PICT Model School

Balewadi, Mahalunge, Pune

Handout No. 06
Year –2026-2027
Student’s Name: - _______________________ Grade: 10 Date: - / / 2026
Subject: - Mathematics Chapter: - 14. Probability
Concept:
• Probability: It is the numerical measurement of the degree of certainty.
• Experiments and their outcomes
An operation that can produce some well-defined outcomes is called an experiment, and the results are
known as outcomes.
• Random experiment
An experiment in which all possible outcomes are known, and the exact outcome cannot be predicted
in advance, is called a random experiment.
• Equally likely outcomes
If an outcome of an experiment is as likely to occur as the other, then such an outcome is called equally
likely.
For example, the outcomes head and tail of the experiment “tossing a fair coin” are equally likely.
• Event
A collection of one or more outcomes out of all possible outcomes of a random experiment is called an
event.
• An event having a single outcome is known as an elementary event, while an event obtained by
combining two or more outcomes is called a compound event.
• Sample space
A collection of all possible outcomes of a random experiment is known as the “sample space,” which is
represented by “S”.
• Occurrence of an event
An event ‘E’ associated with a random experiment is said to occur if any one of its outcomes is the
result of the experiment.
• Favourable outcomes
An outcome of an experiment is said to be favourable to an event ‘E’, if its occurrence implies the
occurrence of events of event ‘E’.
• Theoretical probability (or) Probability
The probability of an event ‘E’
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑛(𝐸)
𝑃(𝐸) = =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑛(𝑆)
• Probability:
o If P(E) = 1, then it is called a ‘Certain Event’.
o If P(E) = 0, then it is called an ‘Impossible Event’.
o The probability of an event E is a number P(E) such that: 0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1
o An event having only one outcome is called an elementary event. The sum of the probabilities
of all the elementary events of an experiment is 1.
o For any event E, P(E) + P(NOT E) = 1; E and NOT E are called complementary events.
• Sum of Probabilities
o The sum of the probabilities of all the elementary events of an experiment is one.
o Example: take the coin-tossing experiment
P(Heads) + P(Tails) = (1/2) + (1/2) = 1

• Impossible Event:
o An event that has no chance of occurring is called an Impossible event, i.e. P(E) = 0.
o E.g., The probability of getting a 7 on a roll of a die is 0. As 7 can never be an outcome of this
trial.
• Sure event:
o An event that has a 100% probability of occurrence is called a sure event.
o E.g., What is the probability that a number obtained after throwing a die is less than 7?

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 So, P(E) = P(Getting a number less than 7) = 6/6= 1
• Range of Probability of an event:
o Probability can range between 0 and 1, where 0 probability means the event to be an impossible
one and probability of 1 indicates a certain event.
o i.e. 0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1.

TERM – 2021-22
1. Tanvi has a box containing four cards labelled A, B, C and D. She randomly picks a card from the box,
records the label on the card and puts it back in the box. She repeats this experiment 80 times and
records her observations in the table shown below.
Card A 11
Card B 16
Card C 25
Card D 28
Which of the following shows the empirical probability and theoretical probability of picking Card C
the next time?
a. Empirical Probability = 5/16 Theoretical Probability = 1/4
b. Empirical Probability = 5/16 Theoretical Probability = 1/2
c. Empirical Probability = 5/11 Theoretical Probability = 1/4
d. Empirical Probability = 5/11 Theoretical Probability = 1/2

2. To win a prize in a game, you need to first choose one of the 4 doors, 1, 2, 3, or 4 and then need to
Choose one of the three boxes, A, B, or C and then choose between two colours, red and green. How
many of the possible outcomes of this game include selecting Box A and red colour?
a. 4
b. 8
c. 12
d. 24
Item Bank
3. Cards numbered 7 to 40 were put in a box. Anish selects a card at random. What is the probability that
the selected card is a multiple of 7?
a. 7/34
b. 5/34
c. 6/35
d. 7/35

4. Which of the following cannot be the probability of an event?

a. 5/7
b. 0
c. 19%
d. 1

5. A card is drawn at random from a well-shuffled pack of 52 cards. What is the probability that the a
card drawn is not an ace?
a. 1/13
b. 4/13
c. 9/13
d. 12/13

6. What is the probability of choosing a black card or a ten from a deck of playing cards?
a. 1/2
b. 7/13
c. 1/13
d. 2/13

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7. A number 𝑥 is chosen at random from the numbers −2, −1, 0, 1, 2. Then the probability of 𝑥2<2.
a. 1/5
b. 2/5
c. 3/5
d. 4/5

8. T-shirts marked with numbers 2 to 101 are placed in a box. Sarita is fond of numbers that are perfect
squares. When her turn comes, she randomly takes out a T-shirt from this box; what is the probability
of getting her favourite T-shirt?
a. 9/100
b. 3/10
c. 1/10
d. 19/100
Sample Question Paper 2021-22
9. A box contains cards numbered 6 to 50. A card is drawn at random from the box. The probability that
the drawn card has a number which is a perfect square, like 4,9….is
a. 1/45
b. 2/15
c. 4/45
d. 1/9

10. A fair die is thrown once. The probability of an even composite number is
a. 0
b. 1/3
c. 3/4
d. 1

11. In a throw of a pair of dice, the probability of the same number on each die is
a. 1/6
b. 1/3
c. 1/2
d. 5/6

12. If P (E) denotes the probability of an event E, then

a. 0 < P(E) ≤ 1
b. 0 < P(E) < 1
c. 0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1
d. 0 ≤ P(E) < 1

13. If the letters of the word RAMANUJAN are put in a box and one letter is drawn at random. The
probability that the letter is A is
a. 3/5
b. 1/2
c. 3/7
d. 1/3

14. Two fair coins are tossed. What is the probability of getting at most one head?
a. 3/4
b. 1/4
c. 1/2
d. 3/8

15. A letter of the English alphabet is chosen at random. What is the probability that it is a letter of the
word ‘MATHEMATICS’?
a. 4/13
b. 9/26
c. 5/13
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 d. 11/26

16. A card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of cards. What is the probability that the card drawn is
neither a king nor a queen?
a. 11/13
b. 12/13
c. 11/26
d. 11/52

17. Two fair dice are rolled simultaneously. The probability that 5 will come up at least once is
a. 5/36
b. 11/36
c. 12/36
d. 23/36

KV Study Material
18. The probability of an event equal to zero is called
a) Unsure event
b) Sure Event
c) Impossible event
d) Independent event

19. The probability that cannot exist among the following:

a) ⅔
b) -1.5
c) 15%
d) 0.7

20. If P(E) = 0.07, then what is the probability of ‘not E’?

a) 0.93
b) 0.95
c) 0.89
d) 0.90

21. A bag has 3 red balls and 5 green balls. If we take a ball from the bag, then what is the probability of
getting red balls only?
a) 3
b) 8
c) 3/8
d) 8/3

22. A bag has 5 white marbles, 8 red marbles and 4 purple marbles. If we take a marble randomly, then
what is the probability of not getting purple marble?
a) 0.5
b) 0.66
c) 0.08
d) 0.77

23. A dice is thrown in the air. The probability of getting odd numbers is
a) ½
b) 3/2
c) 3
d) 4

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24. If we throw two coins in the air, then the probability of getting both tails will be:
a) ½
b) ¼
c) 2
d) 4

25. If two dice are thrown in the air, the probability of getting sum as 3 will be
a) 2/18
b) 3/18
c) 1/18
d) 1/36

26. A card is drawn from the set of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting a queen card.
a) 1/26
b) 1/13
c) 4/53
d) 4/13

27. A fish tank has 5 male fish and 8 female fish. The probability of fish taken out is a male fish:
a) 5/8
b) 5/13
c) 13/5
d) 5

28. The sum of the probabilities of all the elementary events of an experiment is
a) 0.5
b) 1
c) 2
d) 1.5

29. A card is selected at random from a well shuffled deck of 52 playing cards. The probability of its being
a face card is
a) 3/13
b) 4/13
c) 6/13
d) 9/13

30. If an event cannot occur, then its probability is

a) 1
b) 3/4
c) ½
d) 0

31. An event is very unlikely to happen. Its probability is closest to

a) 0.0001
b) 0.001
c) 0.01
d) 0.1

32. If P(A) denotes the probability of an event A, then

a) P(A) < 0
b) P)A) > 1
c) 0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1
d) –1 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1

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33. The probability that a non leap year selected at random will contain 53 Sundays is
a) 1/7
b) 2/7
c) 3/7
d) 5/7

34. If the probability of an event is p, the probability of its complementary event will be
a) p – 1
b) p
c) 1 – p
d) 1 – 1/p

35. A card is drawn from a deck of 52 cards. The event E is that card is not an ace of hearts. The number of
outcomes favourable to E is
a) 4
b) 13
c) 48
d) 51

36. The probability of getting a bad egg in a lot of 400 is 0.035. The number of bad eggs in the lot is
a) 7
b) 14
c) 21
d) 28

37. Two dice are rolled simultaneously. What is the probability that 6 will come up at leas once?
a) 1/6
b) 7/36
c) 11/36
d) 13/36

DIRECTIONS: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement

of Reason (R). Choose the correct option
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, and reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion
(A)
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, and reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
assertion (A)
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but reason (R) is true.

