Steam Nozzles and Turbines

STEAM NOZZLES AND TURBINES

Topics to be discussed:
- Nozzles – Types and Function
- Flow of steam through nozzles
- Velocity of steam through nozzles
- Effect of friction
- Critical pressure ratio
- Supersaturated flow
- Impulse and Reaction principles
- Compounding
- Velocity diagram for simple and multi-stage turbines
- Speed regulations – Governors

2
 STEAM NOZZLES AND TURBINES
Steam Nozzles

• When a fluid flows through a passage or channel of varying cross

section, its velocity varies from point to point along the passage.

• If the velocity increases, the passage is called a Nozzle.

• The steam nozzle is device designed to increase the velocity of

steam.

• The fluid enters the nozzle at high pressure and expands to lower
pressure.

• If the cross section of the nozzle decreases continuously from the

entrance to exit, it is called Convergent nozzle. The maximum Mach
number at the exit of the convergent nozzle is 1.

3
• If the cross section of the nozzle increases, it is called Divergent
nozzle.

• If the cross section of the nozzle, first decreases and then increases, it
is called Convergent-divergent nozzle.

• At the throat, i.e., at the narrowest cross section the Mach number is 1.

2 2
2 3
1 1 1

Convergent Divergent Convergent-Divergent

Use
4
It is used to convert pressure energy into kinetic energy.
 Velocity of steam leaving the nozzle

Steady flow energy equation is given by,

C12 C 22
h1   g Z 1  q  h2   g Z2  w
2 2
Flow through the nozzle is work free isentropic.
p1
q=0, w=0

Also, Z1 = Z2 1

Therefore, Actual
p2
h
C12 C 22
h1   h2  Ideal
2’
2 2
C 2  2(h1  h2 )  C 2 2
1

C1 = Inlet velocity of steam s

5 C2 = Exit velocity of steam from nozzle

Let n = Nozzle efficiency

Actual enthalpy drop h1  h2

n  
Isentropic enthalpy drop h1  h2'

1-2  Actual (adiabatic) expansion p1

1-2’  Ideal (isentropic) expansion

1

 h1 – h2 = n (h1 – h2’) Actual

h p2

Ideal
2

C2  2 n (h1  h2' )  C12

2’

6
 Mass flow rate of steam through the nozzle

Consider a convergent-divergent nozzle.

Mass flow rate of steam (m) = 1 A1 C1 = 2 A2 C2 = 3 A3 C3

2
1 3

C1 = Velocity of steam at inlet

C2 = Velocity of steam at throat
C3 = Velocity of steam at exit

• The flow of steam through the nozzle is isentropic or adiabatic with

index of expansion ‘n’.

• There is no work transfer during the expansion of steam through

nozzle.

7• The expansion in the nozzle increases the kinetic energy of steam.

 If the increase in kinetic energy is utilized for work (flow work), we
can write,
C 22  C12 n ( p1v1  p 2 v 2 )
Between inlet and throat, 
2 n 1

C 32  C 22 n ( p 2 v 2  p3 v3 )
Between throat and exit, 
2 n 1

Between inlet and exit, C12  C 32 n ( p1v1  p3 v3 )


2 n 1
p1 = Pressure of the steam at inlet
v1 = Specific volume of steam at the throat
p2 = Pressure of steam at throat
v2 = Specific volume of steam at throat
p3 = Pressure of steam at exit
8 v3 = Specific volume of steam at exit
Consider section 1 – 2.

Generally, C1 = 0
C 22 n ( p1v1  p 2 v 2 )
 
2 n 1
2n
C2  ( p 1 v1  p 2 v 2 )
n 1

2n  p2 v2 
 p 1 v1 1  
n 1  p1v1 
1 / n
v2  p2 
But, p1 v1 = p2 v2
n n Or   
v1  p1 

