Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examinations by Topics compiled by [Link].

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MATHEMATICS STANDARD 2 yr12

HSC Exam* Questions by Topic 2026
SAMPLE 2025 - 2021
Question
Year 11 Course Year 12 Course Difficulty

Algebra Algebra Easy

A1: Formulae and equations A4.1: Simultaneous Linear Equations

Mid-range
A2: Linear relationships A4.2: Non-linear relationships

Measurement Measurement Difficult

M1.1: Practicalities of measuring M6: Non-right-angled trigonometry
M1.2: Perimeter, area and volume M7: Rates and ratio Complete
Papers
M1.3: Units of energy and mass Financial Mathematics
2025 HSC
M2: Working with time F4.1: Investments 2024 HSC
Financial Mathematics F4.2: Depreciation and loans 2023 HSC
F1.1: Interest and depreciation F5: Annuities 2022 HSC
F1.2: Earning & managing money
Statistical Analysis 2021 HSC
F1.3: Budgeting & household expenses
S4: Bivariate data analysis
Statistical Analysis S5: The normal distribution
S1.1: Classifying & representing data Click HERE to download a
Networks
S1.2: Summary Statistics
N2.1: Network concepts SAMPLE yr 11 2026 version of
S2: Relative frequency & probability 2025-2021 HSC Qs by Topic
N2.2: Shortest paths
for the new v2024 syllabus.
N3: Critical path analysis
Email projectmaths for details.

Mathematics Standard 2 Reference Sheet (2025 HSC)

Questions by Topic from …

HSC Examination Papers: Mathematics Standard 2
• 2025 – 2021 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC (2021 - 2025) © NSW Education Standards
Authority for and on behalf of the Crown in right
• Mathematics Standard 2 Sample exam questions [SQ] (2019) of the state of New South Wales.

• Selected NESA Topic Guidance questions [TG] (2018)

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2 2

Year 11: Measurement: Applications of Measurement

M1.2 Perimeter, area and volume Back

Syllabus: updated November 2019. Latest version @

[Link]

Reference
Sheet

25 26 A toy has a curved surface on the Solution

MS top which has been shaded as

2
shown. The toy has a uniform
cross-section and a rectangular
base.
(a) Use two applications of the 2
trapezoidal rule to find an
approximate area of the cross-
section of the toy.

(b) The total surface area of the plastic toy is 1300 cm 2. What is the approximate 2
area of the curved surface?

(c) The measurements shown on the diagram are given to the nearest millimetre. 2

What is the percentage error of the measurement of 10.2 cm? Give your answer
correct to 3 significant figures.
NESA 2025 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

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25 32 Solid spheres are placed inside a square- 3 Solution

MS based pyramid as shown.

2
The base of the pyramid has side lengths
of 14 cm. The height of the pyramid is h
cm. The radius of each sphere is 1.5 cm.
The amount of empty space remaining
inside the pyramid after 30 spheres have
been placed inside the pyramid is 634 cm 3.

What is the height h, of the pyramid? Give

your answer correct to the nearest
centimetre.
NESA 2025 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

24 34 A container for soccer balls is made by 4 Solution

MS
2 using two half spheres joined to each
end of a cylindrical body.
Three soccer balls fit exactly inside the
container.
Each ball has a diameter of 23 cm.
The hemispherical ends of the container just touch the surface of the soccer ball.
What is the total surface area of the container? Give your answer in square metres
correct to 1 decimal place.
NESA 2024 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination
24 38 A cake is constructed using a cylinder and a cone- 3 Solution
MS
2 shaped top.
The cylinder has a diameter 30 cm and height 6 cm.
The ratio of the volume of the cylinder to the volume of
the cone-shaped top is 5:1.
The cake is to be cut into equal slices with volume
212 cm3.
How many equal slices can be cut from the cake?

NESA 2024 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

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23 12 A cylindrical pipe with a radius of 12.5 cm is filled with NOT TO 1 Solution

MS2 water to a depth, d cm, as shown. SCALE
The surface of the water has a width of 20 cm.

What is the depth of water in the pipe?

A. 2.5 cm B. 5.0 cm
C. 7.5 cm D. 12.5 cm

NESA 2023 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

23 24 The diagram shows the cross-section of a wall across Solution
MS2 a creek.
(a) Use two applications of the trapezoidal rule to 2
estimate the area of the cross-section of the wall.
(b) The wall has a uniform thickness of 0.80 m. NOT TO 3
The weight of 1 m3 of concrete is 3.52 tonnes. SCALE
How many tonnes of concrete are in the wall?
Give the answer to two significant figures.
NESA 2023 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination
22 32 The diagram shows a park consisting of a rectangle Not to
Solution
MS and a semicircle. scale
2
The semicircle has a radius of 100 m.
The dimensions of the rectangle are 200 m and
250 m.
A lake occupies a section of the park as shown.
The rest of the park is a grassed section.
Some measurements from the end of the grassed
section to the edge of the lake are also shown.
(a) Using two applications of the trapezoidal rule, 2
calculate the approximate area of the grassed
section.
(b) Hence calculate the approximate area of the 2
lake, to the nearest square metre.
NESA 2022 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination
22 34 A composite solid is shown. The top section is a 4 Solution
MS cylinder with a height of 3 cm and a diameter of 4 cm.
2
The bottom section is a hemisphere with a diameter of
6 cm. The cylinder is centred on the flat surface of the
hemisphere.
Not to
Find the total surface area of the composite solid scale
in cm2, correct to 1 decimal place.