38. Assertion (A): In a simultaneous throw of a pair of dice. The probability of getting a doublet is 1/6.
Reason (R): Probability of an event may be negative.
Ans: (c)

39. Assertion (A): The probability of winning a game is 0.4, then the probability of losing it, is 0.6.
Reason (R): P(E) + P (not E) = 1
Ans:(a)

40. Assertion (A): The probability of getting exactly one head in tossing a pair of coins is 1/2.
Reason (R): The sample space of two coins tossed is = {HH, TT, HT, TH} = 4
Ans:(a)

41. Assertion (A): The probability that a leap year has 53 Sundays is 2/7.
Reason (R): The probability that a non–leap year has 53 Sundays is 5/7.
Ans. (c)

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42. Assertion (A): The probability of getting a bad egg in a lot of 400 is 0.035. The number of good eggs in
the lot is 386.
Reason (R): If the probability of an event is p, the probability of its complementary event will be 1 – p.
Ans. (a)

43. Assertion (A): In a cricket match, a batsman hits a boundary 9 times out of 45 balls he plays. The
probability that in a given ball, he does hit the boundary is 4/5.
Reason (R):P(E) + P(not E) = 1
Ans. (a)

44. Assertion (A): Tanvi and Manvi were born in the year 2000. The probability that they have the same
birthday is 1366.
Reason (R): A leap year has 366 days.
Ans. (a)

45. Assertion (A): A four-digit number is formed using the digits 1,2,5,6 and 8 without repetition. The
probability that it is an even number is 35
Reason (R): The units digit of an even number is also an even number.
Ans:(b)

46. Assertion (A): A dice is rolled. The probability of getting a composite number is 1/3.
Reason (R): In a throw of a dice, the probability of getting a prime number is 2/3
Ans. (c)

47. Assertion (A): When a die is rolled, the probability of getting a number that is a multiple of 3 and 5
both is 0.
Reason (R): The probability of an impossible event is 0.
Ans. (a)

48. Two dice are thrown at the same time. Find the probability of getting
(i) the same number on both dice.
(ii) different numbers on both dice.

49. A bag contains a red ball, a blue ball and a yellow ball, all the balls being of the same size. Kritika takes
out a ball from the bag without looking into it. What is the probability that she takes out the
(i) yellow ball?
(ii) red ball?

50. Two dice are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, respectively. They are thrown, and the sum of
the numbers on them is noted. Find the probability of getting each sum 2 and 9 separately.

51. 12 defective pens are accidentally mixed with 132 good ones. It is not possible to just look at a pen and
tell whether or not it is defective. One pen is taken out at random from this lot. Determine the
probability that the pen is taken out is a good one.

52. The probability of selecting a blue marble at random from a jar that contains only blue, black and green
marbles is 1/5. The probability of selecting a black marble at random from the same jar is 1/4. If the jar
contains 11 green marbles, find the total number of marbles in the jar?

53. The probability of selecting a rotten apple randomly from a heap of 900 apples is 0.18. What is the
number of rotten apples in the heap?

54. A bag contains 15 white and some black balls. If the probability of drawing a black ball from the bag is
thrice that of drawing a white ball, find the number of black balls in the bag.

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55. A game consists of tossing a one-rupee coin 3 times and noting its outcome each time. Hanif wins if all
the tosses give the same result, i.e., three heads or three tails and loses otherwise. Calculate the
probability that Hanif will lose the game.

56. 18 cards numbered 1, 2, 3, …18 are put in a box and mixed thoroughly. A card is drawn at random
from the box. Find the probabilities that the card bears
(i) an even number
(ii) a number divisible by 2 or 3

57. A bag contains 5 red balls, 4 green balls and 7 white balls. A ball is drawn at random from the box.
Find the probability that the ball is
(i) white
(ii) neither red nor white

58. A box contains 20 balls bearing numbers 1,2,3,4,…20. A ball is drawn at random from the box. What is
the probability that the number on the ball is
(i) an odd number
(ii) divisible by 2 or 3
(iii) prime number

59. A box contains 5 red marbles, 8 white marbles and 4 green marbles. One marble is taken out of the box
at random. What is the probability that the marble taken out will be:
(i) red?
(ii) white?
(iii) not green?

60. Five cards – then ten, jack, queen, king and ace of diamonds- are well-shuffled with their face
downwards. One card is then picked up at random.
(i) What is the probability that the card is the queen?
(ii) If the queen is drawn and put aside, what is the probability that the second card picked up is
(a) an ace?
(b) a queen?

61. A box contains 3 blue marbles and 2 white marbles. If a marble is taken out at random from the box,
what is the probability that it will be a white one? Blue one? Red one?

62. The integers from 1 to 30 inclusive are written on cards ( one number on one card). These card one put
in a box and well mixed. Joseph picked up one card. What is the probability that his card has
(i) number 7
(ii) an even number
(iii) a prime number

63. A box contains 90 discs, which are numbered from 1 to 90. If one disc is drawn at random from the box,
find the probability that it bears
(i) a two-digit number
(ii) a perfect square number
(iii) a number divisible by 5.

64. Which of the following experiments has equally likely outcomes? Explain.
(i) A driver attempts to start a car. The car starts or does not start.
(ii) A player attempts to shoot a basketball; she/he shoots or misses the shot.
(iii) A baby is born. It is a boy or a girl.

65. Find the probability that a number selected at random from the numbers 1,2,3,…35 is a
(i) prime number,
(ii) multiple of 7,
(iii) multiple of 3 or 5.
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66. Two coins are tossed simultaneously. What is the probability of getting
(i) at least one head?
(ii) at most one tail?
(iii) a head and a tail?

67. 15 Cards, numbered1, 2, 3,…, 15, are put in a box and mixed thoroughly. A card is drawn at random.
Find the probability that the card is
(i) an even number?
(ii) a number divisible by 2 or 3?

68. One card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting:
(i) a king of red colour
(ii) a face card
(iii) a red face card
(iv) the jack of hearts
(v) a spade

69. There is a square board of side ‘2a’ units circumscribing a yellow circle. Jayadev is asked to keep a dot
on the above-mentioned board. Find the probability that he keeps the dot in the shaded region.

70. In an MCQ test, a student guesses the correct answer x out of y times. If the probability that the student
guesses the answer to be wrong is 2/3, then what is the relation between x and y?

71. A die is thrown twice. Find the probability of getting 4, 5 or 6 in the first throw and 1, 2, 3 or 4 in the
second throw.

72. A school has five houses: A, B, C, D and E. A class has 23 students, 4 from house A, 8 from house B, 5
from house C, 2 from house D and the rest from house E. A single student is selected at random to be
the class monitor. What is the probability that the selected student is not from houses A, B and C?

73. A bag has 5 white marbles, 8 red marbles and 4 purple marbles. If we take a marble randomly, then
what is the probability of not getting a purple marble?

74. Out of 200 bulbs in a box, 12 bulbs are defective. One bulb is taken out at random from the box. What is
the probability that the drawn bulb is not defective?

75. An integer is chosen at random between 1 and 100. Find the probability that it is:
(i) divisible by 8.
(ii) not divisible by 8.

76. A ticket is drawn at random from a bag containing tickets numbered from 1 to 40. Find the probability
that the selected ticket has a number that is a multiple of 5.

77. Find the probability that a number selected at random from the numbers 1,2, 3,…, 35 is
(i) a Prime number
(ii) Multiple of 7

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78. A lot consists of 144 ball pens, of which 20 are defective. The customer will buy a ball pen if it is good,
but will not buy a defective ball pen. The shopkeeper draws one pen at random from the lot and gives
it to the consumer. What is the probability that
(i) the customer will buy the ball pen
(ii) the customer will not buy the ball pen

79. All the black face cards are removed from a pack of 52 playing cards. The remaining cards are well
shuffled, and then a card is drawn at random. Find the probability of getting
(i) face card
(ii) red card
(iii) black card.

80. Two dice are thrown at the same time. What is the probability that the sum of the two numbers
appearing on the top of the dice is
(i) at least 9?
(ii) 7?
(iii) less than or equal to 6?

81. A bag contains 12 balls out of which x are white.

(i) If one ball is drawn at random, what is the probability that it will be a white ball?
(ii) If 6 more white balls are put in the bag, the probability of drawing a white ball will be double
that in (i). Find x.

82. One card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting
(i) a face card or a black card
(ii) neither an ace nor a king
(iii) a jack and a black card

83. Two different dice are thrown together. Find the probability that the numbers obtained:
(i) have a sum less than 7
(ii) have a product less than 16
(iii) is a doublet of odd numbers.

84. A box contains 19 balls bearing numbers 1, 2, 3, ....., 19. A ball is drawn at random from the box. What
is the probability that the number on the ball is
(i) a prime number
(ii) divisible by 3 or 5
(iii) neither divisible by 5 nor by 10

85. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. What is the probability that
(a) 6 will not come up on either of them?
(b) 6 will come up on at least one? (c) 6 will come up at both dice?

86. A bag contains 3 red balls and 5 black balls. A ball is drawn at random from the bag. What is the
probability that the ball drawn is: (i) red? (ii) not red?

87. [Link] integer is chosen at random between 1 and 100. Find the probability that it is:
(i) divisible by 8. (ii) not divisible by 8.

88. A child’s game has 8 triangles of which 3 are blue and rest are red, and 10 squares of which 6 are blue
and rest are red. One piece is lost at random. Find the probability that it is a
(i) triangle
(ii) square
(iii) square of blue colour
(iv) triangle of red colour

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89. From a pack of 52 playing cards, jacks, queens, kings and aces of red colour are removed. From the
remaining a card is drawn at random. Find the probability that the card drawn is
(i) a black queen
(ii) a red card
(iii) a face card
(iv) a spade card

90. A box contains cards bearing numbers from 6 to 70. If one card is drawn at random from the box, find
the probability that it bears
(i) a one-digit number.
(ii) a number divisible by 5.
(iii) an odd number less than 30.
(iv) a composite number between 50 and 70.

91. From a pack of 52 playing cards, Jacks and Kings of red colour and Queens and Aces of black colour
are removed. The remaining cards are mixed, and a card is drawn at random. Find the probability that
the drawn card is:
a) a black queen.
b) a card of red colour.
c) a Jack of black colour.
d) a face card.

