DEVELOPMENT

Q.2. What are the aspects of development?Explain with examples.

ANS.2. Different people can have different developmental goals.
For example, a girl expects as much freedom and opportunity as her brother, and that he also
shares in the household work. Her brother may not like this.
What may be development for one may not be development for the other; it may even be
destructive for the other.
For example, to get more electricity, industrialists may want more dams. But this may
submerge the land and disrupt the lives of people who are displaced -such as tribals. They
might resent this and may prefer small check dams or tanks to irrigate their land.
Different persons could have different as well as conflicting notions of a country’s
development.
Q.3. “For development, people look at a mix of goals”. Explain
ANS.3. Money , or material things that one can buy with it , is one factor on which our life
depends but the quality of our life also depends on non-material things like equal treatment,
freedom, security and respect of others.
For example if you get a job in a far off place, before accepting it you would try to consider
many factors, apart from income, such as facilities for your family, working atmosphere, or
opportunity to learn. In another case, a job may give you less pay but may offer a regular
employment that enhances your sense of security. Another job, however, may offer high pay
but no job security and also leave no time for your family. This will reduce your sense of
security and freedom.
Q.5. “Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live
well”. Explain.
[Link] in itself is not a completely adequate indicator of material goods and services that
citizens are able to [Link] example money cannot buy you a pollution free environment or ensure
that you get unadulterated medicines. Money may also not be able to protect you from infectious
diseases, unless the whole of your community takes preventive steps.
Q.6. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What
are the limitations of this criterion, if any?
[Link] the World Development Report, 2012, the World Bank has used the criterion of
average income or per capita income in classifying different countries.
The average income or the per capita income is the total income of the country divided by its
population.
According to the World Development Report 2012, countries are classified as mentioned below :Rich
countries : Countries with per capita income of $ 12616 per annum and above in 2012 are called rich
[Link]-income countries : Countries with per capita income of $1035 or less are called low-
income [Link] comes in the category of low-income countries because its per capita income
in 2012 was just$[Link] countries, excluding countries of the Middle East and certain other small
countries are generally called developed countries.(REMEMBER TO MENTION THE YEAR)
Limitations of the criterion are as mentioned below :It does not tell us how this income is distributed
among people. A country may have a more equitable distribution. People may be neither very rich nor
extremely [Link] another country with the same average income, one person may be extremely rich
while others may be very poor. So, the method of average income does not give the correct picture of
a country. This system hides disparities among people
Q.7. In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different
from the one used by the World Bank?
[Link] criterion used by the World Bank: The average income, i.e. per capita income is the main
criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries.
According to the World Development Report 2012, published by the World Bank, countries with per
capita income of $12616 per annum and above in 2012 are called rich or developed countries. On the
other hand, countries with per capita income of $1530 or less are called low-income countries.
1. The UNDP compares countries based on HDI e., on the educational levels of the people,
their health status and per capita income or average income.
2. The Human Development Index used by UNDP is better because it is a wider indicator
in which besides per capita income, health and education are also included.

Q.8. Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own
examples related to the development.
ANS.8. (1) We use averages for comparison between two countries, two persons or any two
or more things.
(2) There are the following limitations to the use of averages :

● Averages do not tell us about similarities or differences between two countries or

persons or things.
● By averages only one aspect income, size etc. in case of country, marks or participation
in sports activities etc. in case of student, can be compared. All aspects or achievements
are not compared.
● As only one aspect is compared, it does not give a true picture of different countries,
persons or things. For example, students differ in height, health, talents and interests.
The healthiest student may not be the most intelligent or topper in studies. Similar is the
case in respect of countries or states. A country may be ahead than the other country in
one field but may lag behind in the other field. So averages do not give the correct
picture.

Q.11. Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?

[Link] development means that development should meet the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. However, since the second
half of the twentieth century, a number of scientists have been warning that the present type and levels
of development are not sustainable.
The issue of sustainable development has emerged from rapid industrialization of the world in the past
century. It is felt that economic growth and industrialization have led to the reckless exploitation of
natural resources.
On the other hand, the stock of natural resources is limited. So, the growth of all countries in the
future is likely to be endangered if the limited resources are completely exhausted.
Under these circumstances, the issue of sustainability has become important for development. A
number of resources are being overused.
For example, groundwater is under serious threat of overuse in many parts of the country i.e., Punjab,
Haryana and western U.P. The water level has declined over 4 meters. As a result of it if we go on
overusing there will be a water crisis in future. Similarly, if non-renewable resources are used
recklessly these will also be exhausted.
Q.12. “The Earth has enough resources to meet the need of all but not enough to satisfy the
greed of even one person.” How is this statement relevant to the discussion of development?
Discuss.
ANS.12.
● Development does not just depend on the economic factors of a country but is also dependent
on resources available for the people of a country to use.
● Natural resources are non-renewable resources and it is the responsibility of the people to use
them only to meet their needs and not satisfy their greed.
● If natural resources are not used wisely now, future generations may not be able to use them
for their needs, which will result in the downfall of development of a country.
● So it is said that “the earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to
satisfy the greed of even one person.”
IMR stands for
(a) Infant Mortality Ratio (b) Indian Mortality Ratio (c) International Mortality Ratio (d) none of
these
Ans : (a) Infant Mortality Ratio
The per-capita income of different countries is counted in which currency?
(a) Rupees (b) Pounds (c) US Dollars (d) Canadian Dollars
Ans : (c) US Dollars
Development criteria include
(a) income(b) equal treatment(c) freedom(d) all of these
Ans : (a) income
Meaning of development is different for
(a) different people (b) alien people (c) same people(d) none of these
Ans : (a) different people
Development of an individual refers to
(a) mental development (b) physical development
(c) spiritual development (d) overall development
Ans : (d) overall development

A good way to measure the quality of life in countries across the world is by comparing their........... .
(a) per capita Income
(b) human development index (c) gross national income
(d) sustainable development
Ans : (b) human development index

Which among the following is not a public facility?

(a) Transport and electricity (b) Roads and bridges
(c) Private schools
(d) Government hospitals
Ans : (c) Private schools

The ........... helps in maintaining the nutritional levels of poor people by proving food at lower cost.
(a) BMI body mass index
(b) PDS public distribution system (c) GNI gross national income
(d) HDI human development index
Ans : (b) PDS public distribution system

Economic development by maintaining the natural resources for present and future use is known as
(a) sustainable development
(b) planned development
(c) human development Index (d) development
Ans : (a) Sustainable development

The Human Development Report (HDR) published by UNDP compares countries based on literacy
rate, health status and ........... .
(a) National income
(c) Both a and b
Ans : (b) Per-capita income