2n   p2   p2  
1 / n

Therefore, C2  p1 v1 1      
9 n 1   p1   p1  
 2n   p2 
n 1 / n

 p1 v1 1    
n 1   p1  

 2n   p2 
n 1 / n

 m   2 A2 p 1 v1 1    
n 1   p1  

m 2n   p2 
n 1 / n

 2 p1 v1 1    
A2 n 1   p1  

1 2n   p2 
n 1 / n

 p1 v1 1    
v2 n 1   p1  
1 / n
 p2 
But, v 2  v1  
 p1 
10
 
m 1  p2 
1/ n
2n   p2 
n 1 / n

Therefore,    p1 v1 1    
A2 v1  p1  n 1   p1  


2 n p1  p 2 
2/n
 p2 
n 1 / n

      
n  1 v1  p1   p1  

Considering section 1 – 3,


m 
2 n p 1  p3 
2/n
 p3 
n 1 / n

      
A3 n  1 v1  p1   p1  


11
Critical pressure ratio (p2/p1)

The narrowest section in the nozzle is throat (2). At the throat the value
  
m p 
of   is maximum. This ratio is function of pressure ratio  2 
 A  p1 
 

  
The critical pressure ratio is the pressure ratio at which the  m 
 A 
will be maximum.  2


   
 2/ n n 1 / n

2 n p1  p2  p 
To get  
m m
 differentiate      2  
 A2 A2 n  1 v1  p1   p1  
  max 
with respect to (p2/p1) and equate to zero.   
m
d 
 A2 
  0
p 
d  2 
12  p1 
p1, v1 and n are constants.
 p  2 / n  p 
n 1 / n

d  2    2  
 p1   p1  
0
 p2 
d  
 p1 
2 n 1
1 1
2  p2  n n  1  p2  n
     0
n  p1  n  p1 
1
 p2  n
 
 p1  
2
2 n
n 1
 p2  n
 
 p1 
n
n 1
 p2   p2   2  n 1
 
n

2
(Or)     
 p1  n 1  p1   n  1 
13
   
m 
 A 
 2 

 p2   p2 
   
 p1  Cri  p1 

n = 1.035 + 0.1 x1 for wet steam at inlet

= 1.135 for dry steam at inlet

= 1.3 for superheated steam at inlet

14
 Effect of friction in Nozzle

• Friction reheats the steam and reduces the exit velocity.

•Specific volume of steam is increased as the steam become more dry
due to frictional reheating
•The final dryness fraction of the steam is increased as part of the
kinetic energy gets converted into the heat due to friction

The expansion is no more isentropic and enthalpy drop is reduced

resulting in lower velocity

Nozzle Efficiency (n)

 For Con-Div nozzle

Actual (adiabatic)enthalpy drop h1  h2 h1  h3

n   
Isentropic enthalpy drop h1  h2' h1  h3'

15
 Relationship between Area, Velocity and Pressure in nozzle flow

dA 1 dp 1  M 2 
  
A  p  M2 

Local velocity of fluid

Where, M = Mach number =
Velocity of sound

For Nozzles, dp/p is negative.

(i) M < 1, dA/A is negative  this correspond to convergent part

(ii) M = 1, dA/A is zero  this corresponds to throat

(iii) M > 1, dA/A is positive  this corresponds to divergent part

16
 Equilibrium
h & Supersaturated Flow in Nozzle

• When a super heated vapour expands slowly and isentropically,

condensation within the vapour begins to form when the saturated
vapour line is reached.

• As the expansion continues below this line into the wet region,
condensation proceeds gradually with the progressive decrease of
quality (x) and increase in the degree of wetness.
1

A Super saturated flow region

Dry saturated line
h
2 Wilson line

x = 0.96 to 0.97

s
Point ‘A’ represents the point at which condensation within the vapour just
starts. If the condensation occurs at point ‘A’ on saturation curve, the flow
is called equilibrium flow.
17
• However, when the steam expands from super heated state to the two
phase region in the nozzle, the expansion occurs so rapidly that the
vapour does not condense immediately as it crosses the dry saturated
line, but somewhat later (at x = 0.96 to 0.97), when all the vapour
suddenly condenses into liquid.

• Beyond the dry saturation line till the state when the vapour condenses,
the flow is said to be supersaturated and the system is in metastable
equilibrium, which means that it is stable to small disturbances but
unstable to large disturbances.

• Wilson line (x = 0.96 to 0.97) is the locus of states below the dry
saturation line where condensation within the vapour occurs at different
pressures.

Effect of supersaturation
•there is an increase in the entropy and specific volume of steam.
•the exit velocity of steam is reduced due to decreased enthalpy drop.
•there is an increase in mass of steam discharged.

18 •the dryness fraction of steam is improved.