92. Red Queens and black jacks are removed from a pack of 52 playing cards. A card is drawn at random
from the remaining cards, after reshuffling them. Find the probability that the drawn card is
(i) a king (ii) red colour (iii)a face card (iv)a queen

Practice Question Bank

93. If P(A) = 1 then A is ________________
a. Equally likely event
b. Sure event
c. Complementary event
d. Impossible event

94. The theoretical probability of an event E, written as P(E), is defined as P(E) =

Number of outcomes favourable to E
a. Number of all possible outcomes of the experiment
n(E)
b. n(S)
c. 1 − 𝑃( 𝐸̅ )
d. All of the above

95. The empirical probability of an event is based on what ______________.

a. is happening
b. will happen
c. will be happening
d. has happened

96. A coin is tossed 30 times and recorded as heads 12 and tails 18. Find its empirical probability and
theoretical probability for getting tails.
a. Empirical probability = 1/2 ; Theoretical probability = 3/5
b. Empirical probability = 3/5 ; Theoretical probability = 1/2
c. Empirical probability = 1/18 ; Theoretical probability = 3/5
d. Empirical probability = 2/3 ; Theoretical probability = 1/2

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97. A fair die has been thrown. What is the probability that the number on the top face is a natural number,
and what can you say about that event?
a. 0 and it is an impossible event.
b. 0.5, and it is an equally likely event.
c. 1 and it is a sure event.
d. 1 and it’s an impossible event.

98. A fair dice rolled. Which of the following statements is correct?

a. The probability of getting an even number is not equal to the probability of getting an odd
number.
b. The probability of getting composite numbers is less than the probability of getting prime
numbers
c. The probability of getting the perfect square number is more than the probability of getting the
non-perfect square number.
d. The probability of getting a number multiple of three is the same as the probability of getting a
number in multiples of two.

99. A coin is tossed three times. Which of the following represents the sample space?
a. HHH, THT, HTH, THH, TTH, THT, HTT, TTT
b. HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, TTH, THT, HTT, TTT
c. HHH, HHT, HTH, THT, TTH, THT, HTT, TTT
d. HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, TTH, HHT, HTT, TTT

100. The probability of picking up a faulty bulb from a pack of 1000 bulbs is 0.07. What is the
probability of picking up a not faulty bulb?
a. 0
b. 0.07
c. 0.93
d. 1

101. A card is drawn at random from the deck of playing cards. What is the probability of getting a
face card in red?
a. 1/4
b. 3/52
c. 3/13
d. 3/26

102. In the game of archery, the target sheet is painted with several concentric circles. Fig. 1 shows the
practice target sheet. The diameter of the inner circle is 7 cm. The width of each band is 3.5 cm. What is
the probability of hitting the bull’s eye on the target sheet?

Fig. 1
a. 1/9
b. 1/3
c. 1/2
d. 1

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103. The probability of visitors visiting the museum on holidays is 0.85. On a certain day, 1785 visitors
pay a visit to the museum and it was a holiday. Determine the total number of visitors that can visit the
museum at full strength.
a. 1500
b. 1800
c. 2100
d. 2400

104. What is the probability of choosing a vowel in “Hippopotamus”?

a. 1/12
b. 1/4
c. 5/12
d. 7/12

105. Assertion (A): A ball is chosen at random from a box containing 8 red and 14 blue balls. The
probability of a red getting chosen is equal to the probability blue ball not getting chosen.
Reason (R): 𝑃(𝐸) = 1 − 𝑃( 𝐸̅ )
a. Both A and R are true and R is a correct explanation for A
b. Both A and R are true and R is not a correct explanation for A
c. A is true R is false
d. Both A and R are false

106. Assertion (A): A event has a probability of 0.0001. Such an event is very likely to happen.
Reason (R): P(B) is a probability of event B, then 0 ≤ P(B) ≤ 1
a. Both A and R are true and R is a correct explanation for A
b. Both A and R are true and R is not a correct explanation for A
c. A is true R is false
d. Both A and R are false

107. Assertion (A): Two dice are thrown many times and it has been observed that the probability of
getting both numbers the same is 0.167.
Reason (R): 30 times it is not possible to get both the numbers the same.
a. Both A and R are true and R is a correct explanation for A
b. Both A and R are true and R is not a correct explanation for A
c. A is true R is false
d. Both A and R are false

108. A card is drawn at random from a fair deck of playing cards. What is the probability of drawing
a black queen?
a. 1/52
b. 1/13
c. 2/13
d. 1/26

109. A box contains coins numbered from 1 to 50. Each coin has a unique natural number, and there
is no repetition of any number. Determine the probability of drawing a coin at random with a prime
number.
a. 33. 3̅%
b. 3. 3̅
c. 0.3
d. It is an impossible event

110. Which one of the following can NOT be a probability of an event?

a. sin 0°
b. cos 30°
c. cot 45°
d. tan 60°
Page 13 of 19
111. In a card game the numbers were written from 1 to 50. A card is drawn at random. An event of
getting a number on a card that is NOT divisible by 3 is ____________.
a. Impossible event
b. Unlikely event
c. Equally likely event
d. Likely event

112. A fair coin is tossed three times, the probability of having at most one head is _________
a. 0.125
b. 0.250
c. 0.500
d. 1.000

Subjective Practice Questions

113. Three coins are tossed together. What is the probability of getting:
a. At most one tail
b. At least one head
c. One head and two tails

114. From a pack of 52 playing cards, a card is drawn at random. Find the probability of the
following events:
a. Getting Ace
b. Getting a face card
c. Not getting a face card

115. In a box, there are 40 pens of red and blue colours. A pen is drawn at random, and it was found
that the probability of a blue pen is 0.65. Answer the following questions based on it.
a. How many blue pens are available in the box?
b. What is the probability of not drawing a blue pen?

116. Two fair dice are thrown, and a pair of numbers is noted from the top of those. Determine the
probability of the following event.
a. The sum of both numbers is at most 10.
b. The product of both numbers is at least 10.

117. A game of chance consists of spinning an arrow that comes to rest, pointing at any one of the
numbers, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8, and these are equally likely outcomes. What is the probability
that it will point at?
a. 8
b. Number greater than 2
c. Odd numbers

118. One card is drawn from a deck of 52 cards, well-shuffled. Calculate the probability that the card
will
a. an ace
b. not be an ace

119. Case Study

Fig. 1 shows the primary colours and their combination. In a certain classroom, learners have been
asked for their choice of colours. Learners were allowed to choose any colours available in Fig. 1.
The total number of learners who like the same colour is written below the colours.
For ex. Only one learner likes only the red colour, or four learners like both red and blue colours, and
so on.

Page 14 of 19
 Fig. 1
Answer the questions below referring to the Fig. shown above.
a. How many learners like only the blue colour?
b. How many learners like the yellow colour?
c. Determine the probability of a learner chosen at random who likes only two colours.
d. Determine the probability of a learner chosen at random who doesn’t like all three colours.
e. What is the probability of choosing a learner who likes the yellow and the blue colour but not
the red colour?

120. Case Study

Rahul and Ravi planned to play Business ( board game) in which they were supposed to use two dice.

a. Ravi got the first chance to roll the dice. What is the probability that he got the sum of the two
numbers appearing on the top face of the dice is 8?
b. Rahul got the next chance. What is the probability that he got the sum of the two numbers
appearing on the top face of the dice is 13?
c. Now it was Ravi’s turn. He rolled the dice. What is the probability that he got the sum of the
two numbers appearing on the top face of the dice that is less than or equal to 12?

121. Case study

Computer Based Learning (CBL) refers to any teaching methodology that makes use of computers for
information transmission. At an elementary school level, computer applications can be used to display

Page 15 of 19
multimedia lesson plans. A survey was done on 1000 elementary and secondary schools of Assam and
they were classified by the number of computers they had.

One school is chosen at random.

Based on the given information, solve the following questions:
a. Find the probability that the school chosen at random has more than 100 computers.
b. Find the probability that the school chosen at random has 50 or fewer computers.
c. Find the probability that the school chosen at random has no more than 20 computers.

122. Case Study

A middle school decided to run the following spinner game as a fund-raiser on Christmas
Making Purple: Spin each spinner once. Blue and red make purple. So, if one spinner shows Red (R)
and another Blue (B), then you ‘win’. One such outcome is written as ‘RB’.

Based on the given information, solve the following questions:

a. List all possible outcomes of the game.
b. Find the probability of ‘Making Purple’.
c. For each win, a participant gets ₹ 10, but if he/she loses, he/she has to pay ₹ 5 to the school. If
99 participants played, calculate how much funding the school could have collected.
d. If the same amount of ₹ 5 has been decided for winning or losing the game, then how much
fund has been collected by the school? (Number of participants = 99)

123. Case Study

Tushara took a pack of 52 cards. She kept aside all the black face cards and shuffled the remaining
cards well. Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

Page 16 of 19
 a. Write the number of total possible outcomes.
b. She draws a card from the well-shuffled pack of remaining cards. What is the probability that
the card is a face card?
c. Write the probability of drawing a black card
d. What is the probability of getting neither a black card nor an ace card?

124. Case Study

Road Accident in India 2019
The indicators of traffic rule violations recorded a decline in growth in 2020 compared to 2019. Road
accidents attributable to various types of traffic rules violations reveal that 'over speeding' constitutes the
main violation associated with accidents, accidents related to deaths and injuries, for the third consecutive
year in 2020 (Table 1).

