CONSTRUCTION

TECHNOLOGY - II
Course conducted by : Priya Patel
Email ID: [Link]@[Link]
Google Classroom code: f36jrox

1
Course Structure

2
Objective of the Course

■ To create awareness about advanced construction practices for

Sub Structure & Super Structure of heavy structures under
various conditions
■ To give knowledge of various construction equipment & their
selection criteria

3
 Course Overview

■ Introduction:
Role of Construction equipment in Engineering Projects. Standard
equipment and special equipment, Benefits of Equipment
■ Earth Moving Equipment
Engineering fundamentals of earth moving equipment like Rolling and
Grade resistance, Coefficient of Traction, Effect of altitude and
temperature on performance, Rim pull and Drawbar pull etc.
Wheel and Crawler mounted equipment and its operations, types, use
and output of: Bulldozers, Scraper, Dragline, Power shovel, Excavator
(Hoe) Trencher, Material handling equipment, Compaction equipment
4
 Course Overview
■ Concrete Equipment
Equipment for concrete production- Mixers, Transit mixers, Batching
plant -Ready mix concreting etc., Concrete Transportation & Placing
Systems-Concrete pumps etc., Various tools for Concreting work &
Compaction works
■ Coffer Dam, and Caisson
Coffer Dam: Type, Use and Selection of Coffer Dam, Forces acting on
a coffer dam, Economical height, leakage problems
Caisson: Classification, use and selection criteria of caissons,
Transportation, launching and sinking of various caissons,
Construction problems
Diaphragm wall: Introduction & Construction Methodology 5
Course Overview

■ Excavation Support System

Introduction to excavation support systems- Diaphragm wall,
Soil nailing etc., Construction methodologies, Advantages &
Uses
■ Ground water Control During Excavation
Importance, Selection Criteria, Various methods: Sump, Bore-
well, well points, Electro osmosis, Grouting, Freezing,
shotcrete etc.

6
Course Overview

■ Form Work
Materials &arrangement System for Formwork, Formwork
for foundations, columns, beams, walls etc.
■ Economic Analysis of Equipment
Time value of money concept, Replacement Analysis,
Owning & Operating Cost, Buy, Rent, Lease Concept,
Economic & Physical life of equipment.

7
Reference Books
Sr. No. Title Publisher Author
1. Construction Planning, McGraw Hill Peurifoy, L.,
Equipment and Methods Schexnayder, C.J.
and Shapira
2. Construction Equipment and its Metropolitan Dr. Mahesh Verma
planning and application Book Company
3. Construction Equipment and Khanna S.C. Sharma
Management Publication
4. Building Construction Laxmi Dr. B.C. Punamia
Publication
5. Building Construction Charotar S. C. Rangwala
Publication
6. Building Construction Routledge Chudly & Greeno
Handbook 8
 Unit 1
Introduction

1
Role of Construction equipment in
Engineering Projects

2
Role of Construction equipment in
Engineering Projects
■ In major construction projects, the speed of work and the
timely completion of work is very important.
■ Due to this reason, the mechanization of most of the
construction work is required, in which the construction
equipment play the most important role.
■ The cost of construction is a major factor in all the
projects. The factors that influence construction costs
mainly are materials, manpower, construction equipment,
overheads and profit.
3
Role of Construction equipment in
Engineering Projects
■ Proper use of appropriate equipment contributes to
Economy, Quality, Safety, Speed and Timely completion
of the Project.
■ The cost of construction equipment for engineering
projects ranges from 25% to 40% of the total project.
■ The amount which is invested in purchase of equipment
must be recovered during the useful life of the
equipment.

4
Need for Mechanization

■ Magnitude and Complexity of the Project

■ Large quantities of material handling
■ High quality standards
■ Importance of time management
■ Optimum use of resources
■ Shortage of skilled and efficient manpower
■ Complexity of projects

5
Benefits of Equipment

■ Higher speed of construction

■ Timely Project Completion
■ Quality Maintenance
■ Cost Effectiveness
■ Higher Productivity
■ Reduced Manpower
■ Worker Safety

6
Classification of Equipment

■ Standard Equipment
■ Special Equipment

7
Standard Equipment

8
Standard Equipment

■ Commonly manufactured equipment and are easily

available to the prospective purchasers.
■ Can be used for variety of construction operations without
any difficulty.
■ Less initial investment.
■ As it is readily available in market, delivery is quick.
■ Easily available repair parts.
■ More resale value.
9
Special Equipment

10
Special Equipment

11
Special Equipment

■ Manufactured for a specific project.

■ Selection of special equipment should be made carefully
after proper financial analysis.
■ High initial investment.
■ Risk of change in design, hence cannot be used
economically on other projects.