NESA 2022 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

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21 1 Which of the following shapes has the largest perimeter? 1 Solution

MS
2 A B C D

NESA 2021 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

21 12 A block of land is represented by 1 Solution
MS the shaded region on the number
2
plane. All measurements are in
kilometres.
Which of the following is the
approximation for the area of this
block of land in square kilometres,
using two applications of the
trapezoidal rule?
A. 9.9 B. 19.8 Not to scale

C. 39.6 D. 72
NESA 2021 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination
21 16 The volume, V, of a sphere is given by the formula 2 Solution
MS
2 4 3
V=  r , where r is the radius of the sphere.
3
A tank consists of the bottom half of a sphere of
radius 2 metres, as shown.
Find the volume of the tank in cubic metres, correct
to one decimal place.
NESA 2021 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination
SQ ME Similar triangles can be used to 1 Solution
MS 10 estimate the width of a river, as shown
2 Band
in the diagram.
3-4
What is the estimated width of the
river?
A. 18 m B. 22 m
C. 26 m D. 32 m

NOT TO SCALE
NESA Mathematics Standard 2 Sample examination materials
SQ ME During a flood, 1.5 hectares of land was covered by water to a depth of 17 cm. 1 Solution
MS 11 How many kilolitres of water covered the land?
2 Ban
d (1 hectare = 10 000 m2 and 1 m3 = 1000 L)
3-4 A. 2.55 kL B. 2550 kL C. 255 000 kL D. 2 550 000 kL
NESA Mathematics Standard 2 Sample examination materials

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6 6

SQ ME Triangles PQR and XYZ are similar. 1 Solution

MS 13 Which expression could be used to find
2 Band
the value of r?
4-5
9
A. z ×
17
9
B. z ×
22
17
C. z ×
9
22
D. z ×
17
NOT TO SCALE
NESA Mathematics Standard 2 Sample examination materials
SQ ME The diagram shows two circles with the 2 Solution
MS 15 same centre.
2 Band
2-3
The radius of the smaller circle is 2 cm and
the diameter of the larger circle is 8 cm.

Calculate the area of the shaded region,

correct to the nearest cm2.
NOT TO SCALE
NESA Mathematics Standard 2 Sample examination materials

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Year 11: Measurement: Applications of Measurement

M1.3 Units of energy and mass Back

Syllabus: updated November 2019. Latest version @

[Link]

Reference
Sheet

22 16 Tom is 25 years old and likes to keep fit by exercising. Solution

MS2 (a) Use this formula to find his maximum heart rate (bpm). 1
Maximum heart rate = 220 − age in years
Tom’s maximum heart rate is ...................................... bpm

(b) Tom will get the most benefit from this exercise if his heart rate is between 2
50% and 85% of his maximum heart rate.
Between what two heart rates should Tom be aiming for to get the most
benefit from his exercise?
NESA 2022 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination
SQ ME12 The table shows the average 1 Solution
MS Band2- energy used, in kilojoules per
2 3
kilogram of body mass, by a
person walking for 30 minutes at
different speeds. Sam, who
weighs 65 kg, drinks a
regular cappuccino made with full cream milk. It contains 73 kilocalories.
For approximately how long must Sam walk at 3 km/h to burn off the energy
contained in the cappuccino? (1 kilocalorie = 4.184 kJ.)
A. 20 minutes B. 25 minutes C. 90 minutes D. 120 minutes
NESA Mathematics Standard 2 Sample examination materials
TG 1 Calculate the cost of running a 2400-watt (2.4 kW) fan heater for eight hours per Solution

day for 30 days.

Assume electricity is charged at $0.18/kWh.
NESA Mathematics Standard Year 11 Topic Guide: Measurement

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Year 12: MS – M: Measurement

M7: Rates and ratio Back

Syllabus: updated November 2019. Latest version @

[Link]

Reference
Sheet

25 9 The ratio of the dimensions of a model car to the dimensions of an actual car is 1:64. 1 Solution
MS The actual car has a length of 4.9 m.
2
What is the length of the model car in cm, correct to 1 decimal place?
A. 3.1 B. 7.7 C. 13.1 D.59.1
NESA 2025 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

25 16 Paint is sold in two sizes at a local shop. 2 Solution

MS
2 • Four-litre cans at $90 per can
• Ten-litre cans at $205 per can
Mina needs to purchase 80 litres of paint.
Calculate the amount of money Mina will save by purchasing only ten-litre cans of paint
rather than only four-litre cans of paint.
NESA 2025 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

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25 21 A house has a reverse-cycle air conditioner which uses 2.5 kWh of power for cooling Solution
MS
2 and 3.2 kWh of power for heating. The cost of electricity is 29 cents per kWh.
(a) Find the cost, in dollars and cents, of cooling the house for 6 hours. 1
(b) The cost of operating the air conditioner to heat the house during winter last year 2
was $640. There are 92 days in winter.
Find the number of hours, to 1 decimal place, that the air conditioner was used
on average per day.
NESA 2025 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

25 24 The population of snails in a garden is approximately 90. 2 Solution

MS2
One night Bobbie collected 18 snails from the garden. He tagged each snail and
released it back into the garden.
The next night 20 snails were captured from the garden.
Approximately how many of the snails in the second sample are expected to have a
tag?
NESA 2025 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

25 38 A car’s efficiency is 30 miles per 4 Solution

MS US gallon.
2
Calculate the car’s efficiency in
litres per 100 km, correct to 1
decimal place.
NESA 2025 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

24 11 A train left Richmond at 6:42 am and arrived at Central Station at 8:04 am. The 1 Solution
MS distance travelled by the train from Richmond to Central was 61 km.
2
What was the average speed of this train, correct to the nearest km/h?
A. 38 B. 45 C. 50 D. 74
NESA 2024 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

24 17 The cost of electricity is 30.13 cents per kWh. 1 Solution

MS2
Calculate the cost of using a 650 W air conditioner for 6 hours.