Table 1: Road Accidents by Type of Traffic Rules Violation

{Credit and Source: Chapter 4. Road Accident In India 2020, Published By Government of India}
Fig.7
I. What is the probability of an event E of an accident happening due to the violation of traffic
rules out of all the kind of accidents that happens?
All the causes of accident to occur
a. P(E) =
accidents due to the violation of traffic rules
n(S)
b. P(E) =
n(E)
accidents due to the violation of traffic rules
c. P(E) =
All the causes of accident to occur
n(S)
d. P( E̅ ) =
n(E)

Page 17 of 19
 II. What is the probability that the people got into road accidents because the vehicle was
driven on the wrong side/Lane indiscipline, out of all other causes of accidents due to
traffic rule violations?
a. 5%
b. 5.1%
c. 5.4%
d. 6.1%

III. Determine the probability of people using a mobile phone while driving and being dragged
into a fatal accident out of all other causes of accidents due to traffic rule violations.
4945
a.
151113
b. 3.3 %
c. Both (a) and (b)
d. Neither (a) nor (b)

IV. With reference to Fig.7, identify the highest probability that causes road accidents.
a. Over speeding
b. Drunk and drive
c. Jumping Red Signal
d. Wrong side driving

125. Case Study Question Bank – 2021-22

On a weekend, Rani was playing cards with her family. The deck has 52 cards. If her brother drew one
card.

Fig. 1

I. Find the probability of getting a king of red colour.

a. 1/26
b. 1/13
c. 1/52
d. 1/4

II. Find the probability of getting a face card.

a. 1/26
b. 1/13
c. 2/13
d. 3/13

III. Find the probability of getting a jack of hearts.

a. 1/26
b. 1/52
c. 3/52
d. 5/26
Page 18 of 19
IV. Find the probability of getting a red face card.
a. 3/13
b. 1/13
c. 1/52
d. 1/4

V. Find the probability of getting a spade.

a. 1/26
b. 1/13
c. 1/52
d. 1/4

*****************************

Page 19 of 19
 PICT Model School
Balewadi, Mahalunge, Pune
Handout No. 05
Year – 2026-2027
Student’s Name: - …………………… Grade: 10 Date: - / /2026
Subject: - Mathematics Topic: Statistics and Probability

Formulas:
1. Range = Highest Value – Lowest Value
Upper Limit+Lower Limit
2. Class-Mark =
2
Sum of all the observations
3. Mean =
Total number of observations
Mean is denoted by x̅ .
∑n
i=1 xi
For an ungrouped frequency distribution, x
̅ =
n
n+1 th
4. Median = If ‘n’ is an odd number, the median will be ( ) observation.
2
n th n th
If ‘n’ is an even number, the median = Mean of the values of the (
2
) and (2 + 1)
5. Mode = The mode is the average of the most frequently occurring observation.
6. The empirical probability of an event E is given by
Number of trials in which the event E has happened
P(E) =
Total number of trials

Concept Questions:

Q1. Find the mean, mode and median for the following data.
10, 15, 18, 10, 10, 20, 10, 20, 15, 21, 15, 25

Q2. The marks obtained by 35 students in an examination are given below.

370, 290, 318, 175, 410, 378, 405, 380, 375, 315, 305, 325, 275, 241, 288. 261, 355, 402, 380, 178, 253, 428,
240, 210, 175, 154, 405, 380, 370, 306, 460, 328, 440, 425
Find the frequency of the 6th group with class intervals of width 50 starting from 150-200.

Q3. A survey of 700 families was conducted to know their opinion about a particular newspaper. If 325
families liked that newspaper and the remaining families disliked it, find the probability that a
family chosen at random:
(i) likes the newspaper
(ii) does not like it

*******************************

Page 1 of 1
 PICT Model School
Balewadi, Mahalunge, Pune
Handout No. 04
Year –2026-2027
Student’s Name: - …………………… Grade: 10 Date: - / /2026
Subject: - Mathematics Topic: Surface Area and Volume
Formulas:
Perimeter: Sum of all boundaries that enclose an area
1. Perimeter of Polygon = sum of all sides
2. Perimeter of a Regular Polygon = n × side
3. Perimeter of Triangle = Sum of all sides
4. Perimeter of Equilateral Triangle = 3a
5. Perimeter of Parallelogram Rectangle = 2 (l + b)
6. Perimeter of Rhombus or Square = 4a
7. Perimeter of Circle = 2𝜋r
8. Perimeter of Semi-Circle = 2r (𝜋 + 1)

Area: measuring 2D space enclosed in given boundaries

1. Area of Square = 𝑎2
2. Area of the Rectangle =l×b
3. Area of Circle = πr 2
4. Area of Scalene Triangle = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
Semi Perimeter of Triangles = 𝑆 =
2
1 2
5. Area of Isosceles Triangle = × a × sin θ
2
√3
6. Area of Equilateral Triangle = × a2
4
1
7. Area of Right-Angle Triangle = × b × h
2
1
8. Area of Rhombus = × d1 × d2
2
9. Area of Parallelogram =b×h
1
10. Area of Trapezium = × h(a + b)
2

Surface areas: measuring space occupied by 2D shapes placed on 3D shapes

1. Total Surface Area of Cube = 6𝑎2
2. Total Surface Area of Cuboid = 2 (𝑙𝑏 + 𝑏ℎ + ℎ𝑙)
3. Curved Surface Area of Cylinder = 2𝜋rh
4. Total Surface Area of Cylinder = 2𝜋𝑟(ℎ + 𝑟)
5. Curved Surface Area of Cone = 𝜋𝑟𝑙
6. Total Surface Area of Cone = 𝜋𝑟(𝑟 + 𝑙)
7. Curved Surface Area of Sphere = 4πr 2
8. Total Surface Area of Sphere = 4πr 2
9. Curved Surface Area of Hemisphere = 2πr 2
10. Total Surface Area of Hemisphere = 3πr 2

Page 1 of 3
Volume: Space occupied by 3D shapes
11. Volume of Cube = 𝑎3
12. Volume of Cuboid =𝑙×𝑏×ℎ
4
13. Volume of Sphere = ( ) πr 3
3
2
14. Volume of Hemisphere = ( ) πr 3
3
15. Volume of Cylinder = πr 2 h
1
16. Volume of Cone = ( ) πr 2 h
3
17. Volume = Area × 𝑙(side)

Unit Conversion
Unit symbols Value Metric Value Indexing
k 1000 103 3
h 100 102 2
da 10 101 1
unit 1 100 0
1
d = 0.1 10−1 −1
10
1
C = 0.01 10−2 −2
100
1
m = 0.001 10−3 −3
1000

Question: Convert: 0.22 m = …… mm

Solution: m (metre) → 0 (index) and mm (millimetre) → −3 (index)
Index from LHS – Index from RHS = 0 − (−3) = + 3
Move the decimal toward the right (+) by three digits.
∴ 0.220 m = 220 mm

Question: Convert: 0.22 mm2 = …… cm2

Solution: mm (millimetre) → −3 (index) and cm (centimetre) → −2 (index)
2 × (Index from LHS − Index from RHS) = 2 × ((−3) − (−2)) = −2
Move the decimal toward the left (−) by three digits.
∴ 0.22 mm2 = 0.0022 cm2

Question: Convert: 0.22 cm3 = …… dm3

Solution: cm (centimetre) → − 2 (index) and dm (decimetre) → −1 (index)
3 × (Index from LHS − Index from RHS) = 3 × ((−2) − (−1)) = −3
Move the decimal toward the left (−) by three digits.
∴ 0.22 cm3 = 0.00022 dm3

Volume Conversion
1 m3 1 dm3 1 cm3 1 mm3
1000 L 1L 0.001 L = 1 ml 0.000001 L = 1 μm

Page 2 of 3
 Concept Questions

Q1. The total surface area of a solid right circular cylinder is 231 cm2 . If the curved surface area is 2/3rd
of the total surface area, then determine the radius of its base.

Q2. Find the number of planks of dimensions (4 m × 50 m × 20 cm) that can be stored in a pit, which is
16 m long, 12 m wide and 4 m deep.

Q3. A semi-circular sheet of metal of diameter 28 cm is bent to form an open conical cup. Find the
capacity of the cup.

Q4. The circumference of the base of a cylinder open at the top is 132 cm. The sum of the radius and
height is 41 cm. Find the cost of polishing the outer surface area of a cylinder at the rate of Rs 10 per
22
dm2 (decimetre). Use π =
7

Q5. A sphere of radius 5 cm is immersed in water filled in a cylinder; the level of water rises 5/3 cm.
Find the radius of the cylinder.

*********************************

Page 3 of 3
 PICT Model School
Balewadi, Mahalunge, Pune
Handout No. 01
Year – 2026-2027
Student’s Name: - …………………… Grade: 10 Date: - / /2026
Subject: - Mathematics Topic: Number System

Concepts:

{Source and Credit: [Link]

Fig. 1

Types and Rules for Algebraic Operations:

➢ Addition: Combining numbers or putting numbers together
➢ Subtraction: Taking away or finding out how far apart two numbers are
➢ Multiplication or product:
Repetitive Addition. Ex. 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 = 6 × 11 = adding 11, 6 times
➢ Division: Splitting things into equal groups or finding how many equal groups you can make
➢ Exponents:
Repetitive multiplication. Ex. 11 × 11 × 11 × 11 × 11 × 11 = 116 = multiplying 11, 6 times
➢ BEDMAS (Brackets Exponents Division Multiplication Addition Subtraction):
Defines the order of operations and sets its priority.
One can also follow left to right rule.
1. Brackets:
1. Solve the innermost bracket at first.
2. Simple or round brackets: ( )
3. Square Brackets: [ ]
4. Curly brackets: { }
2. Exponents:
1. Follows the Law of Exponents
3. Division and Multiplication:
1. Both have equal priority, and any of these operations can be done at first.
4. Addition and Subtraction:
1. Both have equal priority, and any of these operations can be done at first.