19
20
21
22
Problem 1: Steam approaches a nozzle with velocity of 250 m/s,
pressure of 3.5 bar and dryness fraction of 0.95. If the isentropic
expansion in the nozzle proceeds till the pressure of the exit is 2
bar, determine the change in enthalpy and the dryness fraction of
steam. Calculate also the exit velocity from the nozzle and the area
of the exit of the nozzle for the flow of 0.75 kg/s.
Given

Type = Convergent
Velocity of steam at inlet (C1) = 250 m/s
Pressure at inlet (p1) = 3.5 bar with x1 = 0.95
Pressure at outlet (p2) = 2 bar
Mass flow rate (m) = 0.75 kg/s p1

Required: (h1 – h2), x2, V2 & A2 1

p2 x1 = 0.95
h

23
s
 Solution
From Chart,
h1 = 2625 kJ/kg, h2 = 2540 kJ/kg

x2 = 0.92 --- Ans

 (h1 – h2) = 2625 – 2540 = 85 kJ/kg ----- Ans

(C22 – C12) / 2 = h1 - h2

(C22 – 2502) / 2 = 85 x 103

 C2 = 482.2 m/s --- Ans

A2 = Area of the nozzle at outlet, & m = A2C2 / v2

v2 = 0.8 m3/kg from chart at point (2)

 0.75 = A2 x 482.2 / 0.8

24 A2 = 0.0012443 m2 = 12.443 cm2 ---- Ans

Problem 2: Dry saturated steam at pressure of 8 bar flows through
nozzles at the rate of 4.6 kg/s and discharges at a pressure of 1.5
bar. The loss due to friction occurs only in the diverging portion of the
nozzle and its magnitude is 12 % of the total isentropic enthalpy drop.
Assume the isentropic index of expansion n = 1.135, determine the
cross sectional area at the throat and exit of the nozzles.

Given
Type = Con-div type
Inlet pressure (p1) = 8 bar, dry
Mass flow rate of steam (m) = 4.6 kg/s
Discharge pressure (p3) = 1.5 bar
h3 – h3’ = 0.12 (h1 – h3’)
n = 1.135

Required: A2, A3
Solution
 A1C1 A2C2 A3C3
m  
v1 v2 v3

25
Inlet velocity is not given,  C1 = 0
p1
C22/2 = h1 – h2
1 p2

From chart,
h1 = 2770 kJ/kg 2

n
h p3
 p2   2  n 1
We can write,     3
 3’
 p1   n  1 
s
 p2 / 8 = [2 / (1.135 + 1)]1.135./ (1.135 - 1)

p2 = 4.62 bar

From Chart, h2 = 2545 kJ/kg

v2 = 0.42 m3/kg

 C22/2 = (2770 – 2545) x 103

26
C2 = 670.8 m/s
 4.6 = A2 x 670.8 / 0.42

A2 = 0.00288 m2 = 28.8 cm2 ---- Ans

From chart, h3’ = 2455 kJ/kg

v3’ = 1.1 m3/kg  v3

h3 – h3’ = 0.12 (h1 – h3’)

h3 – 2455 = 0.12 (2770 – 2455)

h3 = 2492.8 kJ/kg

C32/2 = (2770 – 2492.8) x 103

C3 = 744.6 m/s

 4.6 = A3 x 744.6 / 1.1

27 A3 = 0.0067956 m2 = 67.956 cm2 --- Ans

Problem 3: Steam at a pressure of 10 bar and dryness fraction of
0.98 is discharged through a convergent divergent nozzle to a back
pressure of 0.1 bar. The mass flow rate is 10 kg/kWh. If the power
developed is 200 kW, determine, (a) Pressure at the throat (b)
Number of nozzles required, if each nozzles has a throat of
rectangular cross section of 5 mm x 10 mm and (c) exit area of nozzle
if 10 % the overall isentropic enthalpy drop reheats the steam by
friction in the divergent portion.

Given

Type = Con-div
Inlet pressure (p1) = 10 bar with x1 = 0.98
Back pressure (p3) = 0.1 bar
Specific steam rate (SSR) = 10 kg/kWh
Power (P) = 200 kW
Size of nozzle = 5 mm x 10 mm
h3 – h3’ = 0.1 (h1 – h3’)