12
13
 Unit 2
Earth Moving Equipment

1
Tractor

2
Tractor
■ Tractors are machine which change energy of the engine
into tractive energy
■ The Tractors are primarily used to pull or push loads
■ They are also used for mounting many types of
accessories like bulldozer blades, rippers, front end
shovels, hoes, draglines, clamshells, trenches, winches,
side booms, frontend bucket loaders, pipe layers etc.
■ It is available in two types,
(1)Crawler or track type
(2) Rubber-tyred or wheel-type 3
Crawler or track type Tractor

4
Advantages by using Crawler mounted tractors:
■ More tractive effort, hence can also operate on loose or
muddy soil
■ In absence of tyres, can easily operate in rocky conditions
an there is no danger for the damage of the tyres
■ Where maintenance of haul road is difficult, it can easily
travel, specially in rough terrain
■ Crawler tractors are more compact and powerful and
hence can handle difficult jobs as well

5
Wheel Mounted Tractor

6
Advantages by using wheel mounted tractors:

■ Can travel at higher speeds during the operation and also

from one job to another
■ Ease in operation, Operator feels less fatigue
■ Can travel on paved roads without damaging them
■ Can travel long distances at its own power whereas
Crawler mounted needs trailer
■ When work is spread over long area, these are found to
be producing more output

7
Advantages by using wheel mounted tractors:

■ Operation, maintenance and repair costs less in

wheeled tractors as compared to Crawler tractors
■ Initial cost of the Crawler tractor is higher than the
wheeled tractors due to expensive track system
■ Easy to maneuver.

8
EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENT

■ Excavating equipment
■ Hauling equipment
■ Compaction equipment
■ Grading equipment
■ Material handling equipment

9
Engineering Fundamentals of Earth Moving
Equipment

Payload
■ May be expressed volumetrically or gravimetrically.
■ Volumetric capacity (struck or heaped) : The payload
capacity of a hauling unit in terms of the volume of loose
materials that the unit can hold.
■ Gravimetric capacity: The safe operational weight the axles
or structural frames of the machine are designed to handle.

10
Engineering Fundamentals of Earth Moving
Equipment

Machine Performance
■ Done by analyzing:
– Required Power
– Available Power
– Usable Power

11
 Engineering Fundamentals of Earth Moving
Equipment

Required Power
■ Power required/ necessary to overcome the total resistance to
machine movement.
Total Resistance(TR) = Rolling Resistance(RR) + Grade Resistance(GR)

12
Engineering Fundamentals of Earth Moving
Equipment

Rolling Resistance
■ Resistance of a level surface to
constant-velocity motion across it.
■ Results from friction.

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑃
𝑅𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑅 =
𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡, 𝑊
13
 Engineering Fundamentals of Earth Moving
Equipment
Grade Resistance
■ The force opposing movement of a machine up a frictionless
slope
■ Acts against total weight of the machine
■ Machine moves upwards, more power required
■ Machine moves downwards, less power required
■ Grades are measured in % slope i.e. the ratio between vertical
rise/fall and horizontal distance in which the rise/fall occurs

14
Engineering Fundamentals of Earth Moving
Equipment

Grade Resistance

15
Engineering Fundamentals of Earth Moving
Equipment

Available Power
■ Engine Horsepower and operating gear (speed) are the
primary factors that determine the power available at the
drive wheels of a machine.
■ Horsepower is the time rate of doing work and is a constant
value for a given machine.
■ Available pull or push will change as the machine speed is
varied.

16
Engineering Fundamentals of Earth Moving
Equipment

Available Power
■ Tractive Force: to generate motion between a body and a
tangential surface
■ Rim pull: term that is used to designate the tractive force
between the rubber tyres of driving wheel and the surface on
which they travel.
■ Drawbar pull: available pull that a crawler mounted machine can
exert on a load that is being towed
Pull available for towing a load = Rim pull or Drawbar pull
– (Grade and Rolling pull)
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Engineering Fundamentals of Earth Moving
Equipment

Usable Power
■ Depends on project conditions:
– Haul-road surface and type
– Altitude and temperature
■ Coefficient of Traction : The ratio between the maximum
amount of pull a machine exerts before slippage and the
total weight of drive wheel or track.
Usable force = Coefficient of Traction × weight of drive wheel
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Engineering Fundamentals of Earth Moving
Equipment

Usable Power
■ Altitude effect on usable power:
– Higher altitude will lead to reduction in Horsepower
since the air density decreases at higher altitude
– This affects the fuel to air ratio during combustion in
engine’s piston