Properties:
➢ Closure Law: The outcome remains in the same set.
➢ Commutative Law: Rearranging the operands/terms across operations doesn’t change the outcome.
➢ Associative Law: Rearranging the brackets across operations doesn’t change the outcome.
➢ Distributive Law: The terms outside of the bracket multiply/divide each term inside the brackets.
➢ Identities Law: Due to operations, the value of the term doesn’t change.

Page 1 of 6
Types of Numbers:
➢ Even Numbers (2x): The numbers, which are multiple 2 or divisible by 2.
➢ Odd Numbers ((2x + 1) or (2x – 1)): The numbers, which leave a remainder of 1 when divided by 2.
➢ Positive Numbers (x > 0): The numbers that are greater than 0.
➢ Negative Numbers (x < 0): The numbers that are less than 0.
➢ Zero (x = 0): Neither negative nor positive number.
➢ Prime Numbers (x = 1 × x): The numbers cannot be divided by any other number than 1 and
themselves.
➢ Composite Numbers (x = a × b × …….): The number having a factor other than 1 and itself.
➢ Co-primes Numbers (HCF (x, y) = 1): The pair of numbers with no common multiplier/divider other
than 1.

Divisibility Rules:
➢ Number 1: Can divide all numbers.
➢ Number 2: If any number ends with a digit 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 only.
➢ Number 3: If the sum of digits in a given divisible by 3.
➢ Number 5: If any number ends with 0 or 5.
➢ Number 7: If subtracting twice its unit place from the rest of the given number is multiple of 7 (Repeat
till it forms single digit or two-digit number)
➢ Number 11: If the difference between the sum of digits in the even places and the odd places in a given
number is a multiple of 11.
➢ Number 13: If the sum of four times the last digit to the rest is divisible by 13. (Repeat till it forms a
two-digit number)

Algebraic Operations on numbers:

On Integer Numbers (Z):
➢ Positive Integers: with “+” or no sign. Ex. 1, 2, 3, …… or +1, +2, +3, ……
➢ Negative Integers: with “−” or no sign. Ex. −1, −2, −3, ……
➢ Non–Negative Integers: Ex. 0, 1, 2, 3, …… or 0, +1, +2, +3, ……
➢ Additive inverses: The sum of two integers is zero.
➢ Properties of integers:
✓ Closure, Commutative, Associative and Distributive are applicable properties under conditions.
✓ If the signs of the numbers are the same then add those numbers else subtract those numbers.
The answer receives the sign of the greater number.
✓ In multiplication or division, if the signs of the numbers are the same then the answer of
multiplication or division receives the positive sign, else the negative sign.

{Source and Credit: [Link]}

Fig. 2

Page 2 of 6
On Rational Numbers (Q):
➢ Fraction Numbers: A part of a whole (in equal parts).
✓ Proper Fractions: When the numerator < the denominator
✓ Improper Fractions: When the numerator > the denominator
✓ Mixed Fractions: Combination of the Natural number and a proper fraction and can be derived
from improper fractions only.
✓ Simplest form of fraction:
▪ HCF (Numerator, Denominator) = 1
▪ Numerator and Denominator are coprime.
▪ Numerator and Denominator should not have any common factor other than 1.
✓ Like Fractions: Fractions with equal Denominators.
✓ Unlike Fractions: Fractions with Different Denominators.
✓ Two, unlike fractions, can be converted into like fractions by first taking the LCM of the two
denominators and then converting both the fractions to their equivalent forms having the LCM
as the denominator.
✓ If the signs of the numbers are the same then add the number else subtract the number. The
answer receives the sign of the greater number.
✓ Two fractions with the same denominator can be added or subtracted by adding or subtracting
their numerators, keeping with the same denominator.
✓ Two, unlike fractions can be added or subtracted by first taking the LCM of the two
denominators and then converting both the fractions to their equivalent forms having the LCM
as the denominator and adding them as above.
✓ In multiplication or division, if the signs of the numbers are the same then the answer of
multiplication or division receives the positive sign, else the negative sign.
✓ Any fractions can be multiplied by multiplying the numerator by the numerator and the
denominator by the denominator.
✓ Reciprocal: a non-zero fraction is obtained by interchanging its Numerator and Denominator.
✓ Multiplicative inverse: When the product of two numbers is equal to 1.
✓ While dividing a number by a fraction or fraction by a number, reciprocal the denominator and
multiply it with the numerator.
2
(3) 2 2 1 2
Ex. = ÷5= × =
5 3 3 5 15
2 3 5 10
Ex. 3 =2÷( )=2× =
5 3 3
5
2
3 2 5 2 4 8
Ex. 5 = ÷ = × =
3 4 3 5 15
4
➢ Decimal Numbers: Numbers with a decimal point.
✓ If the signs of the numbers are the same then add the number else subtract the number. The
answer receives the sign of the greater number.
✓ The decimals are added or subtracted by placing the decimal from both numbers one below the
other.
✓ In multiplication or division, if the signs of the numbers are the same then the answer of
multiplication or division receives the positive sign, else the negative sign.
✓ While multiplying two decimal numbers, first multiply them as whole numbers. Count the
number of digits to the right of the decimal point in both decimal numbers. Add the number of
digits counted. Put the decimal point in the product by counting the number of digits equal to the
sum obtained from its rightmost place. For example, 1.2 × 1.24 = 1.488.
✓ To divide a decimal number by a natural number, we first take the decimal number as a natural
number and divide it by the given natural number. Then place the decimal point in the quotient
as in the decimal number.
✓ While dividing one decimal number by another, first shift the decimal points to the right by the
equal number of places in both, to convert the divisor to a natural number and then divide.
Page 3 of 6
Algebraic Operations on Numbers:
On Rational Numbers (Q):
𝑝
➢ A number that can be expressed in the form , where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0, is called a rational
𝑞
number.
➢ It’s a number whose decimal form is finite or recurring.
➢ All integers and fractions are rational numbers.
➢ If the numerator and denominator of a rational number are multiplied or divided by a non-zero
integer, we get a rational number that is said to be equivalent to the given rational number.
➢ Rational numbers are classified as positive, zero or negative rational numbers.
➢ The number 0 is neither a positive nor a negative rational number.
➢ A rational number is said to be in the standard form if its denominator is a positive integer and the
numerator and denominator have no common factor other than 1.
➢ Two rational numbers with the same denominator can be added by adding their numerators, keeping
with the same denominator.
➢ Two rational numbers with different denominators are added by first taking the LCM of the two
denominators and then converting both the rational numbers to their equivalent forms having the
LCM as the denominator and adding them as above.
➢ To divide one rational number by the other non-zero rational number, we multiply the first rational
number by the reciprocal of the other.

On Irrational Numbers:
p
➢ A number that cannot be expressed in the form , where p and q are integers and co-primes and q ≠ 0,
q
is called an irrational number.
➢ It’s a number whose decimal form is non-recurring and non-repeating.
➢ Like irrationals: The irrationals with equal surds.
➢ Unlike irrationals: The irrationals with unequal surds.
➢ Only irrationals can be added or subtracted.

Laws of Exponents:
1. b p × b q = b +p+q
bp
2. = b +p−d
bd
1 1
a. = b−d or = bd
bd b−d
q) q
3. [(b q )p = (b p )q = b p×q ] ≠ [b (p = bp ]
d
4. √b q = b q⁄d
a. √b = b 1⁄2
d
b. √b = b 1⁄d
5. ap × b p = (a × b)p
ap a p
6. = (b )
bp

7. b0 =1
+b p if p is even
8. (−b)p = {
−b p if p is odd

Page 4 of 6
 Concept Questions
1. Answer the following

{Source and Credit: [Link]

Fig. 3
2. Determine the following as true or false statement and justify your stand.
(A) (7 + 8) + 9 = 7 + (8 + 9)
(B) (7 × 8) × 9 = 7 × (8 × 9)
(C) 7 + 8 × 9 = (7 + 8) × (7 + 9)
(D) 7 × (8 + 9) = (7 × 8) + (7 × 9)

3. Solve:
√3+√2
(A)
√3−√2
1
(B) (13 + 23 + 33 )2
[(0.2×0.14)+(0.5×0.91)]
(C)
0.1×0.2
6 3 1 3
(D) × − ×
5 7 5 7

4. Answer the following:

(A) Write a positive integer and a negative integer whose sum is a negative integer.
(B) Write a positive integer and a negative integer whose sum is a positive integer.
(C) Write a positive integer and a negative integer whose difference is a negative integer.
(D) Write a positive integer and a negative integer whose difference is a positive integer.