Required: (a) p2 (b) Number of nozzles (c) A3

28
Solution
(a) Pressure at throat (p2)
p1
2 1
p2/p1 = [--------]n / (n+1) p2

n+1
2
n = 1.035 + 0.1 (x1) h p3

3
= 1.035 + (0.1 x 0.98) = 1.133 3’

 p2 / 10 = [2 / (1.133 + 1)]1.133./ (1.133 - 1) s

p2 = 5.78 bar --- Ans

(b) Number of nozzles = Total area / Area per nozzle = A2 / A2 per nozzle

A2/nozzle = 0.005 x 0.01 = 0.00005 m2

 A2C2
m
v2
29
  SSR (kg / kWh) x P (kW )
m (kg / s) 
3600
= 10 x 200 / 3600 = 0.5556 kg/s
C22/2 = h1 – h2

From chart, h1 = 2735 kJ/kg

h2 = 2625 kJ/kg
v2 = 0.32 m3/kg

 C22 = (27735 – 2625) x 103

C2 = 469.04 m/s

 0.5556 = A2 x 469.04 / 0.32

A2 = 0.00037905 m2
 Number of nozzles = 0.00037905 / 0.00005 = 7.58 = 8 ---- Ans
30
  A3C3
m
v3
C32/2 = h1 – h3
From chart, h3’ = 2055 kJ/kg

v3’ = 13 m3/kg = v3

h3 – h3’ = 0.1 (h1 – h3’)

h3 – 2055 = 0.1 x (2735 – 2055)

h3 = 2123 kJ/kg

 C32/2 = (2735 – 2123) x 103

C3 = 1106.3 m/s

 0.5556 = A3 x 1106.3 / 13
31
A3 = 0.0065276 m2 ---- Ans
Problem 4: Steam enters a nozzle passing a mass flow of 14 kg/s at a
pressure of 30 bar and a temperature of 300oC. After expansion to a
exit pressure of 5 bar, the exit velocity was 800 m/s. (i) Determine
the nozzle efficiency and the exit area (ii) If the losses occur only in
the divergent portion, determine the velocity of steam at the throat.
Given

Type = Con-div
Mass flow rate (m) = 14 kg/s
Inlet pressure (p1) = 30 bar
Inlet temperature (T1) = 300oC = 573 K
Exit pressure (p3) = 5 bar
Velocity of steam at outlet (C3) = 800 m/s

Required: (i) n, A3 (ii) C2

Solution
Actual (adiabatic)enthalpy drop h1  h3
(i) n  
Isentropic enthalpy drop h1  h3'
32
From chart, h1 = 2990 kJ/kg
h3’ = 2625 kJ/kg
v3’ = 0.38 m3/kg = v3
To find h3 p1
1
p2
(h1 – h3) x 103 = V3 2/2

2
(2990 – h3) x 103 = 8002/2
h
p3
h3 = 2670 kJ/kg
3
3’
2990 - 2670
 n = ----------------
s
2990 – 2625

= 0.8767 ---- Ans

 A3C3
m
v3
14 = A3 x 800 / 0.38
33
A3 = 0.00665 m2 = 66.5 cm2 ---- Ans
(ii) C22/2 = (h1 – h2)
n
 p2   2  n 1
    
 p1   n  1 

p2/30 = [2/(1.3 + 1)]1.3 / (1.3 – 1)

p2 = 16.372 bar

From chart, h2 = 2840 kJ/kg

v2 = 0.13 m3/kg

 C22/2 = (2990 – 2840) x 103

C2 = 547.7 m/s ---- Ans

34
Problem 5: A set of 16 nozzles for an impulse turbine receives steam
at 16 bar, 300oC. The pressure of steam at exit is 10 bar. If the
total discharge is 245 kg/min and nozzles efficiency is 90 %, find the
cross sectional area of the exit of each nozzle. If the steam has a
velocity of 100 m/s at entry to the nozzles, find the % increase in
discharge.
Given

Type = Con
Number of nozzles = 16
Inlet pressure (p1) = 16 bar
Inlet temperature (T1) = 300oC
Exit pressure (p2) = 10 bar
Mass flow rate (m) = 245 kg/min = 4.083 kg/s

Required: A2/nozzle if C1 = 0, % increases in discharge if C1 = 100 m/s

Solution
From chart, h1 = 3035 kJ/kg
h2’ = 2925 kJ/kg
35
v2’ = 0.22 m3/kg
  A2C2
m
v2 p1

(C22 – C12) = h1 – h2 1

h1  h2
n 
h1  h2' p2
2
h1 – h2 h
2’
 0.9 = ---------------
3035 – 2925
s
 h1 – h2 = 99 kJ/kg

