han Wang, Fangce Guo, Aruna Sivakumar

[Link]-Comprehensive benefits analysis of electric

vehicle charging station integrated photovoltaic and
energy storage

Abstract
Photovoltaic–energy storage charging station (PV-ES CS) combines photovoltaic (PV), battery energy
storage system (BESS) and charging station together. As one of the most promising charging facilities,
PV-ES CS plays a decisive role in improving the convenience of EV charging, saving energy and reducing
pollution emissions. To promote PV-ES CS and improve the network of charging facilities, it is
necessary to explore its comprehensive benefits. Firstly, to make full use of peak-to-valley electricity
price difference and consume the power generated by the PV, this paper introduces the energy
management strategy of the station based on time-of-use (TOU) electricity price. Secondly, from the
perspective of multiple beneficiaries, a comprehensive benefits analysis model of charging station is
proposed, including the benefits of PV-ES CS, power grid and society. Finally, the comprehensive
benefits of the new charging station are analyzed through a PV-ES CS in Beijing. The impact of the
construction cost reduction (including BESS cost and PV cost) and subsidy decline on the economy of
the charging station is discussed. The government should further enrich charging stations subsidies.
The results show that the social and economic benefits brought by PV-ES CS are far greater than the
economic benefits of the station itself. With the development of the new charging facility in the
future, it will bring considerable social and economic benefits and play a vital role in saving energy and
reducing emissions.

Conclusion
The dramatic growth of electric vehicles has led to an increasing emphasis on the construction of
charging infrastructure. The PV-ES CS combines PV power generation, energy storage and charging
station construction, which plays an active role in improving the network of EV charging facilities and
reducing pollutant emissions. To make the best use of the peak-valley electricity price difference, this
paper proposed an energy management strategy of the station according to the TOU electricity price.
Based on the strategy mentioned above, a comprehensive benefit quantitative analysis model
considering the economic benefits of the charging station, the grid side and the society are
established. Finally, the comprehensive benefits of the new charging station are analyzed through a
case. Based on the analysis results, we found that the PV-ES CS has excellent economic performance,
and the grid side benefits and social benefits brought by the station are far greater than the economic
benefits of the charging station itself. Therefore, the government should encourage the promotion
and construction of the charging facilities integrated PV and energy storage.

Authors
Meng Yang , Lihui Zhang , Zhenli Zhao , Liwan Wang