CHAPTER

Common D iseases and

Disorders

TRUE OR FALSE Osteoporosis causes the cartilage that

occupies the joints of the body to
Circle T for true, or circle F for false. deteriorate.
ANSE Kalla§ People who have osteoarthritis An infant who has a fracture may be
experience joint stiffness with a victim of child abuse.
activity and range-of-motion
exercises. Phantom limb pains can occur when
a client has had an amputation.
Pa ad Rheumatoid arthritis affects only the
large weight-bearing joints. A stroke occurs when brain cells
get too much oxygen and too many
8 iolba Rheumatoid arthritis in children can nutrients.
affect growth and development.
11. All clients with Parkinson’s disease
4. T F Arthroplasty is done to cure arthritis. have impaired mental function.
Sole E People can help to prevent 2% Multiple sclerosis is a short-term,
osteoporosis by taking calcium acute disease.
supplements and having a regular
exercise program. 13; A client with chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD) is at risk
G21, FB When turning and repositioning a for respiratory infections.
client with osteoporosis, you should
move him or her quickly to prevent 14. The use of condoms is one way to
fractures. reduce the spread of tuberculosis.
200 CHAPTER 33 Common Diseases and Disorders ee
ae

to.41. F Clients with tuberculosis have 28. T F Shingles are caused by an allergic
an overproduction of thyroxin reaction.
hormone.
29.3 ak A client with emphysema can
16. T F Angina pectoris occurs when vessels breathe more easily if he or she is
narrow and the heart pumps with allowed to sit upright and slightly
mote force. forward.

U7 oF Activity will usually relieve angina 30. T F, Exercise and physiotherapy can
pain in 3 to 15 minutes. help a client with Parkinson's
disease to improve or maintain
18. T F A common term for a myocardial strength, posture, balance, and
infarction is heart attack. mobility.

19. TF The goal of cardiac rehabilitation ol. fF Repeated asthma attacks can damage
after a myocardial infarction is to the respiratory system.
prevent another attack.
O20 Tok Scabies appear as white circular
20. T F When a client has renal calculi, you patches on the lower legs and back
should strain the urine. areas.
Pl
A Ua When a client has persistent renal oon Pee The term furuncle is used to describe
failure, only the renal system is a skin tag.
affected.
34. T F An aneurysm is caused from the
220 OE You need to follow Standard presence of excessive acid in the
Practices when disposing of vomitus. digestive tract.

23.°T" F A client who has human 5s. k er Hypertension is more common

immunodeficiency virus (HIV) but among Canadians of South Asian,
has not developed acquired immune Aboriginal, and African descent.
deficiency syndrome (AIDS) cannot
infect others with the virus. 36. T F The risk of hypertension increases
if excess weight is stored around the
24. T F Elevated toilet seats are helpful to a abdomen.
client with osteoarthritis when the
client has limited range of motion in Ved ba Good skin care and regular position
the hips and knees. changes can help to prevent skin
breakdown.
Zz, bE Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis occurs
in children. o0. LF With persistent renal failure,
the nephrons of the kidneys are
26. T F Preventing deformities is one of destroyed.
the goals in treating rheumatoid
arthritis. Bb Be ose Clients with persistent renal
failure have dialysis to remove
27 1 FE When a client has osteoporosis, a wastes and excess water from the
fracture can occur because the bones blood.
are very brittle.

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 CHAPTER)33 Common Diseases and Disorders 201

40. TF The most important way to 45. A child falls and has signs and symptoms of
prevent the spread of hepatitis is by a fracture. These would include which of the
practising Standard Practices. following?
A. Limb looks bent or out of position
41. T F AIDS reduces the client’s ability to B. )Pain
fight infections. C. Swelling
D. Unlimited movement of limb
42. TF The use of condoms will help E. Bruising and colour changes in the skin
prevent the spread of sexually at the fracture site
transmitted infections (STIs). Bleeding (internal or external)