C22/2 = 99 x 103 C2 = 444.97 m/s

 4.083 = A2 x 444.97 / 0.22

A2 = 0.0020186 m2

 A2/noz = 0.0020186 / 16 = 1.2616 x 10-4 m2 ---- Ans

36
 (C22 – C12) / 2 = h1 – h2

(C22 – 1002) / 2 = 99 x 103

C2 = 456.07 m/s

m = A2C2 / v2 = 0.0020186 x 456.07 / 0.22

= 4.1846 kg/s

4.1846 – 4.083
% increase in mass flow rate = ------------------- x 100
4.083

= 2.49 % --- Ans

37
Problem 6: Steam enters a nozzle in a dry saturated condition and
expands from a pressure of 2 bar to a pressure of 1 bar. It is
observed that supersaturated flow is taking place and the steam flow
reverts to a normal flow at 1 bar. What is the degree of under-
cooling, degree of supersaturation, increase in entropy and loss in the
available heat drop due to irreversibility.
Given

Inlet pressure (p1) = 2 bar, Dry

Outlet pressure (p2) = 1 bar
Flow = Supersaturated

Required: (T2 – T2’), (p2/p2’), (s), Loss in availability

Solution

Degree of undercooling = T2 – T2’

T2 = 99.63oC from steam table at p2 = 1 bar

38
To find T2’
T2’/T1 = [p2/p1](n – 1) / n

T1 = 120.2oC from steam table at p1

 T2’/(120.2 + 273) = [1 / 2](1.3 – 1) / 1.3

T2’ = 335.07 K = 62.07oC

 Degree of undercooling = 99.63 – 62.07 = 37.56oC ---- Ans

Degree of supersaturation = p2 / p2’

p2’ = 0.21838 bar from steam table at T2’ = 60.07oC

 Degree of supersaturation = 1 / 0.21838 = 4.579 --- Ans

Loss in availability = (h1 – h2)chart – (h1 – h2)equ

From chart, h1 = 2710 kJ/kg

39
h2 = 2590 kJ/kg
  (h1 – h2)chart = 2710 – 2590 = 120 kJ/kg

(h1 – h2)equ = n / (n – 1) p1 v1 [1 – (p2/p1)(n – 1)/n]

v1 = 0.87 m3/kg from chart

 (h1 – h2)equ = 1.3 / (1.3 – 1) x 2 x 105 x 0.87 x [1 – (1/2)(1.3 – 1)/1.3]

= 111456 J/kg = 111.5 kJ/kg

 Loss = 120 – 111.5 = 8.5 kJ/kg ---- Ans

Increase in entropy = Loss / T2

= 8.5 / (99.63 + 273) = 0.02281 kJ/kgK --- Ans

40
Problem 7: Steam is supplied to a group of 4 nozzles at 18 bar and
250oC. It is expanded down to 4 bar and friction loss may be
neglected. If the expansion is metastable, calculate for a flow of 2.5
kg/s, the exit dimensions of nozzles if they are rectangular in shape
and have length to breath ratio of 3 : 1. What is the degree of
undercooling and degree of supersaturation.
Given

No of nozzles =4
Inlet pressure (p1) = 18 bar
Inlet temperature (T1) = 250oC
Exit pressure (p2) = 4 bar
Mass flow rate (m) = 2.5 kg/s
l:b =3:1
Flow = Supersaturated

Required: l2, b2, (T2 – T2’), p2/p2’

Solution

41Mass flow rate (m) = A2C2’ / v2’

 To find v2’
v2’ / v1 = (p1/p2)1/n

v1 = 0.12 m3/kg from chart

n = 1.3 for supersaturated flow

 v2’ / 0.12 = (18/4)1.3

v2’ = 0.38164 m3/kg

To find C2’
C2’/2 = (h1 – h2)equ

(h1 – h2)equ = n / (n – 1) p1 v 1 [1 – (p2/p1)(n – 1)/n]

= 1.3 / (1.3 – 1) x 18 x 105 x 0.12 x [1 – (4/18)(1.3 – 1)/1.3]

= 274493 J/kg

42  C2’/2 = 274493  C2’ = 740.93 m/s

  2.5 = A2 x 740.93 / 0.38164

A2 = 0.001288 m2

A2 / noz = 0.001288 / 4 = 0.000322 m2

Let a = Breath

 Length = 3 a

and 3a x a = 3 a2 = 0.000322

 a = 0.01036 m ------ Ans

and Length = 3a 3 x 0.01036 = 0.3108 m ---- Ans

Degree of undercooling = T2 – T2’