NESA 2024 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

24 33 Wombats can run at a speed of 40 km/h over short distances. 3 Solution

MS
2 At this speed, how many seconds would it take a wombat to run 150 metres?

NESA 2024 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

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23 5 Four petrol pumps are shown, each with the amount of petrol purchased and its cost. 1 Solution
MS Which one represents the best value?
2

NESA 2023 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

23 11 A bag contains 150 jelly beans. Some of them are red and the rest are blue. 1 Solution
MS The ratio of red to blue jelly beans is 2:3.
2
Sophie eats 10 of each colour.
What is the new ratio of red to blue jelly beans?
A. 2:3 B. 4:9 C. 5:8 D. 11:17
NESA 2023 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination
23 26 Kim is building a path around a garden at the Solution
MS back of a house, as shown.
2
The path is 0.5 m wide.
(a) Find the area of the path. 2
(b) Kim is mixing some concrete for the 3
path. The concrete mix is made up of
crushed rock, sand and cement in the
ratio of 4:2:1 by weight.
Kim needs 2.1 tonnes of concrete mix in the correct ratio.
Calculate how many 15 kg bags of cement Kim needs to buy.
NESA 2023 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination
22 4 Lily wanted to estimate the number of fish in a lake. 1 Solution
MS She randomly captured 30 fish, then tagged and released them.
2
One week later she randomly captured 40 fish from the same lake.
She found that 12 of these 40 fish were tagged.
What is the best estimate for the total number of fish in the lake?
A 58 B 70 C 82 D 100
NESA 2022 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination
22 6 What is 20 minutes to one-third of a day, expressed as a ratio in simplest form? 1 Solution
MS A 1:8 B 1:24 C 60:1 D 72:1
2

NESA 2022 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

22 38 A full container has 4.8 L of a mixture of cordial and water in the ratio 1:3. 3
Solution
MS2
After removing 1.2 L of the mixture, more water is added to refill the container.
What is the ratio of cordial to water in the final mixture?

NESA 2022 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

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21 15 A total of 11 400 people entered a running race. The ratio of professional runners to 1 Solution
MS amateurs was 3:16. All the professional runners completed the race while 600 of the
2
amateurs did not complete the race. For those who completed the race, what is the
ratio, in simplest form, of professional runners to amateurs?
A. 1:2 B. 1:5 C. 1:8 D. 1:19
NESA 2021 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination
21 18 The fuel consumption for a car is 6.7 litres/100 km. 2 Solution
MS
2 On a road trip, the car travels a distance of 1560 km and the fuel cost is $1.45 per
litre.
What is the total fuel cost for this trip?
NESA 2021 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

21 25 A rectangular sportsground has been drawn 4 Solution

MS to scale on a 1-cm grid as shown.
2
The scale used is 1:3000.
Kerry took 12 minutes to walk around the
perimeter of this sportsground.
What was Kerry’s average speed in
kilometres per hour?

NESA 2021 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

21 27 The price and the power consumption of two Solution
MS2 different brands of television are shown.
The average cost for electricity is 25c/kWh.
A particular family watches an average of 3
hours of television per day.
(a) The annual cost of electricity for Television A for this family is $48.18. 2
For this family, what is the difference in the annual cost of electricity
between Television A and Television B?
(b) For this family, how many years will it take for the total cost of buying and 2
using Television A to be equal to the total cost of buying and using
Television B?
NESA 2021 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination
SQ ME There are 10 boys in a class of 25 students. 1 Solution
MS 2 What is the ratio of boys to girls in the class?
2 Band
A. 2:3 B. 2:5 C. 3:2 D. 5:2
2-3
NESA Mathematics Standard 2 Sample examination materials
SQ ME A car travels 560 km on 60 L of petrol. 1 Solution
MS 6 What is its fuel consumption?
2 Band
A. 7.3 L/100 km B. 8.7 L/100 km C. 9.3 L/100 km D. 10.7 L/100 km
2-5
NESA Mathematics Standard 2 Sample examination materials

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Page1212

SQ ME The diagram shows the shape and dimensions 4 Solution

MS 16 of an outdoor area which is to be tiled.
2 Band
Tiles are sold in boxes. Each box holds one
2-5
square metre of tiles.
When calculating the number of tiles required,
10% more tiles are needed due to cutting and
wastage.
Delivery of tiles is charged at a base rate of
$55, plus a handling fee of $8 per box.
Find the total cost of delivering the boxes of
tiles required for this area. NOT TO SCALE
NESA Mathematics Standard 2 Sample examination materials
SQ ME A student travels to and from university five days each week. She compares the costs 3 Solution
MS 21 of two different modes of travel.
2 Band
Her motorcycle uses one litre of fuel for every 17 km travelled. The cost of fuel is
2-4
$1.47/L and the distance from her home to the university car park is 34 km.
The cost of travelling by bus is $4.71 per trip.
Which mode of travel is cheaper per week and by how much? Support your answer
with calculations.
NESA Mathematics Standard 2 Sample examination materials
SQ ME Part of a map is shown. Solution
MS 22 (a) What is the actual distance 2
2 Band
between Mount Blackberry and
2-4
Fairy Hill, in kilometres?
(Projectmaths: the actual
distance on the paper is 2 cm)
(b) Two bridges, not shown on this 2
part of the map, are 7.5 km
apart. How far apart on the
map would be the two bridges
be, in centimetres?