19
Excavating Equipment
■ Dozers
■ Scrapers
■ Shovels
■ Dragline
■ Clamshell
■ Hoe
■ Trencher
■ Loader
1
Bulldozer

2
Bulldozer
■ Self contained tractor power unit with a blade attached to
its front.
■ Used for pushing the materials, land clearing, stripping,
towing with other pieces of constructions, assisting in
loading, side hill cutting, backfilling and spreading.
■ Used when haulage distance is less than 50 m.
■ The amount of material the dozer moves is dependent on
the quantity of that will remain in front of the blade during
the push.
3
 Bulldozer
■ A dozer is a frame mounted unit with a blade, curved in its
section, extending in front of the tractor.
■ They consist of a tractor with a front mounted blade,
controlled by hydraulic cylinders to vary the depth of cut
and rate of levelling depending on the material and
application.
■ Dozer Blades:
– A heavy blade of slightly concave profile is attached in
the front of the tractor
– The dozer blades are available in sizes from 2m to
7.5m wide and 0.8 to 1.5m in height 4
Parts of Bulldozer

5
Types of Bulldozer Blades
■ Blades for production dozing:
(a) U-blade
(b) Straight blade
■ Blades for Special Applications:
(c) Angle blade
(d) Special application U-blades
(e) Landfill blade
(f) Clearing blade
(g) V-blade
(h) Rake 6
Types of Bulldozer Blades
■ Blades for production dozing:
(a) U-blade
(b) Straight blade
■ Blades for Special Applications:
(c) Angle blade
(d) Special application U-blades
(e) Landfill blade
(f) Clearing blade
(g) V-blade
(h) Rake 7
Types of Bulldozer Blades
■ Blades for production dozing:
(a) U-blade
(b) Straight blade
Special application U-blade
■ Blades for Special Applications:
(c) Angle blade
(d) Special application U-blades
(e) Landfill blade
(f) Clearing blade
(g) V-blade
(h) Rake
Landfill blade
8
Types of Bulldozer Blades
■ Blades for production dozing: Clearing blade

(a) U-blade
(b) Straight blade
■ Blades for Special Applications:
(c) Angle blade V-blade
(d) Special application U-blades
(e) Landfill blade
(f) Clearing blade
(g) V-blade
(h) Rake Rake blade
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Bulldozer

10
Classification of Bulldozer
1. Position of blades
■ Bull dozers in which the blade perpendicular to the direction of
movement
■ Angle dozers in which the blade is set at an angle with the
direction of movement.
2. Based on mountings
■ Wheel mounted
■ Crawler mounted
3. Based on the control
■ Cable controlled
■ Hydraulically controlled 11
Dozer blades
The three types of adjustments that maybe made to
dozer blades are:
■ Tilting the blade is useful for ditching and breaking
up frozen or crusty/rocky soils.
■ Pitching the blade forward reduces blade
penetration and causes the loosened material to roll
in front of the blade, whereas pitching the blade
backward increases penetration.
■ Angling the blade is helpful when side-hill cutting,
ditching and backfilling (moving material laterally). 12
Bulldozer
Classification based on nature of blade:
■ Angle dozers- to push load at any angle in the
direction of travel of the dozer.

13
Angle Dozer

14
Bulldozer
Classification based on nature of blade:
■ Tilt dozer – is used where blade is required to be
tilted by raising one end with respect to the other.

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Tilt Dozer

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Bulldozer
Classification based on nature of blade:
■ Push Dozer – used to push scraper unit during
digging or loading operation by means of a
rectangular plate called pusher plate.

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Push Dozer

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Dozer Size and Production Estimation

■ A bulldozer has no set volumetric capacity.

■ There is no hopper or bowl to load.
■ The dimensions of the blade affects productivity.
■ Depends upon the conditions under which it operates
and also the power supplied to the blade.
■ The amount of material that the dozer moves depends
upon the quantity which will remain in front of the blade
during the push.
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 Dozer Size and Production Estimation
■ Following are the factors which control the dozers
production rates:
1. Blade type
2. Power supplied to the blade (traction)
3. Type and condition of the material
4. Cycle time
■ Each blade has a theoretical capacity of hauling a
particular type of earth and knowing the number of turns
a bulldozer will make in a given time, the approximate20
Dozer Size and Production Estimation

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 × 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑟

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 𝐵𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑(𝐿𝑚3 ) = 𝐻 × 𝑊 × 𝐿

H = Height of the pile (m)
W = Width of pile (m)
L = Length of pile (m)

21
Dozer Size and Production Estimation

L
H

22
Dozer Size and Production Estimation

𝐷𝑜𝑧𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 + 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

Fixed Cycle time = 0.05 to 0.15 min

Variable Cycle time depends on dozing time and return time

23
A power shift crawler mounted dozer has a rated blade capacity of
7.65 𝐿𝑚3 . The dozer is excavating loose common earth and pushing it
a distance of 60 m. Maximum reverse speed is 8 kmph and dozing
speed is 4 kmph. Estimate dozer production.