T2 = 143.6oC from steam table at p2 = 4 bar

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To find T2’
T2’/T1 = [p2/p1](n – 1) / n

 T2’/(250 + 273) = [4 / 18](1.3 – 1) / 1.3

T2’ = 369.6 K = 96.6oC

 Degree of undercooling = 143.6 – 96.6 = 47oC ---- Ans

Degree of supersaturation = p2 / p2’

p2’ = 0.8964 bar from steam table at T2’ = 96.6oC

 Degree of supersaturation = 4 / 0.8964 = 4.4623 --- Ans

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 Problem 8: In an installation 5 kg/s of steam at 35 bar and 350oC is
supplied to group of 6 nozzles in a wheel chamber maintained at 5
bar. (a) Determine the dimensions of the nozzles of rectangular
cross sectional area with aspect ratio 3 : 1. The expansion may be
considered metastable and friction is neglected. (b) Also calculate,
(i) degree of undercooling and supersaturation (ii) loss in available
heat drop due to irreversibility (iii) increase in entropy and (iv) ratio
of mass flow rate with metastable expansion to that if expansion in
thermal equilibrium.
Given

No of nozzles =6
Inlet pressure (p1) = 35 bar
Inlet temperature (T1) = 350oC
Exit pressure (p2) = 5 bar
Mass flow rate (m) = 5 kg/s
l:b =3:1
Flow = Supersaturated

Required: (a) l2, b2, (b)(i) (T2 – T2’), p2/p2’ (ii) Loss (iii) Inc. in entropy (iv)
mt / mm
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 Solution

(a) Mass flow rate (mm) = A2C2’ / v2’

To find v2’
v2’ / v1 = (p1/p2)1/n

v1 = 0.075 m3/kg from chart

n = 1.3 for supersaturated flow

 v2’ / 0.075 = (35/5)1.3

v2’ = 0.335 m3/kg

To find C2’
C2’/2 = (h1 – h2)equ

(h1 – h2)equ = n / (n – 1) p1 v 1 [1 – (p2/p1)(n – 1)/n]

= 1.3 / (1.3 – 1) x 35 x 105 x 0.075x [1 – (5/35)(1.3 – 1)/1.3]

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= 411513.1 J/kg
  C2’/2 = 411513.1

 C2’ = 907.2 m/s

 5 = A2 x 907.2 / 0.335

A2 = 0.00184634 m2

A2 / noz = 0.00184634 / 6 = 0.000307723 m2

Let a = Breath  Length = 3 a

and 3a x a = 3 a2 = 0.000307723

 a = 0.0101279 m ------ Ans

and Length = 3a 3 x 0.010129 = 0.30384 m ---- Ans

(b) (i) Degree of undercooling = T2 – T2’

T2 = 151.8oC from steam table at p2 = 5 bar

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To find T2’
T2’/T1 = [p2/p1](n – 1) / n

 T2’/(350 + 273) = [5 / 35](1.3 – 1) / 1.3

T2’ = 379.6 K = 124.6oC

 Degree of undercooling = 151.8 – 124.6 = 27.2oC ---- Ans

Degree of supersaturation = p2 / p2’

p2’ = 2.29327 bar from steam table at T2’ = 124.6oC

 Degree of supersaturation = 5/ 2.29327 = 2.1803 --- Ans

(ii) Loss in availability = (h1 – h2)chart – (h1 – h2)equ

From chart, h1 = 3105 kJ/kg

h2 = 2690 kJ/kg

 (h1 – h2)chart = 3105 – 2690 = 415 kJ/kg

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 (h1 – h2)equ = 411.5131 kJ/kg

 Loss = 415 – 411.5131 = 3.4869 kJ/kg

(iii) Increase in entropy = Loss / T2

= 3.4869 / (151.8 + 273)

= 0.008208 kJ/kgK --- Ans

(iv) Let mt = Mass flow rate in thermal equilibrium flow

mm = Mass flow rate in metastable flow

mm = 5 kg/s (given in problem)

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To find mt
mt = A2C2 / v2

C22/2 = (h1 – h2)chart

 C22 / 2 = (3105 – 2690) x 103

C2 = 911.04 m/s

v2 = 0.4 m3/kg from chart at p2 = 5 bar

mt = 0.00184634 x 911.04 / 0.4 = 4.205 kg/s

 mm / mt = 5 / 4.205 = 1.19 --- Ans

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