NESA Mathematics Standard 2 Sample examination materials

SQ ME In a raffle, the total prize money is shared among the first three tickets drawn in the 2 Solution
MS 23 ratio 5:3:2.
2 Band
The prize for the third ticket drawn is $300.
3-4
What is the total prize money?
NESA Mathematics Standard 2 Sample examination materials

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Page1313

SQ ME2 The scale diagram shows 3 Solution

MS 8 the aerial view of a block DIAGRAM TO SCALE
2 Band
of land bounded on one
2-5
side by a road. The length
of the block, AB, is known
to be
45 metres.
Calculate the approximate
area of the block of land,
using three applications of
the trapezoidal rule.

[A note to students from

projectmaths: Use a ruler
to measure AB as 4.5 cm]

NESA Mathematics Standard 2 Sample examination materials

SQ ME A researcher used the following method to estimate a population of frogs in 3 Solution
MS 29 2018.
2 Band
• 40 frogs were caught, tagged and released.
4-6
• Later, 160 frogs were caught at random.
• 20 of these 160 frogs had been tagged.
• The estimated population of frogs in 2018 was 20% less than the What
was the estimated population estimated population for 2014.
What was the estimated population for 2014?
NESA Mathematics Standard 2 Sample examination materials
TG 1 Calculate the cost of running a 2400-watt (2.4 kW) fan heater for eight hours per day Solution

for 30 days.
Assume electricity is charged at $0.18/kWh.
NESA Mathematics Standard 2 Year 12 Topic Guide: Measurement

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Page1414

Year 12: MS – S: Statistical Analysis

S5: The Normal distribution Back

Syllabus: updated November 2019. Latest version @

[Link]

Reference
Sheet

25 15 The minimum daily temperature, in degrees, of a town each year follows a normal 1 Solution
MS
2 distribution with its mean equal to its standard deviation. The minimum daily
temperature was recorded over one year.
What percentage of the recorded minimum daily temperatures was above zero
degrees?
A. 16% B. 50% C. 68% D. 84%
COMMON QUESTION: NESA 2025 Mathematics Standard 2 and Advanced HSC Examinations

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Page1515

25 40 (a) In a flock of 12 600 sheep, the ratio of males to females is 1:20. 4 Solution

MS
2 The weights of the male sheep are normally distributed with a mean of 76.2 kg
and a standard deviation of 6.8 kg.
In the flock, 15 of the male sheep each weigh more than x kg.
Find the value of x.
(b) The weights of the female sheep are also normally distributed but have a smaller 1
mean and smaller standard deviation than the weights of male sheep.
Explain whether it could be expected that 300 of the females from the flock each
weigh more than x kg, where x is the value found in part (a).
COMMON QUESTION: NESA 2025 Mathematics Standard 2 and Advanced HSC Examinations

24 5 Pia’s marks in Year 10 1 Solution

MS assessments are shown.
2
The scores for each
subject were normally
distributed.
In which subject did Pia
perform best in
comparison with the rest
of Year 10?
A. English B. Mathematics C. Science D. History
COMMON QUESTION: NESA 2024 Mathematics Standard 2 and Advanced HSC Examinations

24 35 A random variable is normally distributed with mean 0 and standard deviation 1. Solution
MS
2 The table gives the probability that this random variable is less than z.

z 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

Probability 0.7257 0.7580 0.7881 0.8159 0.8413 0.8643 0.8849 0.9032 0.9192

The probability values given in the table for

different values of z are represented by the
shaded area in the following diagram.

The scores in a university examination with a large number of candidates are normally
distributed with mean 58 and standard deviation 15.

(a) By calculating a z-score, find the percentage of scores that are between 58 2

and 70.

(b) Explain why the percentage of scores between 46 and 70 is twice your answer 1
to part (a).

(c) By using the values in the table above, find an approximate minimum score a 2
candidate would need to be placed in the top 10% of the candidates.
COMMON QUESTION: NESA 2024 Mathematics Standard 2 and Advanced HSC Examinations

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Page1616

23 2 In a normal distribution, what is the approximate percentage of scores with a z-score 1 Solution
MS less than 1?
2
A. 50% B. 68% C. 84% D. 97.5%

NESA 2023 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

23 38 4 Solution
MS
A random variable is normally distributed with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation
2 of 1. The table gives the probability that this random variable lies below z for some
positive values of z.

The probability values given in the table are represented by the shaded area in the
following diagram.
The weights of adult male koalas form a
normal distribution with mean  = 10.40 kg,
and standard deviation  = 1.15 kg.

In a group of 400 adult male koalas, how

many would be expected to weigh more than
11.93 kg?
COMMON QUESTION: NESA 2023 Mathematics Standard 2 and Advanced HSC Examinations

23 18 The histogram shows a summary of 2 Solution

MS scores on a test.
2
Provide TWO features of the histogram
that indicate that the data comes from
a normal distribution.