MULTIPLE RESPONSE 46. What treatments are used to relieve pain and
stiffness in a client who has osteoarthritis?
From the list below, choose all of the correct A. Designated health care providers may
answers. order aspirin for pain.
B: Heat or cold applications may be
43. Which of the following are early warning ordered.
signs of cancer? : CG Obese clients may be advised to gain
A. Acough that goes on for more than two weight.
days By A low-fat, low-calorie diet may be
B. Blood in the stool ordered.
C. Indigestion that continues more than an Pe A cane or walker may be used for
hour support.
D. Unexplained aches and pains that go on
for more than two weeks 47. Which of the following are rules you should
E. Difficulty urinating or blood in the follow when caring for a client with a cast?
urine 1 Make sure to cover the cast with
FE Bleeding after a cut blankets, plastic, or other material.
G. Any lump or mass Bh Turn the client as directed by the care
H. A sore that does not heal plan.
I. Anew growth on the skin Place a wet cast on a hard surface.
J. Patches of skin that bleed, itch, or are Support a wet cast with your palms
red when turning and positioning the
client.
44. What side effects of radiation therapy cause Protect the client from rough cast edges.
clients with cancer to have special care needs? Keep a plaster cast dry.
Discomfort Do not allow the client to insert
Nausea and vomiting anything under the cast.
Increased appetite Elevate a casted arm or leg on pillows.
Fatigue Ome
or Have enough help when turning and
Diarrhea repositioning the client.
eae
Ora Skin breakdown Position the client as directed by your
supervisor and the care plan.

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202 CHAPTER 33. Common Diseases and Disorders

48. When you care for a client who has a hip 50. What measures would be helpful to use
fracture, what measures are important for when you care for a client who has had a
you to follow? stroke?
A. Meet basic needs if the client A. Complete all activities of daily living for
is confined to bed, and prevent the client.
complications of bed rest. B. Encourage the client to do as little as
ee Transfer, turn, and reposition the possible.
person as directed. C. Meet basic needs if the client is
Keep the operated leg adducted at all confined to bed; prevent complications
times. of bed rest.
Encourage external rotation of the hip. D. Assist with bladder or bowel training
oO
me Provide range-of-motion exercises as programs.
directed. E. Assist with range-of-motion exercises.
FE Provide a straight-backed chair with F. Provide emotional support and
armrests. encouragement.
G. Prevent the client’s leg from bending at G. Report any changes in the person's
the hip. mood or behaviour.
H. Do not let the client stand on the
affected leg unless allowed by the 51. Infants and children may suffer brain damage
designated health care provider. from acquired brain injuries caused by:
I. Support and elevate the leg as directed A. Conditions during birth
when the client is in a chair. B. Being shaken
J. Apply elastic stockings as directed. C. Childhood diseases
K. Remind the client that it is okay to D. Accidents
cross the legs while seated.
52. How can you help the client with
49. If you are caring for a client who has had a pneumonia to breathe more easily and be
stroke, you might observe effects such as: more comfortable?
Hemiplegia A. Limit fluid intake.
Weakness on both sides of the body B. Position the client in high-Fowler’s or
Loss of muscle control of the face semi-Fowler’s position.
Changing emotions C. Assist with oxygen therapy, as needed.
Difficulty swallowing
Dimmed vision or loss of vision 53. What damage can hypertension do to body
Improved ability to speak or understand organs?
others ‘The heart may enlarge.
AMMOO>
T Changes in sight, touch, movement, B. Blood vessels in the brain may burst
and thought and cause a stroke.
Improved memory C. Blood vessels in the eyes may be
SSS Urinary frequency, urgency, or damaged.
incontinence D. Blood vessels in the kidneys (and other
organs) may be damaged.

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 CHAPTER 33 Common Diseases and Disorders 203

54. Which risk factors of coronary artery disease 57. How is pain from angina relieved or avoided?
can be changed by the client through lifestyle Elective bypass surgery
changes? Resting when the pain begins
Lack of exercise Avoiding stress
Excessive weight oh
ee
GBsAvoiding other triggers (extreme cold or
Smoking heat, heavy meals, alcohol, smoking)
Excessive alcohol E. Taking nitroglycerin
Stress FE Reducing physical exertion
>mmo
Ow Genetic link
58. When you are caring for a client with acute
55. What signs and symptoms would tell you a renal failure, the care plan is likely to include
client is experiencing angina pectoris? which of the following instructions?
A. Pain on the right side that may travel A. Strain the urine every six hours
(radiate) to the jaw, neck, shoulders, B. Measure and record intake and urinary
back, and arms catheter output every hour
Shortness of breath C. Increase fluid intake
Nausea D. Weigh the client daily using a different
Dry skin scale
Dizziness or light-headedness E. Provide frequent oral hygiene
Fatigue FE Meet basic needs if the client is
DAmmo
Palpitations confined to bed; prevent complications
of bed rest
56. Ifa client is having a myocardial infarction, G. Prevent infections
the signs and symptoms may include:
A. Sudden, severe chest pain, usually on . What are the signs and symptoms of
the right side hepatitis?
B. Pain described as crushing, stabbing, or Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain
squeezing Light-coloured urine
Pain that radiates to the neck and jaw, Jaundice
and down the arm or to the sides Dark-coloured stools
®
Oe Pain that is more severe and lasts longer Muscle pain
than angina Increased energy
oS Pain that is relieved by rest and Irritability
nitroglycerin Itching
Indigestion Diarrhea
Shortness of breath >TF
OOD
TOmm General aching in the joints,
Nausea or vomiting accompanied by redness and swelling
Dizziness
Perspiration 60. Some complications of diabetes mellitus
Cyanosis include:
Cold and clammy skin Blindness
Low blood pressure Kidney disease
cer
21S
aie Weak and irregular pulse Nerve damage
Sexual dysfunction
Circulatory disorders
Stroke and heart attack
OmmMOOR>
Improved wound healing