Page 5 of 6
 Brain Gym

1. The difference between greatest three digit and smallest four-digit number is ____________.
a. 1

2. The product of successor and predecessor of four-digit largest number is _____________.

a. 999800000

3. The product of two non-zero whole number and its successor is _____________.
a. Always an even number

4. HCF of two co prime numbers is _________.

a. 1

5. True or False:
Both addition and multiplication are associative for whole numbers.
a. True

**************************************

Page 6 of 6
 PICT Model School
Balewadi, Mahalunge, Pune
Handout No. 02
Year – 2026-2027
Student’s Name: - …………………… Grade: 10 Date: - / /2026
Subject: - Mathematics Topic: - Basics of Algebra
Concepts:
➢ Sign: by nature, four signs (+, −, ±, 0)
✓ Positive “+”:
▪ towards, supposing, left, up, front, increase, same, added, etc.
▪ Also acts as the addition operation.
✓ Negative “−”:
▪ away, opposite, right, down, back, decrease, different, removed, etc.
▪ Also acts as the subtraction operation.
✓ Neutral “0”:
▪ at rest, neither supposing nor opposing, steady, no change, balanced, remains as it is,
neither increases nor decreases, etc.
▪ Also acts as no operation.
✓ Not definable change “±”:
▪ opposite to neutral or a combination of positive and negative, uncertain, etc.
▪ Also act as either the addition or the subtraction operation.
➢ Constant: has a fixed measurable value, mostly numeric, sometimes a letter or group of letters.
➢ Variable: something that can vary, changeable, the value of a variable is not fixed, represents a number
and is denoted by any letter or group of letters.
➢ Term: The product of factors or a product of the sign, a constant and variables.
▪ If the sign is not mentioned, then always consider it “positive”.
▪ If the constant is not mentioned, then always consider it as “1”.
▪ If the exponent or the denominator of the variable is not mentioned, then consider those
as “1”.
▪ In a term variable is not a mandatory part of it; a term without a variable is known as a
constant term.
➢ Coefficient: the numerical factor in a term.
▪ Sometimes, any factor in a term is called the coefficient of the remaining part of the
term.
➢ Like terms: the terms with the same variables and the powers of these variables are also the same.
▪ The coefficients of like terms need not be the same.
▪ The terms having the same algebraic factors.
➢ Unlike terms: The terms with the different variables or the different powers of variables or both.
▪ The terms with different algebraic factors.
➢ An algebraic expression: is formed from variables and constants using different operations and is
made up of terms.
▪ Formed by performing operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
on the variables and constants.
▪ Terms are added to form an algebraic expression.
▪ In an expression each term is separated from other by “+” or “−” or “±” sign.
▪ A term with a coefficient of 0 cannot be counted as an explicit term in the algebraic
expression.
➢ Polynomials: an expression with one or more than one term (with non-negative integral exponents of
the variables).
➢ Value of an Algebraic Expression: substitute the values of the variables in the expression and then
simplify.

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➢ Type of polynomials: classified by the number of terms in an expression as follows
✓ Monomial: One term
✓ Binomial: Two terms
✓ Trinomial: Three terms
✓ Polynomials: an expression with one or more than one term (with non-negative integral
exponents of the variables)
➢ Degree of a polynomial: The greatest power of the variable with a non-zero coefficient in the simplest
or standard form of a given algebraic expression. It is always a whole number.
➢ Type of polynomials in a single variable: classified by the degree of an expression as follows
✓ Constant: the degree of the polynomial is zero.
✓ Linear: the degree of the polynomial is one.
▪ Linear Equation in One Variable: Equations where the expressions that form the
equation contain only one variable and the highest power of the variable appearing in
the equation is 1.
▪ Linear Equation in Two Variables: Equations where the expressions that form the
equation contain only two variables and the highest power of the variable appearing in
the equation is 1.
• An equation of the form ax + by + c = 0, where a, b and c are real numbers such
that a ≠ 0 and b ≠ 0, is called a linear equation in two variables.
• A linear equation in two variables has infinitely many solutions.
• The graph of every linear equation in two variables is a straight line and every
point on the graph (straight line) represents a solution of the linear equation.
• A unique point on the graph of the equation can represent every solution of the
linear equation.
• The graphs of x = a and y = a are lines parallel to the y-axis and x-axis,
respectively.
✓ Quadratic: the degree of the polynomial is two.
▪ Quadratic Equation in One Variable: Equations where the expressions that form the
equation contain only one variable and the highest power of the variable appearing in
the equation is 2.
▪ Quadratic Equation in Two Variables: Equations where the expressions that form the
equation contain only two variables and the highest power of the variable appearing in
the equation is 2.
✓ Cubic: the degree of the polynomial is three.
➢ Algebraic Equation: An expression with a variable, constants and the sign of equality ( = ).
✓ An equation is a condition on a variable (or variables) such that two expressions in the variable
(variables) have equal value.
✓ LHS: Left-hand side of equality sign.
✓ RHS: Right-hand side of equality sign.
✓ An equation remains the same if the LHS and the RHS are interchanged.
✓ In the case of the balanced equation, if we
▪ Add the same number to both sides, subtract the same number from both sides,
multiply both sides by the same non-zero number or divide both sides by the same non-
zero number; the balance remains undisturbed.
▪ To find the solution to an equation, we perform the same mathematical operations on
both sides of the equation so that the balance between the LHS and RHS is not
disturbed.
➢ Solution of an Equation or Root of an Equation: The value of the variable that satisfies the equation.
✓ In an equation, the values of the expressions on the LHS and RHS are equal for certain values of
the variables. These values are the solutions of the equation.
➢ Solving an equation: The process of finding the solutions of any equation.
➢ An equation is true only for certain values of its variables.
➢ Value of a polynomial: substitute the values of the variables in the expression and then simplify.
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 ➢ Zeros of a polynomial: all possible values of variables that give the value of a given algebraic
expression/equation to zero.

Operations on Algebraic expressions:

➢ Addition or Subtraction of:
✓ Numbers: Refer to Handout 1
✓ Terms: The addition (or subtraction) of two like terms is a like term with a coefficient equal to
the sum (or subtraction) of the coefficients of the two like terms.
✓ Algebraic Expressions: When we add (or subtract) two algebraic expressions, the like terms are
added (or subtracted) and the unlike terms are written as they are.
✓ All additions follow the Commutative and Associative Laws.
▪ Commutative Law: a + b = b + a
▪ Associative Law: (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)

➢ Multiplication or Division of:

✓ Numbers: Refer to Handout 1
✓ Terms: The multiplication (or division) between two terms is
▪ multiplication (or division) of their numerical coefficients by numerical coefficients
▪ multiplication (or division) of their variables by variables using the Laws of Exponents.
✓ Algebraic Expression:
▪ Multiplication of a polynomial by a monomial: we multiply every term in the
polynomial by the monomial using the distributive law.
▪ Multiplication of a polynomial by a polynomial, we multiply every term in the 1st
polynomial by each term from the 2nd polynomial or vice versa, using the distributive
law
▪ Division of a polynomial by a monomial: we carry out the division by dividing each
term of the polynomial by the monomial.
▪ Division of a polynomial by a polynomial: we factorise both polynomials and cancel
their common factors.
✓ All multiplications follow Commutative, Associative and Distributive Laws.
▪ Commutative Law: a × b = b × a
▪ Associative Law: (a × b) × c = a × (b × c)
▪ Distributive Law:
• x × (b + c) = bx + cx
• (x + y) × (b + c) = x (b + c) + y (b + c) = xb + xc + by + cy.
➢ Transposition: Moving a term or its factor or algebraic expression from one side to the other side of the
equals sign.
✓ It changes the operation of the term as follows:
▪ Addition ⇄ Subtraction
▪ Multiplication ⇄ Division
▪ Exponents ⇄ Surds (or nth root)
▪ Numerator ⇄ Denominator
➢ Factorisation of:
✓ Numbers: Represented as a unique multiplication of prime numbers.
✓ Terms:
▪ Representation of a term as the product of numbers, variables, terms or all.
▪ Each such operand is called a factor of the given term.
▪ When we factor a term, we write it as a product of its factors. These factors may be
numbers, algebraic (or literal) variables or terms.
▪ A factor can be numerical as well as algebraic (literal).
✓ Algebraic Expressions:
▪ Representation of an algebraic expression as the product of two or more expressions.
▪ Each such expression is called a factor of the given algebraic expression.

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 ▪ When we factor an expression, we write it as a product of its factors. These factors may
be numbers, algebraic (or literal) variables or algebraic expressions.
✓ An Irreducible Factorisation or Complete factorisation: a factor that cannot be expressed
further as a product of factors.
✓ Common Factor: A factor that occurs in each term.
▪ The factorisation done by using the distributive law (as stated above) is called the
common factor method of factorisation.
➢ If the signs of the numbers are the same, then add the number else subtract the numbers. The
answer receives the sign of the greater number.
➢ In multiplication or division, if the signs of the numbers are the same, then the answer of
multiplication or division receives the positive sign, else the negative sign.

Expansion formulae/ Identities: An identity is an equality, which is true for all values of its variables in
the equality, i.e., an identity is a universal truth.

1. (𝑥 ± 𝛼)(𝑥 ± 𝛽) = 𝑥 2 ± (𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑥 + 𝛼𝛽

2. (𝑥 − 𝛼)(𝑥 − 𝛽)(𝑥 − 𝛾) = 𝑥 3 − (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾)𝑥 2 + (𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛼𝛾)𝑥 − 𝛼𝛽𝛾

3. (𝑎 ± 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 ± 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2

4. (𝑎 ± 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 ± 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 2 ± 𝑏 3

(𝑎 ± 𝑏)2 ∓ 2𝑎𝑏
5. 𝑎 + 𝑏 = { (𝑎+𝑏)2+(𝑎−𝑏)2
2 2

6. 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏)

7. 𝑎3 ± 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 ± 𝑏)(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ∓ 𝑎𝑏)

8. (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 + (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 2(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )

9. (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 − (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 4𝑎𝑏

1 2 1
10.(𝑎 ± ) = 𝑎2 + 2 ± 2
𝑎 𝑎

𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 2𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑐𝑎

11.(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) = { 22
1 1 1
𝑎 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑐 ( + + )
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

12.𝐼𝑓 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 = 3𝑎𝑏𝑐

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 Concept Questions
[NCERT Exemplar]

1. State whether the statements given are True or False and justify your stand:
a. 5 is the solution of the equation 3x + 2 = 17.
b. 9/5 is the solution of the equation 4x –1 = 8.
c. 4x – 5 = 7 does not have an integer as its solution.
d. One-third of a number added to itself gives 10, which can be represented as x/3 + 10 = x.
e. 3/2 is the solution of the equation 8x – 5 = 7.
f. If 4x – 7 = 11, then x = 4.
g. If 9 is the solution of variable x in the equation (5x − 7) ÷ 2 = y, then the value of y is 28.
h. (3a – b + 3) – (a + b) is a binomial.
i. A trinomial can be a polynomial.
j. A polynomial with more than two terms is a trinomial.