NESA 2023 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

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22 13 A random variable is 1 Solution

MS normally distributed with
2
mean 0 and standard
deviation 1.
The table gives the
probability that this random
variable lies below z for
some positive values of z.
The probability values given
in the table are represented
by the shaded area in the
following diagram.
What is the probability that a normally distributed random variable with mean 0 and
standard deviation 1 lies between 0 and 1.94?
A. 0.0262 B. 0.4738 C. 0.5262 D. 0.9738
NESA 2022 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination
22 18 The marks in a test were normally distributed. The mean mark was 60 and the 2 Solution
MS standard deviation was 15.
2
What was the percentage of marks higher than 90?

NESA 2022 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

22 37 The life span of batteries from a particular factory is normally distributed with a 3
Solution
MS
2
mean of 840 hours and a standard deviation of 80 hours.
It is known from statistical tables that for this distribution approximately 60% of the
batteries have a life span of less than 860 hours.
What is the approximate percentage of batteries with a life span between 820 and
920 hours?
COMMON QUESTION: NESA 2022 Mathematics Standard 2 and Advanced HSC Examinations

21 8 On a test, Zac’s mark corresponded to a z-score of 2. The test scores had a mean of 1 Solution
MS 63 and a standard deviation of 8.
2
What was Zac’s actual mark on the test?
A. 65 B. 67 C. 73 D. 79

NESA 2021 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

x

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Page1818

21 38 A random variable is normally distributed with mean 0 and standard deviation 1. Solution

MS The table gives the

2 probability that this random
variable lies between 0 and
z for different values of z.

The probability values given in the table for

different values of z are represented by the
shaded area in the following diagram.
(a) Using the table, find the probability 1
that a value from a random variable
that is normally distributed with mean 0
and standard deviation 1 lies between
0.1 and 0.5.
(b) Birth weights are normally distributed with a mean of 3300 grams and a 3
standard deviation of 570 grams. By first calculating a z-score, find how many
babies, out of 1000 born, are expected to have a birth weight greater than 3528
grams.
COMMON QUESTION: NESA 2021 Mathematics Standard 2 and Advanced HSC Examinations
21 41 In a particular city, the heights of adult females and the heights of adult males are 4 Solution

MS each normally distributed.

2
Information relating to two
females from that city is
given in Table 1.

The means and standard

deviations of adult females
and males, in centimetres,
are given in Table 2.

A selected male is taller

than 84% of the population
of adult males in this city.
By first labelling the normal
distribution curve with the
heights of the two females
given in Table 1, calculate
the height of the selected male, in centimetres, correct to two decimal places.
COMMON QUESTION: NESA 2021 Mathematics Standard 2 and Advanced HSC Examinations
SQ SA The number of hours working during a week by casual staff in the hospitality 1 Solution
MS 8 industry is normally distributed with a mean of 18 hours and a standard deviation
2 Band
of 2.5 hours. What is the percentage of casual staff working fewer than 23 hours
3-4
in a week?
A. 47.5% B. 84% C. 95% D. 97.5%
NESA Mathematics Standard 2 Sample examination materials
SQ SA In a class, the shoe sizes of the students are normally distributed. The mean shoe 1 Solution
MS 9 size of these students is 6.5 and the standard deviation is 2.
2 Band
Approximately what percentage of the class has a shoe size larger than 8.5?
3-4
A. 16% B. 34% C. 68% D. 84%
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SQ SA There will be 90 000 students sitting an examination. If their examination results 1 Solution
MS 13 form a normal distribution, how many students would be expected to score a
2 Band
result between 1 and 2 standard deviations above the mean?
5-6
A. 12 150 B. 24 300 C. 30 600 D. 42 750
NESA Mathematics Standard 2 Sample examination materials
SQ SA In Broken Hill, the maximum temperature for each day is recorded. The mean of Solution
MS 19 these maximum temperature during spring is 25.8 oC, and the standard deviation
2 Band
is 4.2oC. You may assume that these maximum temperatures are normally
3-6
distributed.
(a) What temperature has a z-score of –1? 1
(b) What percentage of spring days in Broken Hill would have maximum 2
temperatures between 21.6oC and 38.4oC?
NESA Mathematics Standard 2 Sample examination materials
SQ SA Two brands of light bulbs are 2 Solution
MS 20 being compared. The lives of
2 Band
each of light bulbs are normally
4-5
distributed.
A light bulb is considered
defective if it has a life of less
than 400 hours. The following claim is made:
‘Brand A light bulbs are more likely to be defective than Brand B light bulbs.’
Is this claim correct? Justify your answer with reference to the data provided.
NESA Mathematics Standard 2 Sample examination materials
SQ SA The diastolic measurement for blood pressure in 50-year-old people is normally Solution
MS 21 distributed, with a mean of 85 and a standard deviation of 20.
2 1
Band
(a) A person is considered to have low blood pressure if the diastolic
4-5
measurement is 65 or less.
What percentage of 50-year-old people have low blood pressure? 1
(b) Calculate the z-score for a diastolic measurement of 60.
NESA Mathematics Standard 2 Sample examination materials
SQ SA Shirley sat a Physics test and a Biology test. For the Physics test, the mean was 2 Solution
MS 23 56 and the standard deviation was 8. For the Biology test, the mean was 60 and
2 Band
the standard deviation was 5.
3-5
Shirley’s mark in each test was 70.
Did Shirley do better in Physics or Biology? Support your answer with calculations.
NESA Mathematics Standard 2 Sample examination materials
TG 1 Packets of rice are each labelled as having a mass of 1 kg. Solution

The mass of these packets is normally distributed with a mean of 1.02 kg and a
standard deviation of 0.01 kg.
(a) Complete the following table:

(b) What percentage of packets will have a mass less than 1.02 kg?
(c) What percentage of packets will have a mass between 1.00 and 1.04 kg?
(d) What percentage of packets will have a mass between 1.00 and 1.02 kg?
(e) What percentage of packets will have a mass less than the labelled mass?
NESA Mathematics Standard 2 Year 12 Topic Guide: Statistical analysis

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Page2020

TG 2 A machine is set for the production of cylinders of mean diameter 5.00 cm, with Solution

standard deviation 0.020 cm.

