MODULE 3

MODERN FORMS OF URBAN TRANSPORTATION

 The different forms of railway urban transport in use in most
cities

 Tramways

 Underground railways

 Elevated railways


Monorails
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Tube railways

 LRT – Light Rail Transit systems

 MRTS – Mass Rapid Transit systems

 High speed tracks

 Trams: rail vehicle that runs on tramway underground railway :system used to
tracks along public urban streets transport large numbers of passengers
within urban and suburban areas

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elevated railway: rapid transit railway with the

Monorail: railway in which the track consists
tracks above street level on a viaduct or other
of a single rail or a beam
elevated structure
 LRT – LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT
 Medium capacity mode of mass rapid transport (intermediate between heavy capacity metro and low
capacity bus services)

 utilizes equipment and infrastructure that is less massive

 LRT may be at grade, partially grade-separated or completely elevated

 LRT is a low cost, low axle load, eco-friendly, electrically propelled system


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no local pollution and low noise and vibrations

Generally have a top speed of around 100 km/h though mostly operating at much lower speeds

 The primary difference between LRT and Tramway is that LRT has a dedicated right of way taken
away from road traffic.

 In congested areas of cities, the LRT may use tunnel section of elevated tracks. This enhances the
quality of service.

 The LRT routes are designed in such a way that they could be upgraded as MRTS
 ADVANTAGES
 LRT uses predominantly reserved right of way.
 Have the capability of loading passengers from street level or medium or high-
level platforms.
 Provides wide range of passenger capacities and performance characteristics
depending upon right-of-way it uses.
 Cost effective



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Fixed facilities need not be built to the same standard over its entire length.
Can be upgraded to rapid transit standard where higher speeds and capacities are
needed.
 In segments where medium capacity exists, it can be made simple and low cost.
 The vehicle has driving control at both ends. Maximum speed of the vehicle is
about 60 Km/h. The average speed may be around 15 to 25 km/h.
 Stops of L.R. Ts are closely spaced.
 DISADVANTAGES
 Low speeds
 Low carrying capacity
 Individual car capacity is 100 to 180 persons {Of these, only 20 to 30% will have seats}
 Reduction of overall capacity of roads.

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 MRT – MASS RAPID TRANSIT
 Carrying capacity is high > 25,000 PHPDT (Passengers per hour per direction)
 Speed is very high up to 100 Km/h.
 Inter station distance is very less around one km.
 Non-polluting and environmental friendly system
 Fast, reliable, safe and comfortable
 Energy requirement per passenger kilometre is one fifth
 Metro, tube rails etc are typical examples of MRT

ADVANTAGES
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 Eco- friendly

 Efficient in terms of space occupancy

 Averts the number of accidents

 Provides comfort with ultra-modern coaches and modern systems like automatic ticketing,
advanced signaling systems, automatic train protection systems and integrated security systems.
TUBE RAILS
 Underground railway system – depth more than 25 m
 To avoid water supply lines, sewer lines, gas lines etc which are at 10 m
 The railway line is constructed in a tunnel that is circular or tubular

FEATURES
 railway stations of the tube railway are generally cylindrical in shape



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Only electric traction is used for hauling trains in order to avoid smoke and the
resulting environmental pollution.
escalators are provided for accessing and existing the stations
 automatic signal is provided for the faster and effective movement of trains
 centrally operated switch installed in the driver's cabin – to close the doors of
compartments
 Automatic ticket issuing machines are installed in the concourse
 Adequate indication and warning boards are displayed at significant locations
 Tube rails

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 HIGH SPEED TRACKS
 These are the tracks which allow operation of trains at speeds more than 120 kilometres
per hour. These are the requirements of today, because
 there is a rapidly increasing demand of transportation,
 the running of heavy loads at faster speeds safely and economically between the two major
terminal stations.
 better productivity
 provide better services to customer, if they can be transported or the freights can be moved at
higher speed.


a)
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The high-speed trains can be classified in two categories
high speed tracks - speeds are over 120 kilometres per hour and are up to 250
kilometres per hour and
b) the super high speed - speeds are above 250 kilometres per hour.

