Mr Settouf Md. M.D.

F1 L2 / S 3 /Aeronautics
CHAPTER II: Fluid static
Fluid balance at rest:
Fluid statics studies the equilibrium conditions of resting fluids where viscosity
does not manifest, because the particles of real or perfect fluids are not in motion.

dFt
No viscous forces  τt = dS
=-η.
𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑧
=0
Note:
Perfect fluid is a frictionless fluid, that is to say the internal forces at any section are always
normal to the section, even when the fluid is in motion, so no tangential stress, this implies
that the forces acting on the fluid are pressures. But in the case of a real fluid, forces (tangential
constraints) always come into play when the fluid is moving. They are due to an internal
friction called viscosity.
Fundamental equation of fluid statics:
Be an infinitely small straight cylinder, with axis parallel to 𝑜𝑧
⃗⃗⃗⃗ and containing the point M
and of right cross-section dS.

The cylinder balance is:

⃗ = 0
∑F ⃗

Projection on the axis 𝑜𝑧

⃗⃗⃗⃗ considering volume forces, we get:
𝜕𝑝
p . dS − (p + . dz) dS + 𝜌 . 𝑍 . dS . dz = 0
𝜕𝑧
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𝜕𝑝
So: 𝜌 .𝑍 − =0
𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑝
Similarly, along the axes 𝑜𝑥
⃗⃗⃗⃗ and 𝑜𝑦
⃗⃗⃗⃗ : 𝜌 .𝑋 − =0
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑝
𝜌 .𝑌 − =0
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑝 ⃗
Hence : 𝜌 . ( 𝑋 𝑖 + Y 𝑗 + 𝑍 𝑘⃗ ) – ( 𝑖+ 𝑗+ 𝑘 ) = ⃗0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Finally: 𝝆 . ⃗𝒇 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒑 = ⃗𝟎 (2-1)
If the volume forces derive from a potential (U), we will have by definition:

𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅 U
⃗𝒇 = − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ (2-2)
𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑝
𝑋= − 𝜌 .𝑋 = −𝜌 . =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑝
𝑌= − and on the other hand, we have: 𝜌. 𝑌 = this implies −𝜌. = (2-3)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑝
{𝑍 = − 𝜕𝑧 { 𝜌. 𝑍 = 𝜕𝑧 { −𝜌. 𝜕𝑧 = 𝜕𝑧

So: 𝝆 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝑼 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒑 = ⃗𝟎 (2-4)
Consequences:
Equipotential surfaces are confused with isobars.

- Both families of surfaces ∑ and ∑' have the same normal but vary in opposite directions.
- The isobars are ρ constant

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Mr Settouf Md. M.D. F1 L2 / S 3 /Aeronautics
When moving on a normal curve of the two surfaces ∑ and ∑' infinitely small from M to M'
distant from dn, we have:

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒅𝑼 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒅𝒑
𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝑼 = ⃗𝒏 and 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒑 = ⃗𝒏
𝒅𝒏 𝒅𝒏
According to equation (2-3), we will have:
𝑑𝑈 𝑑𝑝
−𝜌 = and as a result: − 𝜌 𝑑𝑈 = 𝑑𝑝
𝑑𝑛 𝑑𝑛
Integrating between points A and B, we will have:
𝒑𝑩 𝟏
UA – UB = ∫
𝒑𝑨 𝝆
𝒅𝒑 (2-5)

Static of an incompressible fluid in a gravity field: (hydrostatic)

Basic equation of hydrostatics:
𝜌 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒
We have in the whole mass of fluid: { 𝑇 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒
𝑓 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒
The volume forces are equal to the gravity forces 𝑔 which derive from a potential U such:
U=g.z (2-6)

𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑝
𝜌. + =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑝
According to (2-3), we have: 𝜌.
𝜕𝑦
+
𝜕𝑦
=0 as : U = g . z and ρ = cte ,then
𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑝
{𝜌. 𝜕𝑧𝜕 + 𝜕𝑧
=0
𝜕(𝜌 . 𝑔 .𝑧) 𝜕𝑝 𝝏
+ =0 (𝒑 + 𝝆 . 𝒈 . 𝒛 ) = 𝟎
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝝏𝒙
𝜕(𝜌 .𝑔 .𝑧) 𝜕𝑝 𝝏
+ =0 this gives us: (𝒑 + 𝝆 . 𝒈 . 𝒛 ) = 𝟎 (2-7)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝝏𝒚
𝜕(𝜌 .𝑔 .𝑧) 𝜕𝑝 𝝏
{ 𝜕𝑧 + 𝜕𝑧
=0 {𝝏𝒛 (𝒑 + 𝝆 . 𝒈 . 𝒛 ) = 𝟎
Therefore : ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ( 𝑝 + 𝜌 . 𝑔 . 𝑧 ) = 0
𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐝 ⃗ (2-8)

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Mr Settouf Md. M.D. F1 L2 / S 3 /Aeronautics
As the pressure only varies along the axis 𝑜𝑧
⃗⃗⃗⃗ , then the differential equation of fluid statics
will be written:
𝐝𝐩
= − 𝛒.𝐠 (2-9)
𝐝𝐳
Since (p + ρ . g. z) does not vary when moving in any line, then:
𝝏
(𝒑 + 𝝆 . 𝒈 . 𝒛 ) = 𝟎 (s: curvilinear abscissa)
𝝏𝒔

Hence the pg or total motor pressure is:

𝒑 + 𝝆 . 𝒈 . 𝒛 = pg = cte (2-10)
P = static pressure in [Pa]
ρ.g.z = Shore or gravity pressure in [Pa]
Consequences:
1) Isobars are horizontal planes (p = constant to z = constant)
2) The separation surfaces of two different and non-miscible fluids is a horizontal plane.
3) The pressure difference between two points A and B of the liquid is: p B – pA = f(z)
PA + ρ.[Link] = PB + ρ.[Link]
PB – PA = ρ.g. ( ZA - ZB)
One poses : ϖ = ρ.g (specific weight)