(a) Assuming a normal distribution, between which values will 95% of the
diameters lie?
(b) If a cylinder, randomly selected from this production, has a diameter of
5.070 cm, what conclusion could be drawn?
NESA Mathematics Standard 2 Year 12 Topic Guide: Statistical analysis
TG 3 Find the probability that a person selected at random from a pool of people that took Solution

a test on which the mean was 100 and the standard deviation was 15 will have a
score:
(a) between 100 and 120.
(b) of a least 120.
(c) of greater than 120.
Projectmaths has provided this Cumulative Normal Distribution Table below:

NESA Mathematics Standard 2 Year 12 Topic Guide: Statistical analysis

TG 4 The lifetime of a particular make of lightbulb is normally distributed with mean 1020 Solution

hours and standard deviation 85 hours.

Find the probability that a lightbulb of the same make chosen at random has a
lifetime between 1003 and 1088 hours.
Projectmaths has provided this Cumulative Normal Distribution Table below:

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Back

2025

Back

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2025 HSC Examination Paper THSC25

Back

25 1 Consider the network diagram. 1 Solution

MS
2 Which vertex has degree 4?
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D

NESA 2025 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

25 2 Which graph could represent y = 4x? 1 Solution

MS
2

COMMON QUESTION: NESA 2025 Mathematics Standard 2 and Advanced HSC Examinations

25 3 The network shows the distances, in kilometres, along 1 Solution

MS a series of roads that connect towns.

2
What is the value of the largest weighted edge included
in the minimum spanning tree for this network?
A. 7
B. 8
C. 9
D. 10
NESA 2025 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

25 4 Frankie takes four weeks of annual leave. His weekly pay is $350 and his annual leave 1 Solution
MS
2 1
loading is 17 % of four weeks pay.
2
What is Frankie’s total pay for this period of annual leave?
A. $245.00 B. $411.25 C. $1461.25 D. $1645.00
NESA 2025 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination
25 5 Which of the following is arranged from largest to smallest? 1 Solution
MS
2 A. 6.2 × 10–3, 4.5 × 10–4, 3.2 × 10–1 B. 4.5 × 10–4, 6.2 × 10–3, 3.2 × 10–1
C. 3.2 × 10–1, 4.5 × 10–4, 6.2 × 10–3 D. 3.2 × 10–1, 6.2 × 10–3, 4.5 × 10–4

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Page2323

25 6 m−p 1 Solution
MS Consider the formula n = .
2
q

Which of the following correctly shows p as the subject of the formula?

A. p = nq – m B. p = m – nq C. p = n + q – m D. p = m – n – q
NESA 2025 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

25 7 There are 960 students at a high school. 1 Solution

MS
2 Using stratified sampling, 240 students from the whole school are to be chosen for a
survey.
If there are 200 students in Year 12, how many Year 12 students should be chosen?
A. 4 B. 5 C. 50 D.60
NESA 2025 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

25 8 1 Solution

MS
2 A spinner made up of 4 colours is spun 100
times.
The frequency histogram shows the results.

Which of these spinners is most likely to give

the results shown?

NESA 2025 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

25 9 The ratio of the dimensions of a model car to the dimensions of an actual car is 1:64. 1 Solution
MS The actual car has a length of 4.9 m.
2
What is the length of the model car in cm, correct to 1 decimal place?
A. 3.1 B. 7.7 C. 13.1 D.59.1
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Page2424

25 10 An electricity company charges customers 37 cents per kWh for electricity used, U, and 1 Solution
MS
2 pays customers 5 cents per kWh for electricity produced, P.
The electricity company also charges a fee of 71 cents per day.
Which formula should be used to calculate a customer’s daily cost of electricity, C, in
cents?
A. C = 71 + 37U – 5P B. C = 71 + 37U + 5P
C. C = 71 – 37U – 5P D. C = 71 – 37U + 5P
NESA 2025 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

25 11 The thickness of the skin of a spherical balloon varies inversely with the surface area of 1 Solution
MS
2 the balloon.
What would be the effect on the thickness of the skin if the radius of the balloon is
doubled?
A. Divided by 2 B. Multiplied by 2 C. Divided by 4 D. Multiplied by 4
NESA 2025 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

25 12 A football game is being played in Quito (UTC –5) starting at 3:40 pm on Tuesday. 1 Solution
MS
2 What is the time in Sydney (UTC + 10) when the game starts in Quito?
A. 10:40 am Tuesday B. 8:40 pm Tuesday
C. 12:40 am Wednesday D. 6:40 am Wednesday
NESA 2025 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

25 13 A ten-sided die has faces numbered 1 to 10. 1 Solution

MS
2 The die is constructed so that the probability of obtaining the number 1 is greater than
the probability of obtaining any of the other numbers. The numbers 2 to 10 are equally
likely to occur.
When the die is rolled 153 times, a 1 is obtained 72 times.
By using the relative frequency of rolling a 1, which of the following is the best
estimate for the probability of rolling a 10?
1 1 1 1
A. B. C. D.
17 11 10 9
COMMON QUESTION: NESA 2025 Mathematics Standard 2 and Advanced HSC Examinations