2. Write the coefficient of x2 in the following:

a. x2 – x + 4
b. 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3
c. y + y2x + y3x2 + y4x3

3. Find the numerical coefficient of each of the terms:

a. x3y2z, xy2z3, –3xy2z3, 5x3y2z, –7x2y2z2
b. 10xyz, –7xy2z, –9xyz, 2xy2z, 2x2y2z

**************************

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 PICT Model School
Balewadi, Mahalunge, Pune
Handout No. 03
Year – 2026-2027
Student’s Name: - …………………… Grade: 10 Date: - / /2026
Subject: - Mathematics Topic: - Basics of Geometry
Concepts:
Dimensionless:
➢ Point: A tiniest circle or a dot in a space that denotes the location.
✓ A point has dimension.
✓ Named with a single capital letter.

Ex. J or J1 Fig. 1: Point

➢ Collinear Points: at least three or more points are on the same line.

Fig. 2: Collinearity
➢ Intersecting Point or Point of Intersection: A common point on two or more distinct lines.
➢ Origin: A common initial point of two distinct rays.
✓ Assumed centre of the space or Cartesian plane. Can you mark me in Fig. 2?
➢ Vertices: The origin of angles in any polygons.
✓ The number of vertices is equal to the number of sides (or angles) in the polygons.
➢ Centroid (G): A point of intersection of all medians in a triangle
✓ Divides median in 2:1 ration from vertex
✓ Always lies inside the triangle
✓ Centre of mass of a body

Can you verify

this with the
help of Fig. 3?

Fig. 3: Centroid
➢ Orthocentre (O): A point of intersection of all altitudes.
➢ Incentre (I): A point of intersection of all angle bisectors.
✓ It is the centre of an inscribed circle.
✓ Always lies inside the triangle.
✓ It is an equidistant point from all sides (a radius of the incircle).
➢ Circumcentre (H): A point of intersection of all perpendicular bisectors on a side.
✓ It is the centre of a circumscribed circle.
✓ It is an equidistant point from all vertices (a radius of the circumcircle).
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One Dimensional (1D):
➢ Line: A set of collections of a minimum number of points joined together to extend infinitely in
opposite directions.
✓ It has no thickness, width, depth or curvature.
✓ It is infinitely long.
✓ It extends in the opposite direction. (bidirectional)
✓ Named with a single small latter or set of two capital latter from points on a given line.
Ex. 𝑙 or 𝑙1 Or line JH or line HJ
➢ Ray: A set of collections of a minimum number of points joined together from a fixed point to infinity.
✓ It has no thickness, width, depth or curvature.
✓ It is infinitely long.
✓ It extends in one direction. (unidirectional)
✓ Name begins with “ray” followed by two latter combinations of point of origin and followed by
any other point on the ray.
Ex. Ray MH
➢ Line Segment: A set of collections of a minimum number of points joined together between two fixed
points.
✓ It has no thickness, width, depth or curvature.
✓ It has length.
✓ It doesn’t extend.
✓ A line segment corresponds to the shortest distance between two points.
✓ Name begins with “seg.” Followed by two-letter combinations of endpoints or just two-letter
combinations of endpoints.
Ex. Seg. JM or JM or MJ
➢ Intersecting Lines: Two or more lines in a plane cross at a point.
➢ Parallel Lines ( ‖ ): Two or more distinct lines in a plane that never cross each other even after
extended infinitely.
Ex. JM ‖ AH or 𝑙1 ‖ 𝑙2
➢ Transversal: The line intersecting parallel lines.
➢ In pair of parallel lines:
✓ Each pair of corresponding angles is equal.
✓ Each pair of alternate interior angles is equal.
✓ Each pair of interior angles on the same side of the transversal is supplementary.
➢ Perpendicular Lines (⏊): The pair of lines are at a right angle at the point of intersection.
Ex. JM ⏊ AH or JM ⏊ MH or 𝑙1 ⏊ 𝑙2
➢ Collinear Lines: Two or more lines that pass through or overlap each other upon extending infinitely.
✓ Those lines may not be distinct.
✓ All collinear lines are parallel.
➢ Altitude: The line segment drawn perpendicular to a side of a triangle from the opposite vertex.
➢ Diagonal: The line segment joining opposite vertices in a polygon.
➢ Hypotenuse: The line segment opposite to the right angle in a triangle.
➢ Median: The line segment or a ray that originates from a vertex and bisects the opposite side of a
triangle.
✓ It divides the triangle into two equal areas.
➢ Angle Bisector: The line segment or a ray that originates from the vertices and bisects the angle.
➢ Perpendicular Bisector: The line that bisects and makes a right angle with the side of a triangle.

Two-Dimensional (2D):
➢ Plane: A 2D space under geometrical studies
✓ It has infante points.
✓ It has no definite shape.
➢ Angle (  ): Set of two non-collinear rays with a common initial point or common origin.

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 ✓ Name begins with an angle sign (  ) with the three letters from two rays or sometimes only by
the origin.
Ex.  JMH or M
➢ The Measure of An Angle (m or ∡ ): The amount of rotation between two arms (or rays) of an angle.
✓ Zero Angle (m H = 0°): The amount of rotation between two arms (or rays) of an angle is
equal to 0° or both rays of the angle are collinear.
✓ Acute Angle (0° < m H < 90°): The amount of rotation between two arms (or rays) of an angle
is between 0° to 90°.
✓ Right Angle (m H = 90°): The amount of rotation between two arms (or rays) of an angle is
equal to 90°.
✓ Obtuse Angle (90° < m H < 180°): The amount of rotation between two arms (or rays) of an
angle is between 90° to 180°.
✓ Stright Angle (m H = 180°): The amount of rotation between two arms (or rays) of an angle is
equal to 180°.
✓ Reflex Angle (180° < m H < 360°): The amount of rotation between two arms (or rays) of an
angle is between 180° to 360°.
✓ One Complete Rotation (m H = 360°): The amount of rotation between two arms (or rays) of
an angle is equal to 360°.

➢ Type of Angles:
✓ Equal Angles: The measure of two angles is equal.
Ex.  J =  M
✓ Adjacent Angles: Set of angles with a common vertex and a common arm.
✓ Complementary Angles: Sum of two angles = 90°
✓ Supplementary Angles: Sum of two angles = 180°
✓ Vertically Opposite Angles: vertically opposite angles are equal.
✓ Linear Pair of Angles: a pair of adjacent angles whose non-common sides are opposite rays.
✓ Linear Angles: The sum of angles on a line is 180°.
➢ Polygon: A closed shape with more than 2 sides (or angles or vertices)
✓ Regular Polygon: All sides and all angles are equal.
✓ Types of Polygons:
▪ Triangle: Three-sided closed shape.
▪ Quadrilateral: Four-sided closed shape.
▪ Pentagon: Five-sided closed shape.
▪ Hexagon: Six-sided closed shape.
▪ Heptagon: Seven-sided closed shape.
▪ Octagon: Eight-sided closed shape.
▪ Nonagon: Nine-sided closed shape.
▪ Decagon: Ten-sided closed shape.
▪ Circle: Highest polygon.
✓ Sum of all interior angles in a polygon = (n − 2) × 180°
✓ Measure of interior angles in a regular polygon = [(n − 2) × 180°] ÷ n
▪ Where n = the number of sides in a polygon.
➢ Triangle:
✓ Name begins with “△” or “triangle” and is followed by three vertices in order.
Ex. △ ABC or triangle BCA, etc.
✓ The sum of all interior angles is 180°.
✓ Types of Triangles:
▪ Scalene Triangle: a ≠ b ≠ c and  A ≠  B ≠  C
▪ Isosceles Triangle: a = b ≠ c and  A =  B ≠  C
▪ Equilateral Triangle: a = b = c and  A =  B =  C
▪ Acute Angle Triangle: 0° <  A,  B,  C < 90°

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 ▪ Right Angled Triangle: any one of the angles is 90°
▪ Obtuse Angled Triangle: 90° < any one angle < 180°
✓ Measure of exterior angle: sum of two opposite interior angles in a triangle.
✓ Pythagoras Theorem: In a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the
sum of the squares on its remaining sides.
✓ The line segment joining the midpoints of any two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side
and is half of it.
✓ A line drawn through the mid-point of a side of a triangle parallel to another side bisects the
third side.
➢ Quadrilateral:
✓ Name begins with “□” or “quadrilateral” or its name and is followed by four vertices in order.
Ex. □ JMHD or quadrilateral JMHD or rectangle JMHD, etc.
✓ Sum of all interior angles is 360°.
✓ Types of Quadrilaterals:
▪ Parallelogram:
• Sides:
o Opposite sides are equal.
o Opposite sides are parallel.
• Angles:
o Opposite angles are equal.
o Adjacent angles are supplementary.
• Diagonals:
o Unequal lengths.
o Bisects each other.
o Bisects the angles of the parallelogram.
▪ Rhombus:
• Sides:
o All sides are equal.
o Opposite sides are parallel.
• Angles:
o Opposite angles are equal.
o Adjacent angles are supplementary.
• Diagonals:
o Unequal lengths.
o Bisects each other.
o Perpendicular to each other.
o Bisects the angles of the rhombus.
▪ Rectangle:
• Sides:
o Opposite sides are equal.
o Opposite sides are parallel.
• Angles:
o All angles are at 90°.
o Adjacent angles are supplementary.
• Diagonals:
o Equal in length.
o Bisects each other.
o Bisects the angles of the rectangle.
▪ Square:
• Sides:
o All sides are equal.
o Opposite sides are parallel.