Fixed time = 0.05 min

60 𝑚 60 𝑚
𝐷𝑜𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = = = 0.89 𝑚𝑖𝑛
4 𝑘𝑚𝑝ℎ 4 × 16.7 𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛
60 𝑚 60 𝑚
𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = = = 0.45 𝑚𝑖𝑛
8 𝑘𝑚𝑝ℎ 8 × 16.7 𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 0.05 + 0.89 + 0.45 = 1.39 𝑚𝑖𝑛
60 𝑚𝑖𝑛
C𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑟 = = 43.165
1.39 𝑚𝑖𝑛

1
A power shift crawler mounted dozer has a rated blade capacity of
7.65 𝐿𝑚3 . The dozer is excavating loose common earth and pushing it
a distance of 60 m. Maximum reverse speed is 8 kmph and dozing
speed is 4 kmph. Estimate dozer production.

Volume per cycle = Blade capacity = 7.65 𝐿𝑚3

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 × 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑟

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 7.65 𝐿𝑚3 × 43.165 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑟

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 330.2𝐿𝑚3 /ℎ𝑟

2
A power shift wheel mounted bulldozer pushed a pile of soil. The dimensions
of the pile measured are as follows:
Height: Inside edge of track – 255 cm; Centre of track – 265 cm; Outside edge
of track – 254 cm
Width: Inside edge of track – 253 cm; Centre of track – 260 cm; Outside edge
of track – 255 cm
Length Top- 423 cm; Centre- 425 cm; Bottom – 427 cm
The dozer is pushing the soil at a distance of 50 m. Maximum dozing speed is
5 kmph and reverse speed is 12 kmph. Estimate the dozer production.

3
A power shift wheel mounted bulldozer pushed a pile of soil. The dimensions
of the pile measured are as follows:
Height: Inside edge of track – 255 cm; Centre of track – 265 cm; Outside edge
of track – 254 cm
Width: Inside edge of track – 253 cm; Centre of track – 260 cm; Outside edge
of track – 255 cm
Length Top- 423 cm; Centre- 425 cm; Bottom – 427 cm
The dozer is pushing the soil at a distance of 50 m. Maximum dozing speed is
5 kmph and reverse speed is 12 kmph. Estimate the dozer production.
Fixed time = 0.05 min
50 𝑚 50 𝑚
𝐷𝑜𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = = = 0.60 𝑚𝑖𝑛
5 𝑘𝑚𝑝ℎ 5 × 16.7 𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛
50 𝑚 50 𝑚
𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = = = 0.25 𝑚𝑖𝑛
12 𝑘𝑚𝑝ℎ 12 × 16.7 𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 0.05 + 0.60 + 0.25 = 0.9 𝑚𝑖𝑛
60 𝑚𝑖𝑛
C𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑟 = = 66.66
0.9 𝑚𝑖𝑛 4
A power shift wheel mounted bulldozer pushed a pile of soil. The dimensions
of the pile measured are as follows:
Height: Inside edge of track – 255 cm; Centre of track – 265 cm; Outside edge
of track – 254 cm
Width: Inside edge of track – 253 cm; Centre of track – 260 cm; Outside edge
of track – 255 cm
Length Top- 423 cm; Centre- 425 cm; Bottom – 427 cm
The dozer is pushing the soil at a distance of 50 m. Maximum dozing speed is
5 kmph and reverse speed is 12 kmph. Estimate the dozer production.
𝐵𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
255 + 256 + 254 253 + 260 + 255 423 + 425 + 427
= × ×
3 3 3
= 28.07𝐿𝑚3

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 28.07𝐿𝑚3 × 66.66 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑟 = 1871.33𝐿𝑚3 /ℎ𝑟

5
Output of Bulldozer

■ Size and condition of the bulldozer

■ Distance travelled by the bulldozer
■ Speed of operation
■ Characteristics of soil being handled
■ Surface on which bulldozer is operating
■ Efficiency

6
 Applications of Dozer
■ Land Clearing
■ Stripping
■ Side hill cuts
■ Backfilling
■ Ditching
■ Spreading
■ Dozing rocks and frozen ground
■ Digging
7
Scraper

8
 Scraper
■ A wheel tractor-scraper is a piece of heavy equipment used
for earthmoving (cutting, loading, hauling, dumping and
spreading)
■ The basic parts of scrapers are the bowl, apron and tail
gate or ejector
■ The rear part has a bucket attached to a vertically
moveable hopper (also known as the bowl) with a sharp
horizontal front edge.
■ Its capacity varies from 3 cu.m to 25 cu.m
■ The scraper has a cutting edge or blade at the bottom and
it is possible to dig earth to a depth of about 250mm.
9
Scraper Components