25 14 Points M and P are the same distance from a third point R. 1 Solution
MS
2 The bearing of M from R is 017o and the bearing of P from R is 107o.
Which of the following best describes the bearing of P from M?
A. Between 000o and 090o B. Exactly 090o
C. Between 090o and 180o D. Exactly 180o
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Page2525

25 15 The minimum daily temperature, in degrees, of a town each year follows a normal 1 Solution
MS
2 distribution with its mean equal to its standard deviation. The minimum daily
temperature was recorded over one year.
What percentage of the recorded minimum daily temperatures was above zero
degrees?
A. 16% B. 50% C. 68% D. 84%
COMMON QUESTION: NESA 2025 Mathematics Standard 2 and Advanced HSC Examinations

25 16 Paint is sold in two sizes at a local shop. 2 Solution

MS
2 • Four-litre cans at $90 per can
• Ten-litre cans at $205 per can
Mina needs to purchase 80 litres of paint.
Calculate the amount of money Mina will save by purchasing only ten-litre cans of paint
rather than only four-litre cans of paint.
NESA 2025 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

25 17 The scatter plot shows a bivariate 3 Solution

MS dataset, where x is the

2
independent variable and y is the
dependent variable.

The points (0, 14) and (5, 4) lie

on the line of best fit.

Plot the points (0, 14) and (5, 4)

on the graph and hence find the
equation of the line of best fit.

NESA 2025 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

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Page2626

25 18 A table of future interest 2 Solution

MS factors for an annuity of $1 is

2
shown.

The prize in a lottery is an

annuity of $5000 a year for 10
years, invested at 4.5% per
annum compounded annually.

What will be the value of the prize at the end of 10 years?

NESA 2025 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

25 19 The activities and corresponding durations Solution

MS in days for a project are shown in the

2
network diagram.

(a) Complete the table showing the 2

immediate prerequisites for each
activity. Indicate with an X any
activities without any immediate
prerequisites.
(b) Find the critical path for this project 2
AND state the minimum duration for
the project.

(c) The duration of activity A is increased 1

by 2. Does this affect the critical path for the project? Give a reason for your
answer.
NESA 2025 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

25 20 The graph of a quadratic function represented Solution

MS by the equation h = t2 – 8t + 12 is shown.

2
(a) Find the values of t and h at the turning 2
point of the graph.
1
(b) The graph shows h = 12 when t = 0.

What is the other value of t for which

h = 12?
COMMON QUESTION: NESA 2025 Mathematics Standard 2 and Advanced HSC Examinations

25 21 A house has a reverse-cycle air conditioner which uses 2.5 kWh of power for cooling Solution
MS
2 and 3.2 kWh of power for heating. The cost of electricity is 29 cents per kWh.
(a) Find the cost, in dollars and cents, of cooling the house for 6 hours. 1
(b) The cost of operating the air conditioner to heat the house during winter last year 2
was $640. There are 92 days in winter.
Find the number of hours, to 1 decimal place, that the air conditioner was used
on average per day.
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Page2727

25 22 A network of pipes with one cut is Solution

MS shown. The number on each edge

2 gives the capacity of that pipe in
L/min.
(a) What is the capacity of the cut 1
shown?

(b) The diagram shows a possible

flow for this network of pipes.
(i) What is the value of x? Give 2
a reason for your answer.
(ii) Which of the pipes in the 1
flow are at full capacity?
(iii) The maximum flow for this 1
network is 50 L/min.
Which path of pipes could
have an increase in flow of
2 L/min to achieve the
maximum flow?
NESA 2025 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

25 23 Company A and Company B both 2 Solution

MS issue an annual dividend per share as

2
shown in the table.

Based on the dividend yield, which

company would be better to invest
in?
NESA 2025 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

25 24 The population of snails in a garden is approximately 90. 2 Solution

MS2
One night Bobbie collected 18 snails from the garden. He tagged each snail and
released it back into the garden.
The next night 20 snails were captured from the garden.
Approximately how many of the snails in the second sample are expected to have a
tag?
NESA 2025 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

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Page2828

25 25 In a research study, participants were Solution

M2 asked to record the number of minutes
they watching television and the
number of minutes they spent
exercising each day over a period of 3
months. The averages for each
participant were recorded and graphed.
(a) Describe the bivariate dataset in
terms of its form and direction. 2

Form: ………………………………….…….
Direction: ………………………………….
The equation of the least-squares regression line for this dataset is y = 64.3 – 0.7x.
(b) Interpret the values of the slope and y-intercept of the regression line in the 2
context of this dataset.
(c) Jo spends an average of 42 minutes per day watching television. 1
Use the equation of the regression line to determine how many minutes on
average Jo is expected to exercise each day.
(d) Explain why it is NOT appropriate to extrapolate the regression line to predict 1
the average number of minutes of exercise per day for someone who watches
an average of 2 hours of television per day.
COMMON QUESTION: NESA 2025 Mathematics Standard 2 and Advanced HSC Examinations

25 26 A toy has a curved surface on the Solution

MS top which has been shaded as

2
shown. The toy has a uniform
cross-section and a rectangular
base.

(a) Use two applications of the 2

trapezoidal rule to find an
approximate area of the cross-
section of the toy.