 The development of high speed and super high-speed tracks requires:

 high speed tracks: it is the modified traction like diesel and electric traction instead of
steam traction modernization of present track to higher standards.
 super high-speed tracks advanced traction efforts and track modernization.
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PS: “Overhauling: take apart (a piece of machinery or
equipment) in order to examine it and repair it if necessary.”
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 Essentials of track maintenance
a. The gauge should be correct or within the specified limits
b. There should be no difference in cross levels except on curves, where cross
levels vary in order to provide superelevation
Longitudinal levels should be uniform

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c.

d. The alignment should be straight and kink-free

e. The ballast should be adequate and the sleepers should be well packed.
f. There should be no excessive wear and tear of the track and all its components
and fittings should be complete.
g. Track drainage should be good and the formation should be well maintained.
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Conventional methods
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 Squaring: correcting the spacing and

position of sleepers
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 2. Systematic Overhauling

 Normally commenced after completion of one

cycle of through packing
Consists of following operation

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Shallow screening and making up of ballast section
b. All items included in through packing
c. Making up the cess
a. Shallow Screening

 Open out the ballast 50 to 75 mm below the

bottom of sleeper.
For machine maintained track 75 to 100 mm.

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Shoulder ballast to be removed to the full depth.
 Screen the ballast and put back in to track.
Precautions for O.H.
 Ensure that extra quantity of ballast is available at site.
 The core under the sleepers must not be disturbed.
 Between two sleeper cribs, where work in progress, there should be
at least two cribs where ballast is not disturbed.
 Overhauling work should be taken up only in alternate rail length to

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preserve the track geometry.
overhauling should be done only in winter considering rail temp

c. Cess when high, should be cut along with overhauling.

 Cess: The area along either side of a railroad track which is kept at a lower level
than the sleeper bottom, in order to provide drainage.
3. Deep Screening of Ballast

Purpose for deep screening

To improve drainage of track

1)

2)

3)
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To improve elasticity of the track
To maintain track geometry
4) To improve running of the track
When Deep Screening is required?

 Prior to CTR ( Complete Track Renewal)

 Prior to TSR ( temporary speed restrictions)
 When the improper ballast has resulted in
unsatisfactory riding.
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 Before conversion of fish plated track in to LWR –
(Long Welded rail)
 Entire track once in ten years
Preliminary works for Deep Screening

 Arrangement of additional ballast at site.

 Cess to be brought up to correct level in relation to the
final Rail level.
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Pegs should be provided at 30 meter distance, indicating
final Rail level.
 Realignment of curve in advance.
 Sleeper renewal if required, in advance.
Procedure for Deep Screening

 Remove ballast from space ‘A’ and ‘B’, Support the rail
with wooden blocks.
 Remove ballast from under sleeper ‘1’

pack.
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Screen the ballast and place back under sleeper ‘1’and

 Remove wooden blocks from space ‘A’

 Remove the ballast from space ‘C’, screen and place at
‘A’
Procedure for deep Screening

A ! B 2 C 3 D 4 E

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Contd. …

 Support the rail with wooden blocks at ‘C’

 Remove ballast from under sleeper ‘2’,screen, put back
and pack.

space ‘B’
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Remove the ballast from space ‘D’, screen and place at

 Remove the ballast from under sleeper ‘3’, screen. put

back and pack the sleeper.
 Lift the track to final level
precautions

 Work to be done opposite to direction of traffic

 No unscreened length should be left between screened
length.
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When ballast is removed from any sleeper, ensure that at
least four fully supported sleepers are there between next
sleeper tackled.
Contd. …

 Lifting should be limited to 50 mm at a time.

 Before closing the day work, ensure proper packing, cross
levels and grade run off.