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204 CHAPTER 33. Common Diseases and Disorders

61. AIDS is spread by: 65. When caring for a client who had a recent
A. Protected intercourse with an HIV- hip replacement, which of these activities can
infected person cause the hip joint to dislocate?
B. Needle-sharing among IV drug users A. Abducting the affected leg
C. HIV-infected mothers to their babies at B. Using an abductor splint or pillow
birth or during breastfeeding between the legs when in bed
D. Infected body fluids (not including C. Any activity that bends the hip joint by
saliva, tears, urine, or sweat) coming more than 90 degrees
into direct contact with broken skin D. Using a shower chair for bathing
E. Needle stick injuries
E Casual contact such as hugging 66. Gangrene can occur because of:
A. Joint immobility and inflammation
62. What signs and symptoms may occur with B. Infection, injuries, and decreased
both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia? circulation
. Hunger C. Poor body alignment and positioning
Vision changes D. Porous, brittle bones
Headache
Slow pulse 67. A transient ischemic attack (TIA):
High blood pressure A. Is another name for a stroke
Confusion B. Occurs when blood supply to the brain
Convulsions is disrupted for a short period
>TO
0 Loss of consciousness C. Occurs when blood pressure is elevated
D. Occurs when there is high sugar in the
blood
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Circle the correct answer. 68. When caring for a client with a spinal cord
injury, you would:
63. What is a helpful suggestion that you can A. Encourage the use of heating pads on
give to a client who has pain associated with the client’s paralyzed limbs
rheumatoid arthritis? B. Follow bowel and bladder training
A. Refrain from doing range-of-motion programs with the client
exercises. C. Limit the client’s visitors
B. Refrain from drinking citrus juices. D. Recommend a puréed diet for the client
C. Follow your designated health care
provider’s recommendations in regard 69. You are caring for a client who has angina,
to heat and cold applications. and you find a bottle of tablets marked
D. Encourage the client to follow a “Nitroglycerine” at the bedside. You should:
diabetic diet. = Place them in a locked cabinet
B. Tell the nurse
64. Which of the following is a cause of C. Give them to the family to take home
osteoporosis? D. Make sure they remain where the client
A. Excessive number of leukocytes in the put them
blood
B. Lack of dietary calcium
C. Lack of testosterone production
D. Running marathon races

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 CHAPTER 33 Common Diseases and Disorders 205

70. Which of these measures would be included 74. Which disease do the following signs and
in the treatment of a client with congestive symptoms describe?
heart failure? Sudden weakness or numbness on one side of
A. Measuring the client’s weight daily the body, impaired vision or loss of vision, loss
before breakfast. ofspeech or trouble talking, loss of control of
B. Ensuring the client eats a diet high in facial muscles, unexplained dizziness
salt A. Stroke
C. Encouraging the client to exercise B. Parkinson’s disease
vigorously C. Multiple sclerosis
D. Encouraging the client to maintain a D. Emphysema
low-Fowler’s position
72. Which disease do the following signs and
a Childhood communicable diseases are most symptoms describe?
commonly transmitted by: Enlarged alveoli, loss of elasticity in the walls of
A. Airborne spread of or direct contact the alveoli, air remaining trapped in the alveoli
with respiratory secretions during expiration, shortness of breath and
B. Direct contact with feces ‘smoker's cough,” barrel chest
C. Direct contact with skin lesions A. Stroke
D. Contact with a carrier B. Parkinson’s disease
C. Multiple sclerosis
72. Which disease do the following signs and D. Emphysema
symptoms describe?
Unusual mass or swelling, unexplained paleness 76. Which disease do the following signs and
or loss of energy, sudden tendency to bruise, symptoms describe?
persistent localized pain, or frequent headaches, Mask-like facial expression, tremors, pill-
especially with vomiting rolling movements of the fingers, shuffling gait,
A. Stroke impaired balance, stooped posture, stiff muscles,
B. Emphysema slurred or monotone speech, drooling
Cx *Cancet A. Cancer
D. Parkinson’s disease B. Parkinson’s disease
C. Multiple sclerosis
US Which disease do the following signs and D. Emphysema
symptoms describe?
Blurred or double vision, numbness and TS Which area of the body would be paralyzed
tingling, muscle weakness, difficulty speaking, if the client had a cervical spine injury?
dizziness, poor coordination, bladder problems A. From the neck down
A. Stroke B. One side of the body
B. Parkinson's disease C. From the chest down
C. Multiple sclerosis D. From the waist down
D. Emphysema
78. Spinal cord injuries at the thoracic level
(chest area) or lower may cause:
A. Quadriplegia
B. Paralysis on one side of the body
C. Paraplegia
D. Paralysis of one limb