(b) The total surface area of the plastic toy is 1300 cm 2. What is the approximate 2
area of the curved surface?
(c) The measurements shown on the diagram are given to the nearest millimetre. 2
What is the percentage error of the measurement of 10.2 cm? Give your answer
correct to 3 significant figures.
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Page2929

25 27 A credit card has an interest-free period of 45 days from and including the date of 3 Solution
MS
2 purchase. Interest is charged on purchases made, compounding daily at a rate of
13.74% per annum, from and including the day following the interest-free period.
Concert tickets were purchased for a total of $392 using this credit card.
Full payment was made on the 68th day from the date of purchase. There were no
other purchases on this credit card.
What was the total interest charged when the account was paid in full?
NESA 2025 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

25 28 The heights of students in a class were 3 Solution

MS recorded.
2
The results for this class were displayed in
the cumulative frequency graph shown.

The shortest student in this class is 130

cm and the tallest student is 180 cm.

Construct a box-plot for this class in the

space below.

NESA 2025 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

25 29 A bag contains 7 blue lollies and 9 yellow lollies. One lolly is selected at random and 2 Solution
MS
2 eaten. A second lolly is then selected from the remaining lollies in the bag.
Find the probability that the two lollies selected are the same colour.

NESA 2025 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

25 30 It costs $465 to register a passenger car and $350 to register a motorcycle. 2 Solution
MS
2 Let P = the number of passenger cars, and
B = the number of motorcycles.
Write TWO linear equations that represent the relationships below.
• There are 11 times as many passenger cars as motorcycles.
• The total registration fees for passenger cars and motorcycles is $494 million.
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Page3030

25 31 The table shows the income 3 Solution

MS tax rate for Australian

2
residents for the 2024-2025
financial year.

At the end of the 2024-2025

financial year, Alex’s tax
payable was $47 420,
excluding the Medicare levy.

What was Alex’s taxable income?

NESA 2025 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

25 32 Solid spheres are placed inside a square- 3 Solution

MS based pyramid as shown.

2
The base of the pyramid has side lengths of
14 cm. The height of the pyramid is h cm.
The radius of each sphere is 1.5 cm.

The amount of empty space remaining

inside the pyramid after 30 spheres have
been placed inside the pyramid is 634 cm 3.

What is the height h, of the pyramid? Give

your answer correct to the nearest
centimetre.
NESA 2025 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

25 33 A used car has a sale price of $24 200. In addition to the sale price, the following 5 Solution
MS
2 costs are charged:
• transfer of registration $50
• stamp duty which is calculated at $3 for every $100, or part thereof, of the
sale price.
Kat borrows the total amount to be paid for the car, including transfer of registration
and stamp duty. Simple interest at the rate of 6.8% per annum is charged on the
loan. The loan is to be repaid in equal monthly repayments over 3 years.
Calculate Kat’s monthly repayment.
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Page3131

25 34 The table shows future 3 Solution

MS
2 value interest factors
for an annuity of $1.
Lin invests a lump sum
of $21 000 for 7 years
at an interest rate of
6% per annum, compounding monthly.
Yemi wants to achieve the same future value as Lin by using an annuity. Yemi plans
to deposit a fixed amount into an investment account at the end of each month for
7 years. The investment account pays 6% per annum, compounded monthly.
Using the table provided, determine how much Yemi needs to deposit each month.
COMMON QUESTION: NESA 2025 Mathematics Standard 2 and Advanced HSC Examinations

25 35 The triangle PTA is shown. The 3 Solution

MS length of PA is 75 m and the length

2
of PT is 51 m.

The angle of depression from T to A

is 36o, and the angle PTA is obtuse.
Find the length of TA. Give your
answer correct to 2 decimal places.
NESA 2025 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

25 36 The graph shows the salvage value of a 4 Solution

MS car over 5 years.

2
The salvage values are based on the
declining-balance method.
By what amount will the car’s value
depreciate during the 10th year?

NESA 2025 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

25 37 The diagram shows a park consisting of 4 Solution

MS two equilateral triangles. The shaded

2
triangle is a grassed section. All
measurements on the diagram are in
metres.

How long will it take to mow the grassed

section if it takes 5 minutes to mow 20 m 2?
Give your answer to the nearest minute.

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Page3232

25 38 A car’s efficiency is 30 miles per 4 Solution

MS US gallon.
2
Calculate the car’s efficiency in
litres per 100 km, correct to 1
decimal place.
NESA 2025 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

25 39 After a dose of medication, the 3 Solution

MS amount of the medication remaining

2
in a person can be modelled by the
equation y = kax, where x is the
number of hours after taking the
dose, and y is the amount
remaining in milligrams (mg).

The graph shows the amount of the

medication remaining in a person
after x hours. Two points are also
shown on the graph.
Using the information provided, find
the amount of medication that
remains in a person when x = 4.

NESA 2025 Mathematics Standard 2 HSC Examination

25 40 (a) In a flock of 12 600 sheep, the ratio of males to females is 1:20. 4 Solution

MS
2 The weights of the male sheep are normally distributed with a mean of 76.2 kg
and a standard deviation of 6.8 kg.
In the flock, 15 of the male sheep each weigh more than x kg.
Find the value of x.
(b) The weights of the female sheep are also normally distributed but have a smaller 1
mean and smaller standard deviation than the weights of male sheep.
Explain whether it could be expected that 300 of the females from the flock each
weigh more than x kg, where x is the value found in part (a).
COMMON QUESTION: NESA 2025 Mathematics Standard 2 and Advanced HSC Examinations

HSC Maths Standard 2 © NSW Education Standards Authority for and on behalf of the Crown in right of State of NSW