10
 Scraper
■ The hopper can be hydraulically lowered and raised. During its
horizontal movement when the hopper is lowered, the front
edge cuts into the soil and fills the hopper.
■ When the hopper is full, it is raised above ground and closed
with a vertical blade (also known as apron) and taken to the
site of dumping.
■ The earth from the scraper is then taken out by opening the
apron of it and the earth is spread or laid in layer of required
thickness.
■ Scrapers are usually mounted on two or four pneumatic tyred
wheels.
11
 Scraper
■ An apron is provided in front of the container which opens and
closes in order to regulate the flow of earth in and out of the
container
■ Scraper are capable of producing a very smooth and accurate
formation level
■ Hence a Scraper can perform 4 major operations namely
a) Cutting or Digging
b) Conveying or Hauling
c) Dumping
d) Spreading.
■ Wheels of machine cause some compaction.
12
Scraper

13
Scraper

14
Types of Scrapers

■ Towed type
■ Self Propelled
■ Self loading / elevating scraper

Note: All scrapers are wheel tractor pulled machines.

15
16
 Towed Scrapers/ Tractor pulled
■ Provided with cable or hydraulic control
■ Becoming obsolete
■ Operate in extreme adverse conditions
■ Capacities of a scraper bowl ranges from 3cu.m to 25 cu.m
■ The speed of operation is governed by the speed of towing
vehicle, which is 8-10km/h, when hauling and 3km/h when
scraping
■ Crawler-drawn scraper consists of a four-wheeled scraper
bowl towed behind a crawler power unit
■ If one machine experience breakdown it will not shut down
the job for a long time as in the case of self propelled and
elevator. 17
18
Self Propelled (Push Loading Scraper)
■ Motorized / conventional
■ More popular
■ Bowl capacity: 10 to 25 cum
■ Motorized scraper needs push loading by Wheeled tractor or
crawlers
■ Have more hauling speed
■ Wheel mounted Suitable for long distances
■ Speeds up to 45kmph when full loaded hence economical
haul distance
19
20
Elevating Scraper
■ Self propelled and self loading
■ apron is replaced by an elevator
■ Cost of pusher and its operator is eliminated
■ they have very good finishing ability
■ transport efficiency is reduced due to dead weight of loading
mechanism
■ operating cost and maintenance is higher by 30 %
■ efficient in short hauls and favorable material only
21
 Scraper Operation : Loading
■ A scraper is loaded by
lowering the front end of the
bowl until the cutting edge,
which is attached to and
extends across the width of
the bowl enters the ground.
■ At the same time, the front
apron is raised to provide an
open slot through which the
earth can flow into the bowl 1
 Scraper Operation : Loading
■ As the scraper moves
forward a horizontal
strip of material is
forced into the bowl.
This is continued until
the bowl is filled at
which point the cutting
edge is raised and the
apron is lowered to
prevent spillage during
the haul. 2
Scraper Operation: Dumping

■ The dumping operation consists of lowering the

cutting edge to desired height above the fill, raising
the apron, and then forcing the material out by
means of a movable ejector mounted at the rear end
of the bowl.

3
Scraper selection

■ Job size
■ Volume of material to move and maneuver
■ Scraper configurations
■ Job conditions, grades, rolling resistance and material
type.
■ Cost must consider all hourly cost for the entire pusher -
scraper fleet.

4
Cycle time for a Scraper
The cycle time for a scraper is the time to load, haul, dump, turn,
return, and to turn back into position to pick up another load.

5
Cycle time for a Scraper

■ Average load time for push- loader scrapers in common

earth is 50 Seconds.
■ Both haul and return times depend upon the distance
travelled and the scraper speed.
■ Dump time varies with scarper size but project
conditions will affect the duration (usually 30 to 45
seconds).
■ The average turn time in cut is 18 seconds and on the
fill the average time is 13 seconds. 6
Excavator

7
Excavator

■ Excavators are heavy construction equipment consisting of a

boom, stick, bucket and cab on a rotating platform (known as
the "house").
■ The house sits atop an undercarriage with tracks(crawler) or
wheels.
■ Excavators are also called diggers
■ Operator cabin mounted either on ring to traverse 360 degree
or on a rigid frame.

8
Hydraulic Excavator

9
Hydraulic Excavator

Excavators are basically digging machines, having following

three main components:
■ An undercarriage to give mobility. This may be crawler track
mounted or wheel mounted
■ A superstructure with operator’s cabin mounted on either a
slew ring to traverse 360 degree or on a rigid frame
■ Hydraulically articulated boom and dipper arms with bucket

10
Hydraulic Excavator

11
 Application of Excavator
■ Digging of trenches, holes, foundations
■ Material handling
■ Brush cutting with hydraulic attachments
■ Forestry work
■ Demolition
■ General grading/landscaping
■ Heavy lift, e.g. lifting and placing of pipes
■ Mining, only open-pit mining
■ River dredging 12
 Factors affecting selection of excavator
■ Size of the job
■ Activity time constraints
■ Availability of equipment
■ Cost of transportation of equipment
■ Type of excavation
■ Soil characteristics
■ Space constraints
■ Characteristics of haul units
■ Location of dumping areas
■ Weather and temperature 13
Backhoe

14
Backhoe

■ A downward arc excavator is called as a ‘hoe’.