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 • Angles:
o All angles are equal.
o Adjacent angles are supplementary.
• Diagonals:
o Equal in length.
o Bisects each other.
o Perpendicular to each other.
o Bisects the angles of the square.
▪ Trapezium:
• Sides: non-parallel sides are equal.
• Angles:
o Angles on parallel sides are equal.
o Angles on non-parallel sides are supplementary.
• Diagonals:
o Equal in length.
o Bisects each other in the same ratio.
▪ Kites:
• Sides: adjacent sides are equal.
• Angles: A pair of angles between unequal sides are equal.
• Diagonals:
o Unequal lengths.
o Perpendicular to each other.
o The shortest diagonal is bisected by the longest diagonal.
✓ The quadrilateral formed by joining the mid-points of the sides of a quadrilateral, taken in
order, is a parallelogram.
✓ A diagonal of a parallelogram divides the parallelogram into two triangles of equal area.
✓ Parallelograms on the same base and between the same parallels are equal in area
✓ A parallelogram and a rectangle on the same base and between the same parallels are equal in
area.
✓ Parallelograms on equal bases and between the same parallels are equal in area.
✓ Triangles on the same base and between the same parallels are equal in area.
✓ Triangles with equal bases and equal areas have equal corresponding altitudes.
✓ The area of a triangle is equal to one-half of the area of a rectangle/parallelogram of the same
base and between the same parallels.
✓ If a triangle and a parallelogram are on the same base and between the same parallels, the area
of the triangle is equal to the one-half area of the parallelogram.
✓ The sum of either pair of opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is 180º.
✓ If the sum of a pair of opposite angles of a quadrilateral is 180º, the quadrilateral is cyclic.
➢ Circle: the set of collections of all points which are equidistant from a fixed point (centre).
✓ There is one and only one circle passing through three given non-collinear points.
✓ A complete rotation is 360°.
✓ Centre: the fixed point.
✓ Radius: the length of the equidistant.
✓ Circumference: The length of collection of all points on a circle.
✓ Diameter:
▪ Longest chord.
▪ Passes through the centre.
▪ The centre is being mid-point of the endpoints.
✓ Chord: a line segment joining any two points on a circumference.
▪ Endpoints are always equidistant from the centre.
▪ Chords equidistant from the centre of a circle are equal in length.
▪ Equal chords of a circle (or of congruent circles) subtend equal angles at the centre.

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 ▪ Equal chords of a circle (or of congruent circles) are equidistant from the centre (or
centres).
▪ If the angles subtended by the chords of a circle (or of congruent circles) at the centre (or
centres) are equal, then the chords are equal.
▪ The perpendicular drawn from the centre of the circle to a chord bisects the chord.
▪ The line drawn through the centre of a circle bisecting a chord is perpendicular to the
chord.
▪ If two chords of a circle are equal, then their corresponding arcs are congruent and
conversely, if two arcs are congruent, then their corresponding chords are equal.
✓ Arc: curve between any two distinct points on a circle.
▪ Congruent arcs of a circle subtend equal angles at the centre.
▪ The angle subtended by an arc at the centre is double the angle subtended by it at any
point on the remaining part of the circle.
▪ All angles at the circumference subtended on an arc are equal.
▪ The angle subtended on diameter is always right-angle.
✓ Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
✓ If a line segment joining two points subtends equal angles at two other points lying on the same
side of the line containing the line segment, then the four points are concyclic.
➢ Congruency: when any two or more shapes have the same shape and size.
✓ Equal length of its sides
✓ Equal measure of its angles.
✓ Equal perimeters.
✓ Equal areas.
✓ Equal volume.
✓ Identical shape.
✓ Same size.
✓ Two congruent figures have equal perimeter, areas and volume but the converse is not always
true.
➢ Similarity: when any two or more shapes have the same shape but proportional size.
✓ Proportional length of its sides
✓ Equal measure of its angles.
✓ Proportional perimeters.
✓ Proportional areas.
✓ Proportional volume.
✓ Same shape.
✓ Proportional size.
➢ Congruence of triangles:
✓ SSS: Side-Side-Side, all corresponding sides are equal.
✓ SAS: Side-Angle-Side, corresponding sides and included angles are equal.
✓ ASA: Angle-Side-Angle, A pair of corresponding angles and included sides are equal.
✓ AAS: Angle-Angle-Side, A pair of corresponding angles and any one side are equal.
✓ RHS: Right Angle-Hypotenuse-Side, in right-angled triangles the right angle, hypotenuse and
any one side are equal.
➢ Coordinate Geometry: Plotting of points in the cartesian plane:
✓ Coordinate axes: Reference lines to determine location.
▪ X-axis: the horizontal line
▪ Y-axis: the vertical line
✓ Quadrants: The coordinate axes divide the plane into four parts.
✓ Origin: The point of intersection of the axes.
✓ Abscissa or the x-coordinate: the shortest distance of a point from the y-axis.
✓ Ordinate or the y-coordinate: the shortest distance of a point from the x-axis.
✓ (x, y): the coordinates of the point whose abscissa is x and the ordinate is y.
▪ (0, 0): Coordinates of the origin.
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 ▪ (x, 0): Coordinates of a point on the x-axis.
• (+, 0): On the right side of the y-axis.
• (−, 0): On the left side of the y-axis.
▪ (0, y): Coordinates of a point on the y-axis.
• (0, +): Above the x-axis.
• (0, −): Below the x-axis.
▪ (+, +): first quadrant.
▪ (+, −): second quadrant.
▪ (−, −): third quadrant.
▪ (+, −): fourth quadrant.
✓ Ordered Pair: If (x, y) = (a, b) then x = a and y = b.
▪ Can also be noted as (x, y)
✓ Equation line Parallel to:
▪ x – axis: x = a
• Line intersects at point ‘a’ on x-axis at 90°
▪ y – axis: y = b
• Line intersects at point ‘b’ on y-axis at 90°
✓ Distance between two points whose:
▪ Abscissa are same: |y2 – y1 |
▪ Ordinate are same: |x2 – x1 |

Three-Dimensional (3D):
➢ Cube:
✓ Number of vertices: 8
✓ Sides:
▪ Total: 12
▪ Length of sides: all equal
▪ Angle between adjacent sides: Right-Angle.
✓ Faces:
▪ Total: 6
▪ Shape: square
▪ Area: All equal.
➢ Cuboid:
✓ Number of vertices: 8
✓ Sides:
▪ Total: 12
▪ Length of sides: at least one of three adjacent sides is different in length.
▪ Angle between adjacent sides: Right-Angle.
✓ Faces:
▪ Total: 6
▪ Shape: squares and rectangles or only rectangles.
▪ Area: Opposite Faces.
➢ Cylinder:
✓ Sides:
▪ Height and radius.
▪ Height and radius are at Right-Angle.
✓ Faces:
▪ Total: 3
▪ Shape: 2 circles and 1 Curved (a rectangle)
▪ Area: Opposite circles equal in area.
➢ Cone:
✓ Sides:
▪ Height, radius and slant height.

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 ▪ Height and radius are at Right-Angle.
▪ Height, radius and slant height follow Pythagoras theorem.
✓ Faces:
▪ Total: 2
▪ Shape: Circle and Curved surface area (a sector).
➢ Sphere:
✓ Sides:
▪ Radius
✓ Faces:
▪ Total: 1
▪ Shape: Curved surface.
➢ Hemi-Sphere:
✓ Sides:
▪ Radius
✓ Faces:
▪ Total: 2
▪ Shape: Circle and Curved surface.
➢ Polyhedrons: A three-dimensional shape with flat polygonal faces, straight edges, and sharp corners or
vertices.
➢ Pyramids: A three-dimensional shape with a flat polygonal base, straight edges, and sharp corners or
vertices.
✓ A polyhedron formed by connecting a polygonal base and a point, called the apex.
✓ Base is polygonal.
✓ Slant faces are triangular.
➢ Prisms: A three-dimensional shape with a flat polygonal base and top, straight edges, and sharp
corners or vertices.
✓ A polyhedron formed by connecting the corresponding pair of vertices of a congruent
polygonal base and top.
✓ Base and top are congruent polygons.
✓ The vertical faces are quadrilateral in shape.

Axioms:
➢ The things which are equal to the same thing are equal.
➢ If equals are added to the equals, the wholes are equal.
➢ If equals are subtracted from equals, the remainder is equal.
➢ Things which coincide with one another are equal.
➢ The whole is greater than the part.
➢ Things which are double of the same thing are equal.
➢ Things which are halves of the same thing are equal.

Postulates:
➢ A straight line may be drawn from any point to any other point.
➢ A terminated line (line segment) can be produced indefinitely.
➢ A circle may be described with any centre and any radius.
➢ All right angles are equal.
➢ If a straight line falling on two straight lines makes the interior angles on the same side of it, taken
together less than two right angles, then the two straight lines if produced indefinitely, meet on that
side on which the sum of angles is taken together less than two right angles.
➢ Euclid used the term postulate for the assumptions that were specific to geometry and otherwise called
axioms. A theorem is a mathematical statement whose truth has been logically established.

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 Concept Questions
[NCERT Exemplar]

1. Write whether the following statements are True or False. Justify your answer.
a. Point (3, 0) lies in the first quadrant.
b. Points (1, –1) and (–1, 1) lie in the same quadrant.

2. For what value of x + y in Fig. 1 will ABC be a line? Justify your answer.

Fig. 1

3. Can a triangle have all angles less than 60°? Give a reason for your answer.

4. Can a triangle have two obtuse angles? Give a reason for your answer.

5. How many triangles can be drawn having angles as 45°, 64° and 72°? Give a reason for your answer.

6. In quadrilateral ABCD, ∠A + ∠D = 180º. What special name can be given to this quadrilateral?

7. All the angles of a quadrilateral are equal. What special name is given to this quadrilateral?

8. Diagonals of a rectangle are equal and perpendicular. Is this statement true? Give a reason for your
answer.

9. Can all the four angles of a quadrilateral be obtuse? Give a reason for your answer.

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