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 206 CHAPTER 33. Common Diseases and Disorders
saa aee A OS a a ise atl Oe eh A Se ee

79. An acquired brain injury (ABI) is defined as: ‘

A. An inability to cope with stress and
anxiety
B. The effects from long-term excessive
alcohol abuse
C. Any lasting traumatic emotional
experience
D. Any type of sudden injury that causes
brain damage

MATCHING
Match the disease process to the symptom or physical effect listed below:
A. Chronic bronchitis
B. Emphysema

80. Person develops barrel chest

81. Mucus and inflamed breathing passages obstruct airflow

82. Walls of alveoli are less elastic

Match the correct term to the symptom or physical effect listed below:
A. Hypoglycemia
B. Hyperglycemia

83. a» Trembling

84. ______—_— Nausea and vomiting

85. Ss Cold, clammy skin

86. _____—Filushed face

87. ____— Tiredness and fatigue

88. _s«dDiizziness

89. Ss Dry skin

90. _ Sweating

91. ____ Slow, laboured breathing

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 CHAPTER 33. Common Diseases and Disorders 207

Match the type of diabetes mellitus with the age or situation when each type usually occurs.

92. Type 1 diabetes A. Develops during pregnancy

93: Type 2 diabetes B. Occurs most often in children and young adults

94. Gestational diabetes C. Usually develops in adulthood

FILL IN THE BLANKS

95. Why does a client with osteoarthritis have more pain when standing and walking?

96. What type of arthritis occurs in children?

97. What are the goals in treating rheumatoid arthritis?

a.
b.
(Se

98. For each of these signs and symptoms that should be reported immediately if they occur to a client
with a cast, explain the possible cause.
dar ain

b. Swelling/tight cast

c. Pale skin

d. Cyanosis

e. Odour

f, Inability to move toes or fingers

g. Numbness

h. Temperature changes

i. Drainage on or under cast

j. Chills, fever, nausea, vomiting

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208 CHAPTER 33. Common Diseases and Disorders
sin cin nani rn SN SAN SA AA AL AAD ADDL AADOD AAD DODO AAA

99. When an extremity must be amputated because of gangrene, what areas of the client’s life may be
affected?
a
b.
c

100. Why are older clients at higher risk for serious problems after a hip fracture?
a:
b.

101. A client with Parkinson’s disease may need assistance with:

oP
ao
102. A client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) must stop

103. How can you help a client with pneumonia to breathe more easily and be more comfortable?
a:
b.
&

104. How are tuberculosis bacteria spread?

105. What precautions to prevent infection should be used when caring for a client with tuberculosis?
a.
b.

106. When caring for a client with tuberculosis, how should you dispose of tissues?
a. In the home
b. Ina health care facility

107. How do these risk factors affect hypertension?

a. Age

b. Ethnicity

c. Family history

d. Obesity

e. Stress

f. Smoking

g. Alcohol

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 CHAPTER 33. Common Diseases and Disorders 209

108. What measures could you use when caring for a client with heart failure?

Pp
7
ono

109. Why are older clients with heart failure at risk for skin breakdown?

110. Ifyou are caring for a client who has renal calculi, you should encourage the client to drink about
per day.

111. With acute renal failure, recovery may take

112. With chronic renal failure, the nephrons of the kidneys are

113. Dialysis is done with chronic renal failure to remove

114. What measures are used to care for a client in chronic renal failure?

hoe
m@
op
a9
115. Why is good foot care very important for a person with diabetes?

116. To protect yourself from contracting hepatitis, you use

117. Signs and symptoms of AIDS related to the following include:

a. Skin

b. Mouth and neck

c. Mental status

d. Digestive system

118. Why does a client with AIDS often develop other diseases?

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210 CHAPTER 33. Common Diseases and Disorders

119. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) may « 121. Colour the area that would be paralyzed if
enter the body through many body areas the person had a lumbar spine injury.
such as the

LABELLING

120. Colour the area that would be paralyzed if

the person had a cervical spine injury.

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