■ It develops excavation breakout force by pulling the bucket
towards the machine and curling the bucket inwards.
■ Hoe’s are used primarily to excavate below the natural
surface of the ground on which the machine rests.
■ Generally used to excavate trenches, pits for basements and
also for grading works, which requires precise control of
depths.

15
Components of Backhoe

16
17
 Backhoe
■ The section of the arm closest to the vehicle is known as the
boom, and the section which carries the bucket is known as
the dipper or dipper stick
■ For a back hoe-loader, the boom is attached to the vehicle
through a pivot known as the kingpost, which allows the arm
to slew left and right, usually through a total of around 200
degrees.
■ Modern backhoes are powered by hydraulics.
■ Bucket penetration is developed by the hydraulic cylinders of
the boom, stick and bucket.
18
Application of Backhoe

■ Suitable machine for digging below the machine

level, such as, trenches, footings, basements etc.
■ Used for surface or subsurface excavation of solids
and sludge
■ Used for back filling the trench
■ Demolishing
■ Trimming the surface (dressing)

19
Output of Backhoe

■ Bucket size
■ Material type
■ Swing angle
■ Depth of cut
■ Cycle time (load, swing with load, dump, swing empty)
■ Efficiency factor

20
Power Shovel

21
Power Shovel
■ To excavate the earth and to load it into the trucks or
any haul equipment nearby.
■ Power or Front shovel are mainly used for excavation
purposes above its own track or wheel level.
■ They are suitable for heavy positive cutting in all types of
dry soils.
■ capable of excavating all types of earth except hard rock
■ size varies from 0.375 cum to 25 cum .
■ Basics parts of power shovel include the track system,
cabin, cables, rack, stick, boom, and dipper/bucket. 22
Components of Power Shovel

23
Power Shovel

■ Shovel has a limited ability to dig below track level.

■ It is most efficient when digging above track level.
■ For most effective digging, the shovel should have a
vertical face to dig against.
■ This surface, known as digging face,
■ It is easily formed when excavating a bank of
hillside.

24
25
26
Types of Power Shovel

■ Cable controlled Shovel

■ Hydraulic Shovel

27
Hydraulic Shovel

28
29
Power Shovel

■ A shovel develops breakout force by crowding material

away from the machine.
■ A shovel is capable of developing a high breakout force.
■ The material being excavated should be such that it will
stand with a fairly vertical face.
■ The hydraulic shovel digs with a combination of:
1. Crowding force and
2. Breakout force.

30
 Power Shovel : Operation (Hydraulic)
Crowding Force:
■ It is generated by the stick cylinder and acts at the bucket
edge on a tangent to the arc of the radius from point A

31
 Power Shovel : Operation (Hydraulic)
Breakout Force:
■ It is generated by the bucket cylinder and acts at the bucket
edge on a tangent to the arc of the radius through point B.

32
Applications of Power Shovel

■ Suitable for close range of work

■ Capable of excavating very hard materials,
■ Can remove big sized boulders.
■ Used in various types of jobs such as digging in
gravel banks, digging cuts in road works and mining
operations.

33
Output of Power Shovel
■ Class of material output depends on
■ Depth of cutting
■ Angle of swing
■ Job condition
■ Management condition
■ Size of hauling units
■ Skill of the operator
■ Physical condition of the shovel
34
Cycle time of Power Shovel

Typical cycle element times under average condition,

for a 2 to 4 cum of shovel:
■ Load Bucket : 7-9 seconds
■ Swing with load : 4-6 seconds
■ Dump load : 2-4 seconds
■ Return Swing :4-5 seconds

35
Production Estimation
𝑄 × 𝐹 × (𝐴𝑆: 𝐷) 1
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ×𝐸×
𝑇 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
■ Q = Heaped bucket capacity (𝐿𝑚3 )
■ F = Bucket Fill Factor
■ AS:D = Angle of swing and depth/height of cut correction
■ T = Cycle time
■ E = Efficiency (min/hr)
1
■ Volume correction for loose volume to bank volume =
1+𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

36
 Heaped Bucket capacity

■ Struck capacity : The volume actually enclosed by the bucket with

no allowance for bucket teeth
■ Heaped capacity : Net section bucket volume

37
Bucket fill factor
■ The amount of material actually in a bucket compared to its volume.
■ Materials that are easy to dig and that can be described as flowing
(sand, gravel or loose earth) should easily fill the bucket to capacity
with a minimum void space.
■ Hard, rocky materials that will have lots of void spaces, their bucket
load will reduce.

