Exp No.1. Determination of Young'smodulus by Searle's method.
VAim ofthe experiment:
To determine young's modulus of elasticity of the material of the given wire by Searle's method.
JApparatus required:
Searle's apparatus,slotted weight, screw gauge and meter scale.
Searle's apparatus
Figure 1
consists of two parts. The lower part C is a
Description of Searle's Apparatus: the apparatus
usually rubber, glass, ebonite or mica, is
circular metal disc. The experimental specimen s,
placed on it. The diameter of S is equal to that of
C and its thickness is uniform through out.
lenigth and area of cross section, as shown in
the figure
A and Bare twwo wires of same material, ends two
rigid support and both carry at their lower
below. Both are suspended fronm the same the
C and D. A constant weight W is always suspended from the hanger attached to
metal frames
comparison wire A stretched throughout the
lower portion of the frame C. this keeps the can
hanger is suspended from the lower portion of the frame D. slotted weights
experiment. A different amounts.
stretch the experimental wire B through
be slipped over it, when desired, to end'of the
One of its end is hanged at K to some portion of frame C. the other
L is a spirit level. central leg of
on the inverted tip of a micrometer screw S (or on the inverted
spirit level rests spirit level
lowered by the motion of the screw till the
sphero meter). This end can be raised or the frame Dand marked in
moves over a vertical scale lixed to
is made horizontal. The screw
millimeters.
material of the wire is given by
Theory: the Young'smodulus Y of the
i Y= MgL/r²]
1
Where M= mass of the load added to the hanger
g=acceleration due to gravity
L= original length of the experimental wire before extension
r=radius of the experimental wire
and l= elongation of thewire
Procedure:
1. Slotted weights of 500 gm or 1 kg are placed on each of the hangers attached to the.
wires to keep them stretched.
2. The length of the experimental wire Bbetween the point its attachment to the support
and the tip of the screw that clamps the frame Dto this wire is measured with the help
of meter scale.
3. The diameter of the experimental wire at 5 points distributed along the wire is
measured by a screw gauge taking both direct and cross readings.
4. The breaking weight of the wire is calculated. (breaking weight = breaking stressX area
of cross section). The total weight to be suspended including the weights already placed
on the hanger to keep the wire taut must not exceed half the breaking weight, This
weight should be added in about 8 installments. Weights of half kilos are to be added in
each installment.
5. The vertical scale division is standardized. The pitch and least count of the micicineter
SCrew are determined.
6. The screw is moved in clockwise or anticlockwise directioD tillthe bubble in the spirit
level is brought to the middle. The initial readings on the vertical scale and the
micrometer screw head are noted down.
7. The first installment of weight tó the hanger is added and the micrometer screw. head is
rotated clockwise until the spirit level is again made horizontal. The micrometer serew
head readings are noted down.
8. This process is continued until all the weights that were tobe added havé beeh placed
on the hanger by installments.
9. The weights are removed in the samesteps in which they had been added and each time
the screw head is rotated in anticlockwise direction so that the spirit level is imade
horizontal and the reading of the micrometer screw head position is noted ever time.
10. The observationsare recorded as shown below.
11. AJoad extension graph is drawn. M/L from the graph is obtained andY is c¡lculated
using the formula.
2
Qbservations:
1. Length of the wire = ...Cm
2. Diameter of the wire =
3. Pitch of the screw = 01 cm. Least Count = 0.001 cm.
Determination of diameter/radius of the wire.
Circular
No. of Pitch
Scale Total
Obs. IL.C.S.R. Scale
Complete F.C.S.R. reading P.S.R. + Mean
No. () rotations ()
I-F reading (I C.S.R. in cm.
(n) (pitchXn) FXL.C) in Cm.
in cm.
im cm.
76 0.391
3 85
91) 0.3 0.091
2 72 3 80 92 0.3 0.092 0.392
3 74 3 85 89 0.3 0.089 0.389 0.389
4 75 3 84 89 0.3 0.089 0.389
5 75 3 88 87 0.3 0.087 0.387
4. Breaking stress = 11230 kg/cm²(got from standard table of critical constants)
Breaking weight =11230 XTr? = .....kg, Wherer isthe radius of the wire
So permissible load=% X breaking weight = kg
Weight for each of the 8 installments =...k.g (rounded off to the nearest half kilo).
5. Elongation:
Each division of the vertical sc-le = ....mm
Pitch ofthe micrometer srew, ..Cm
Number of divisions of thescrew head=
Least count of the screw gauge = 0.0005cm
The total elongation for each observation is obtained by adding to its elongation the total
elongation of previous observation.
3
Determination of elongation ' in cm
Load Increasing Load Decreasing
Obs.
No. Load in Kg. Elongation Total A
in each stepr elongatiou
T in cm
T
1 D.L aj
58 58 47 40 9 0.009
2 A
D.L+ ½kg
0,47 47 40 68 39.5 0.039 H
3 D.L+ 1Kg 40 40 68 33 0 53.5 0.053
4
D.l + 1½Kg 68 68 33 98
35 0.035
5. D.L 2Kg 33 33 0 98 66 33.5/ 0.033
6. D.L 2Kg 98 98 66 38 30 0.030
7 D.L +\3Kg
6. Draw a graph between load taken in x-axis and
elongation as obtained in the last column of
the above table taken in Y-axis. The resulting straight line
graph indicates
proportional to the load and thus it verifies Hooke's law in elasticity. Further the elongation is
the reciprocal of
the slope of the straight line gives M/1.
Calculation: Y=gL(M//nr == 1.669 x10° dynmes/cm²