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Work should be done under SR 20 kmph.
Speed should be increased gradually as per schedule
given in IRPWM.
 Work must be done in the presence of certified PWS
(competency certificate should be issued by CTE)
 4. Lubrication of Rail Joints

Purpose of lubrication/ Oiling and greasing

 To allow for free expansion and contraction of rails.
 To reduce wear and tear on fishing planes of rails and fish
plate.


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Duration- Once in a year.
 Inyard this may be extended to once in two years with the
approval of chief engineer.
 To be done during moderate season avoiding rainy season.
Precautions during Lubrication

 Not more than one joint to be opened at a time.

 Work should not be done during extreme
temperature or when the rails are in tension.
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Only one fish plate to be tackled at a time.
 Spare fish plate and bolts must be available at
site.
5. Picking up slacks

 Slacks are normally those particular points in the

track where running is bad.
 Generally it occur in the following cases-
 Stretches

 Curves,
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of yielding formation
when not realigned properly.
 Approaches to level crossing, girder bridges etc.
 Portions of track having poor drainage
Contd. …

 During picking up slacks, it may be necessary to pack only

following-
 Joint sleepers and two other sleepers on either side.



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A few sleepers in approach of level crossings and bridges.
Stretches of track running rough as revealed from inspection
notes.
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RAILWAY ACCIDENTS
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“Any occurrence that does or may affect the safety of the
railways, its engines, rolling stock, permanent way, works,
passengers, or personnel or cause delays to trains or losses
to the railways is termed an accident”

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 ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN
 Every railway personnel - take the following actions whenever any
accident comes to notice
a. Take immediate steps to stop the train if it is still in motion, since
any further movement is likely to worsen the situation.
b.
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Provide all possible assistance in order to relieve the injured and
stranded passengers.
c. Take immediate steps to remove any obstructions or remedy the
situation, i.e., do whatever one is able to do competently.
d. Report the incident to the nearest station master by the quickest
possible means.
CLASSIFICATION

 Can be done under two heads:

 Extend of damage
Death/
Detention
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injury to persons
of traffic
Damage of property
 Classification by Indian railways
Extend of damage

1. Death/ injury to people

• When the injured is not in a position to resume his

SERIOUS INJURY normal occupation for a period of 20 days or more

MINOR INJURY
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• When the injured is not in a position to resume his
normal occupation for a period of 2 to 19 days

• When the injured is in able to resume the normal

TRIVIAL INJURY duties within a period of 2 days.

 The injuries are classified by medical officials in railways

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CLASSIFICATION BY IR

 Standardised by Indian Railways

 Train Accidents.
 Yard
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Accidents
 Indicative Accidents.
 Equipment Failures
 Unusual incidents
TRAIN ACCIDENTS

 Consequential train accidents

 include train accidents having serious repercussion in terms of loss of human life,
human injury, loss to Railway property or interruption to Rail traffic.
 Includes Fire, Collision, Level crossing, derailment, Miscellaneous
Other train accidents – All other accidents which are not covered under


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the definition of consequential train accidents are to be treated as “other
train accidents”.
GROUP CLASS TYPE
A COLLISIONS
B FIRE OR EXPLOSIONS

TRAIN RUNNING INTO ROAD TRAFFIC, AND/OR TRAFFIC

C
RUNNING INTO TRAINS, AT LEVEL CROSSINGS.

D DERAILMENTS
E OTHER TRAIN ACCIDENTS
F AVERTED COLLISION
INDICATIVE G BREACH OR BLOCK RULES
ACCIDENTS
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H

J
TRAIN PASSING SIGNAL AT DANGER

FAILURE OF ENGINE AND ROLLING STOCK

EQUIPMENT K FAILURE OF PERMANENT WAY
FAILURE L FAILURE OF ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT
M FAILURE OF SIGNALLING AND TELECOMMUNICATION
N TRAIN WRECKING
UNUSUAL P CASUALITIES
INCIDENTS Q OTHER INCIDENTS
R MISCELLANEOUS
Yard accidents
 All accidents that take place in a yard and does not involve a train are
termed as Yard Accidents
Indicative Accidents:
 In real term they are not accidents but are serious potential hazards and
include all cases of train passing signal at danger, averted collision, breach
of block rule coming under classification F, G and H.
Equipment Failure:

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These include all failure of railway equipment i.e. failure of locomotive,
rolling stock, permanent way, overhead wire, signaling and
telecommunication equipment and include cases falling under classification
J, K, L and M.
Unusual Incidents:
 These include cases related to law and order but not resulting in train
accidents and other incidents under classification N, P, Q and R.
CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS
[Link] of human elements 3. Defective maintenance or
Equipment
 Drivers running at excessive speed,
 Failure of track, bridges, formation
 Driver passing signal at danger
or signaling equipment
 Reception of train on occupied
 Failure of locomotive and rolling
lines at stations
stock due to defect in Axles or
Despatch of trains in occupied journals, Draw gear etc.

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
block sections

4. Attempted train wrecking or

2. Natural Causes sabotage
 i. Floods or breaches
 ii. Land slides or falling rocks 5. Level Crossing accidents

6. Miscellaneous Causes
1. Failure of human elements (Causes and
remedies)
 Majority of accidents are caused by the failure of human elements
 Attributed to errors of judgement, forgetfulness, drowsiness, absent
mindedness, fatigue, overwork, continuous night duties, nervous break down


or negligence.
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Errors of judgement - wrong signaling, mis-reading or signals,
wrong setting of points, moving beyond a block section without
authority to proceed, train passing signal at danger position, etc.

 The human characteristics - traced to - personal habits, inherited

tendencies, and impact of environment etc.
 A. CONVENTIONAL 'OR' GENERAL REMEDIES
1. Proper education- The three important aspects of education are:
 Education or knowledge of the safety rules of railways,

 Education for developing safety consciousness

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Creating a sense of responsibilities towards duties through education

2. Punishable Action- Many accidents occur due to disregarding of rules such as

breach of block rules, passing train at danger position, adopting short cut methods, etc.

 Necessary to punish the offenders so that they become more responsible in future.
3. Rewards- A record of the accident should be preserved section wise.
 The railway staff, showing extraordinary alertness towards prevention and handling of the
accidents, should be rewarded by cash or by promotion.

 These rewards will develop a spirit of competition for record of safety.

4. Psychological Approach- Many accidents are due to psychological reasons such

as physical defects, domestic problems, mental upset, etc.


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A safety organisation should be set up to study the root causes of accident and to
recommend preventive measures by conducting the psychological tests.

5. Propaganda Campaign- For introducing "Safety mindness in the Staff', a

propaganda campaign may include "Prevention of accident weeks" from time to time,
documentary films showing safety measures, distribution of pamphlets, safety
seminars, safety slogans, bulletins and papers with messages of safety, etc.
B. ADVANCED TECHNICAL REMEDIAL AIDS
Electronic or Electro-Mechanical aids to memory, alertness and vigilance, should be
developed for safe operation

(i) Automatic Warning devices. To prevent the drivers passing signals at "danger" position
there are automatic warning devices in which brakes are applied automatically if the

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driver ignores the warning given earlier.

 Automatic warning devices in use are Mechanical devices, Magnetic devices and Inductive
devices.

(ii) Speed Recorders- The speed-recorders with an automatic device for giving an audible
or visible warning to the driver, whenever the actual speed exceeds the predetermined
or allowable speed.

 Whenever, the actual speed exceeds this limit when provided an audible warning, so that
driver may reduce the speed and bring his train under control.
(i) Electronic Speed Governors- These devices in India are in the experimental stage at
present.

 They will apply the brakes automatically and warn the driver with the sound of a buzzer,
when the speed exceeds the predetermined limit by more than 5% due to driver's failure.