38
Angle of swing and depth/height of cut correction

39
Swell Factor

40
A shovel with a 2.3 cum heaped capacity bucket is loading well-blasted rock on a
highway project. The average face height is expected to be 6.70 m. The shovel has
a maximum rated digging height of 9.15 m. Most of the cut will require a 140⁰
swing of the shovel to load the haul units. The time required for loading bucket is 9
sec, dump time is 4 sec and swing time is 4 sec. What is the production of shovel?
Assume the efficiency as 40 min/hr.
𝑄 × 𝐹 × (𝐴𝑆: 𝐷) 1
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ×𝐸×
𝑇 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Size of bucket i.e. heaped capacity, Q = 2.3 cum.

Bucket fill factor, F = 0.7 to 0.9
F = 0.9

41
A shovel with a 2.3 cum heaped capacity bucket is loading well-blasted rock on a
highway project. The average face height is expected to be 6.70 m. The shovel has
a maximum rated digging height of 9.15 m. Most of the cut will require a 140⁰
swing of the shovel to load the haul units. The time required for loading bucket is 9
sec, dump time is 4 sec and swing time is 4 sec. What is the production of shovel?
Assume the efficiency as 40 min/hr.
𝑄 × 𝐹 × (𝐴𝑆: 𝐷) 1
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ×𝐸×
𝑇 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Q = 2.3 cum; F = 0.9
AS:D
Average height of excavation = 6.70 m
Maximum height of excavation = 9.15 m
Optimum height = 50% of maximum = 50% of 9.15 m = 4.575 m
6.70
% 𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = × 100 = 146.4%
4.575
42
A shovel with a 2.3 cum heaped capacity bucket is loading well-blasted rock on a
highway project. The average face height is expected to be 6.70 m. The shovel has
a maximum rated digging height of 9.15 m. Most of the cut will require a 140⁰
swing of the shovel to load the haul units. The time required for loading bucket is 9
sec, dump time is 4 sec and swing time is 4 sec. What is the production of shovel?
Assume the efficiency as 40 min/hr.

𝑄 × 𝐹 × (𝐴𝑆: 𝐷) 1
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ×𝐸×
𝑇 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Q = 2.3 cum; F = 0.9
% 𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 146.4%; Angle of Swing = 140⁰
By interpolation
0
160 − 140 160 − 146.4
𝐴𝑆: 𝐷 𝑓𝑜𝑟 % ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 146.4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 120 → =
0.75 − 0.81 0.75 − 𝑥1
X1 = 0.7908 43
A shovel with a 2.3 cum heaped capacity bucket is loading well-blasted rock on a
highway project. The average face height is expected to be 6.70 m. The shovel has
a maximum rated digging height of 9.15 m. Most of the cut will require a 140⁰
swing of the shovel to load the haul units. The time required for loading bucket is 9
sec, dump time is 4 sec and swing time is 4 sec. What is the production of shovel?
Assume the efficiency as 40 min/hr.

𝑄 × 𝐹 × (𝐴𝑆: 𝐷) 1
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ×𝐸×
𝑇 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Q = 2.3 cum; F = 0.9
% 𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 146.4%; Angle of Swing = 140⁰
By interpolation
0
160 − 140 160 − 146.4
𝐴𝑆: 𝐷 𝑓𝑜𝑟 % ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 146.4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 150 → =
0.67 − 0.73 0.67 − 𝑥2
x2= 0.7108 44
A shovel with a 2.3 cum heaped capacity bucket is loading well-blasted rock on a
highway project. The average face height is expected to be 6.70 m. The shovel has
a maximum rated digging height of 9.15 m. Most of the cut will140require a 140⁰
swing of the shovel to load the haul units. The time required for loading bucket is 9
sec, dump time is 4 sec and swing time is 4 sec. What is the production of shovel?
Assume the efficiency as 40 min/hr.

0.7908
0.7108

𝑄 × 𝐹 × (𝐴𝑆: 𝐷) 1
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ×𝐸×
𝑇 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Q = 2.3 cum; F = 0.9
% 𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 146.4%; Angle of Swing = 140⁰
By interpolation
0
160 − 140 160 − 146.4
𝐴𝑆: 𝐷 𝑓𝑜𝑟 % ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 146.4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 140 → =
0.7108 − 0.7908 0.7108 − 𝑥2
AS:D; x = 0.7652 45
A shovel with a 2.3 cum heaped capacity bucket is loading well-blasted rock on a
highway project. The average face height is expected to be 6.70 m. The shovel has
a maximum rated digging height of 9.15 m. Most of the cut will require a 140⁰
swing of the shovel to load the haul units. The time required for loading bucket is 9
sec, dump time is 4 sec and swing time is 4 sec. What is the production of shovel?
Assume the efficiency as 40 min/hr.
𝑄 × 𝐹 × (𝐴𝑆: 𝐷) 1
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ×𝐸×
𝑇 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Q = 2.3 cum; F = 0.9
AS:D = 0.7652
T = Time for loading + swing time with load + Dump time + Swing time
without load
T = 9 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 21 sec