Therfore, PB – PA = ϖ . ΔZ (2-11)
4) The pressure difference remains constant regardless of the pressures.
If pA varies, then pB varies simultaneously by the same amount (principle of Pascal’s theorem).
Superimposed liquids: (non-miscible and not chemically reactive)

The separation surfaces are horizontal and the liquids overlap in descending order of density
( ρ 1 < ρ 2 < ρ 3 ).
PD = ρ1 . g . h1 + ρ2 . g . h2 + ρ3 . g . h3 + PA avec PA = Patm=1013.25 hPa ≈ 10-5Pa

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Mr Settouf Md. M.D. F1 L2 / S 3 /Aeronautics
Archimedes’ thrust:
A solid placed in a liquid at rest takes one of the positions shown below

1- Part of the solid is immersed (inside the liquid). It is said that the solid floats
2- The solid is completely submerged and remains between two liquid layers
3- Solid is completely submerged but sinks (touches bottom)
In the different cases depicted above, the solid is subjected to a vertical push (Archimedes'
thrust) from the liquid surrounding it, directed from bottom to top and equal to the weight of
the volume of the liquid moved.
Consider a container containing a liquid of density ρL. We place a solid in it, the level of the
liquid moves, see figure below:

The intensity of the Archimedes' thrust is the weight of the fluid moved:
Π = FAr = m liquide,dép. . g = ρ L .Vdép . g (2-12)
The liquid being incompressible, then the volume moved is equal to the volume immersed of
the solid. V déplacé = V immergé
Then : FAr = ρL .Vim . g
Immersion and Flotation Conditions:
a-Floating body: The condition for a solid to float on the
The body is in static equilibrium, so: surface of a liquid is:
∑𝐹 = 0 ⃗ → ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑚𝑠 . 𝑔 + 𝐹𝐴𝑟 = 0 ⃗
Projection:
- mS . g + FAr = 0
- ρS . VS . g + ρL .Vim . g = 0
Hence the equilibrium condition of a
floating body is:
ρS . VS = ρL .Vim
On the other hand, we have:
V S > Vim → ρ S < ρ L

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Mr Settouf Md. M.D. F1 L2 / S 3 /Aeronautics
b- Submerged body between two liquid
layers: The static equilibrium:
The static equilibrium:
Weight = Archimedes strength mS .𝑔 + 𝐹𝐴𝑟 + 𝑅⃗ = 0
⃗
ρ S . VS .g = ρ L . V im . g - ρ S . VS .g + ρ L . V im . g + R = 0
ρ S . VS = ρ L . V im
ρ S . VS .g = ρ L . V im . g + R
On the other hand, we have:
we have: V im = V S
VS = Vim then: ρ S = ρ L
R
Hence: ρS=ρL+
𝑔 . 𝑉𝑆

The condition for a solid to be immersed

in a liquid and flow (touch the bottom) is:
S > L

The condition for a solid to be immersed

in a liquid and not touch the bottom is:
ρS = ρL
c- Body submerged but flowing:
The external forces acting on the body are:
its weight mS . 𝑔 , the force of Archimedes
𝐹𝐴𝑟 and the reaction 𝑅⃗ to the supports.

Forces of pressure on a flat surface:

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Mr Settouf Md. M.D. F1 L2 / S 3 /Aeronautics
⃗⃗⃗ are parallel and of the same direction, so the equivalent force is unique
The force elements d𝐹𝑖
and is:
𝐹 = ∫𝑠 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝐹 = − ∫𝑠 𝑃𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑑𝑆 𝑛⃗

𝐹 = − ∫ 𝜌 . 𝑔 . 𝑧 . 𝑑𝑆 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑛
𝑠

𝐹 = − 𝜌 . 𝑔 ∫ 𝑧 . 𝑑𝑆 𝑛⃗
𝑠
𝐹 = − 𝜛 ( 𝑍𝐺 . 𝑆) 𝑛⃗ (2-13)
Such:
ZG = hG → the depth relative to the free area at the center of gravity of the plate.
The intensity of the hydrostatic force is:
F = ϖ . hG . S (2-14)
The thrust F exerted on a flat surface by a fluid weighing in equilibrium is equal to the weight
of a column of fluid based on the wall surface and the height of the depth of the center of
gravity below the free surface.

The center of buoyancy : (the C- thrust center)

The point of application of the resultant is defined by:
𝐵 𝐵
∫𝑠 𝑦 . 𝑑𝐹 = 𝑦𝐶 ∫𝑠 𝑑𝐹 ⇔ ∫𝐴 𝑦 . 𝜛 . 𝑧 . 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑦𝐶 ∫𝐴 𝜛 . 𝑧 . 𝑑𝑆
As: z = y sin(α) ,then:
𝐵 𝐵
2
∫ 𝑦 sin(𝛼 ) . 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑦𝐶 ∫ 𝑦 sin(𝛼) . 𝑑𝑆
𝐴 𝐴
𝐵 𝐵
∫𝐴 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑆 ∫𝐴 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑆
𝑦𝐶 = 𝐵 =
∫𝐴 𝑦 𝑑𝑆 𝑦𝐺 . 𝑆

As:
𝐵
I = ∫𝐴 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑆 moment of inertia of the wall AB with respect to the horizontal line of trace O.
And that:
I = IG + yG2 . S (Huyghens)

𝐼𝐺𝑥
Therefore: 𝑦𝐶 = 𝑦𝐺 + (2-15)
𝑆 . 𝑦𝐺

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