(ii) Miscellaneous Aids on World Railways


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Eg: In U.S.A., coded current is passed through the rails which is picked up by the
locomotive and transformed into a colour light cab signal. A siren warns the
drivers if the signal is "ON" position.
2. NATURAL CAUSES AND REMEDIES

 Railway bridges and embankments – affected - heavy rains and sudden

cloudbursts that result in floods and breaches,
 Creates unsafe conditions on the tracks and causeaccidents.
 Safety measures taken during heavy rains to ensure the safety of the
track are



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Gang patrolling during an abnormal rainfall or storm to check damages if any,
to the track and bridges.
Night patrolling during monsoons to detect the damages if any, caused by
floods, including breaches, settlements, slips, and scours, and taking immediate
action on perceiving any damage so as to protect the trains.
 Daily foot patrolling by the keyman to inspect the entire track. The keyman
should also take immediate action upon discovering any unsafe condition that
may be a result of unexpected occurrences such as rains and floods
 Watchmen should be stationed at all vulnerable locations such as bridges and
flooded causeways in order to provide safety to railway tracks.
 3. Defective track maintenance or
Equipment and Remedies
 Accidents can occur due to
 use of defective materials in the track,
 poor construction and inadequate maintenance,

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mechanical breakdown (due to faulty design or improper
maintenance or lack of care in handling)
PRECAUTIONS

 Ensure - material employed is of good quality and strong - meeting

standards requirements for the purpose it is required to serve.
 Regular inspections of various types should be undertaken to check
following aspects :
 whether the equipment is in proper working order.


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Whether the track and mechanical equipment is properly maintained.
Whether the staff is discharging the duties according to rules, efficiently
and economically.

• three types of inspections namely regular-inspection, casual inspection and

surprising inspection at all levels should be made
 4. Attempted Train Wrecking (or Sabotage)
and Remedial Steps
Wrecking of tracks/trams by anti-social elements with economic or personal motives such as:

 Robbing passengers or mails containing valuable parcels.


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Pilfering consignments from goods trains.

Personal enmity between railway officials and saboteurs.

precautionary measures,

1. regular night patrolling by policemen, gangmen and villagers is carried out from time to
time.

2. Anti-sabotage devices should be developed to prevent or hinder such persons from

attempts at wrecking
5. Level Crossing Accidents and Possible
Remedies
 The principle causes of accidents at level crossings are the
following :


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Gatemen's failure to close the gates when a train is approaching.

 Road vehicle driver not exercising caution by looking out for

approaching trains.

 View of road and rail traffic being obstructed by trees, structures,

etc.
 The following are the conventional safety devices in use
on Indian railways.

 Warning bells connected to adjacent stations or approach treadles

operated by trains.
 Interlocking with station or gate signals.
 Whistle boards for trains.



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Reflectors on gates for road traffic.
Automatic flashing lights and warning bells operated by
approaching trains.
 Automatic lifting half barriers and warning bells operated by
approaching trains.
Miscellaneous Causes and Remedies
 miscellaneous causes such as

 catching of fire in trains or stations;

 casualties due to falling out of the running train;

 persons run over and knocked down by a train;

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the train running over cattle, etc.

The other unusual type of accidents such as natural death, murder, suicide or
robbery also occur within Railway premises.

 the railway staff should attend to it immediately,

 conduct the detail enquiries for ensuring future safety and handle the situation in a
proper way.
DUTIES OF RAILWAY PERSONNEL

 GUARD
 Protect the train till they are restored
 Report for assistance
 Organising assistance

 STATION MASTER



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Protect the traffic on all lines
Report
 for assistance
 Telegram all concerned
 Providing assistance
 Medical
 Other: eg: telephone facilities, refreshments
etc
 CONTROL OFFICE
 Ordering the relief of break -down train: MEDICAL VAN AND CRANES
 Informing officers and other according to local instructions
 Additional medical and other aid
 Sending responsible officials at the site to take charge of operations
 Preparation of Log of Events



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Regulation of traffic
Miscellaneous Duties like arranging materials to site, arranging food etc.
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