E = 40 min/hr = 40 min/60 min = 66.6 % 46

 A shovel with a 2.3 cum heaped capacity bucket is loading well-blasted rock on a
highway project. The average face height is expected to be 6.70 m. The shovel has
a maximum rated digging height of 9.15 m. Most of the cut will require a 140⁰
swing of the shovel to load the haul units. The time required for loading bucket is 9
sec, dump time is 4 sec and swing time is 4 sec. What is the production of shovel?
Assume the efficiency as 40 min/hr.
𝑄 × 𝐹 × (𝐴𝑆: 𝐷) 1
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ×𝐸×
𝑇 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Q = 2.3 cum; F = 0.9
AS:D = 0.734
T = 21 sec
E = 0.66 (66.6 %)
1
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = = 0.6134
1+0.63

47
 A shovel with a 2.3 cum heaped capacity bucket is loading well-blasted rock on a
highway project. The average face height is expected to be 6.70 m. The shovel has
a maximum rated digging height of 9.15 m. Most of the cut will require a 140⁰
swing of the shovel to load the haul units. The time required for loading bucket is 9
sec, dump time is 4 sec and swing time is 4 sec. What is the production of shovel?
Assume the efficiency as 40 min/hr.
𝑄 × 𝐹 × (𝐴𝑆: 𝐷) 1
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ×𝐸×
𝑇 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Q = 2.3 cum; F = 0.9
AS:D = 0.7652
T = 21 sec
E = 0.66 (66.6 %)
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 0.6163
Production = 0.0796 Lcum/sec = 286.74 Lcum/hr
48
Dragline

1
Dragline

■ A dragline works, as the name implies, by dragging a

bucket towards the machine.
■ The drag line is so named:
– because of its prominent operation of dragging
the bucket against the material to be dug,
– to load it into hoppers or hauling units, such as
trucks or tractor - pulled wagons,
– to deposit in spoil banks near the pits from which
it is excavated 2
Dragline

■ A dragline usually does not have to go into a pit or a

hole in order to excavate.
■ It operates adjacent to the pit while excavating
material from the pit by casting its bucket.
■ This is very advantageous when earth is removed
from a ditch, canal, or a pit containing water.

3
Components of dragline

4
5
Dragline

■ It has a long light crane boom and the bucket is loosely

attached to the boom through cables.
■ Drag lines are useful for digging below its track level
and handling softer materials.
■ The basic parts of a drag line are the boom, hoist cable,
drag cable, hoist chain, drag chain and bucket.
■ A dragline does not have the positive digging force of a
hydraulic shovel or hoe.

6
7
Dragline: Working
■ The dragline is a very versatile machine that has the
longest reach for digging and dumping of any
member of the crane-shovel family.
■ Bucket teeth and weight produce digging action as
the drag cable pulls the bucket across the ground
surface.
■ Digging is also controlled by the position at which
the drag chain is attached to the bucket.
■ The higher the point of attachment, the greater the
angle at which the bucket enters the soil. 8
Dragline: Working

■ The excavation cycle is started by swinging the empty

bucket to the digging position, while at the same time
slacking of the drag and hoist lines.
■ There are separate drums on the basic unit for each of
these cables so that they may be coordinated in to a
smooth operation.
■ Digging is accomplished by pulling the bucket towards
the machine while regulating the digging depth by
means of the tension maintained in the hoist line.

9
Dragline: Working

■ When the bucket is filled, the operator lifts the bucket,

makes the swing and dumps the material.
■ During hoisting and swinging, material is retained in the
bucket by tension on the dump cable.
■ When tension on the drag cable is released, tension is
removed from the dump cable, allowing the bucket to
dump.
■ The bucket is so constructed that it will not dump its
contents until the dragline tension is released. 10
Dragline Bucket
■ Buckets are available in a
wide range of sizes and
weights, solid and
perforated.
■ The maximum bucket size to
be used on a dragline
depends on machine power,
boom length, and material
weight.
■ A dragline bucket consists of
three parts: the basket, the
arch, and the cutting edge.
11
Application of dragline
■ Most suitable machine for dragging softer material
and below its track level.
■ Used for bulk excavation below its track level in
loose soils, marshy land and areas containing water.
■ Used in the excavation for canals and depositing on
the embankment without hauling units.
■ Used to feed aggregates into a RMC plant
■ Mining operations
■ Used for excavating trenches
12
Output of Dragline depends on
■ Size and type of bucket
■ Depth of cutting
■ Length of boom
■ Angle of swing
■ Material to be cut or handled
■ Size of hauling unit
■ Conditions under which work is to be carried
■ Skill of the operator
■ Physical conditions of machine 13