Introduction to Microprocessor

A microprocessor is an integrated circuit that performs the functions of a CPU. It is programmable,

clock-driven, and processes binary data. It consists of ALU, control unit, and registers.

A microprocessor is an integrated circuit that performs the functions of a CPU. It is programmable,

clock-driven, and processes binary data. It consists of ALU, control unit, and registers.

A microprocessor is an integrated circuit that performs the functions of a CPU. It is programmable,

clock-driven, and processes binary data. It consists of ALU, control unit, and registers.

A microprocessor is an integrated circuit that performs the functions of a CPU. It is programmable,

clock-driven, and processes binary data. It consists of ALU, control unit, and registers.
 8086 Architecture Overview

The 8086 microprocessor consists of two main parts: BIU (Bus Interface Unit) and EU (Execution
Unit). BIU handles memory access while EU executes instructions.

The 8086 microprocessor consists of two main parts: BIU (Bus Interface Unit) and EU (Execution
Unit). BIU handles memory access while EU executes instructions.

The 8086 microprocessor consists of two main parts: BIU (Bus Interface Unit) and EU (Execution
Unit). BIU handles memory access while EU executes instructions.

The 8086 microprocessor consists of two main parts: BIU (Bus Interface Unit) and EU (Execution
Unit). BIU handles memory access while EU executes instructions.
 Registers in 8086

Registers are temporary storage locations. They are classified into general-purpose registers,
segment registers, pointer/index registers, and flag register.

Registers are temporary storage locations. They are classified into general-purpose registers,
segment registers, pointer/index registers, and flag register.

Registers are temporary storage locations. They are classified into general-purpose registers,
segment registers, pointer/index registers, and flag register.

Registers are temporary storage locations. They are classified into general-purpose registers,
segment registers, pointer/index registers, and flag register.
 General Purpose Registers

AX, BX, CX, DX are used for arithmetic and data operations. They can be accessed as 8-bit or
16-bit registers.

AX, BX, CX, DX are used for arithmetic and data operations. They can be accessed as 8-bit or
16-bit registers.

AX, BX, CX, DX are used for arithmetic and data operations. They can be accessed as 8-bit or
16-bit registers.

AX, BX, CX, DX are used for arithmetic and data operations. They can be accessed as 8-bit or
16-bit registers.
 Pointer and Index Registers

SP, BP, SI, DI are used for addressing memory. IP holds the address of the next instruction.

SP, BP, SI, DI are used for addressing memory. IP holds the address of the next instruction.

SP, BP, SI, DI are used for addressing memory. IP holds the address of the next instruction.

SP, BP, SI, DI are used for addressing memory. IP holds the address of the next instruction.
 Flag Register

The flag register contains status and control flags like Carry, Zero, Sign, Overflow, Direction,
Interrupt, etc.

The flag register contains status and control flags like Carry, Zero, Sign, Overflow, Direction,
Interrupt, etc.

The flag register contains status and control flags like Carry, Zero, Sign, Overflow, Direction,
Interrupt, etc.

The flag register contains status and control flags like Carry, Zero, Sign, Overflow, Direction,
Interrupt, etc.
 Instruction Set Basics

Instruction set defines operations like ADD, SUB, MOV. Each instruction has opcode and operands.

Instruction set defines operations like ADD, SUB, MOV. Each instruction has opcode and operands.

Instruction set defines operations like ADD, SUB, MOV. Each instruction has opcode and operands.

Instruction set defines operations like ADD, SUB, MOV. Each instruction has opcode and operands.
 Instruction Cycle

The instruction cycle includes fetch, decode, execute, and store stages.

The instruction cycle includes fetch, decode, execute, and store stages.

The instruction cycle includes fetch, decode, execute, and store stages.

The instruction cycle includes fetch, decode, execute, and store stages.
 Instruction Formats

Instructions are represented in binary but written in assembly for human understanding.

Instructions are represented in binary but written in assembly for human understanding.

Instructions are represented in binary but written in assembly for human understanding.

Instructions are represented in binary but written in assembly for human understanding.
 Types of Instructions

Includes data transfer, arithmetic, logical, string, control, and branching instructions.

Includes data transfer, arithmetic, logical, string, control, and branching instructions.

Includes data transfer, arithmetic, logical, string, control, and branching instructions.

Includes data transfer, arithmetic, logical, string, control, and branching instructions.
 Addressing Modes

Addressing modes define how operands are accessed.

Addressing modes define how operands are accessed.

Addressing modes define how operands are accessed.

Addressing modes define how operands are accessed.

 Immediate Addressing Mode

Data is directly given in instruction.

Data is directly given in instruction.

Data is directly given in instruction.

Data is directly given in instruction.

 Direct Addressing Mode

Memory address is directly specified.

Memory address is directly specified.

Memory address is directly specified.

Memory address is directly specified.

 Register Addressing Mode

Operands are in registers.

Operands are in registers.

Operands are in registers.

Operands are in registers.

 Register Indirect Addressing Mode

Register holds memory address.

Register holds memory address.

Register holds memory address.

Register holds memory address.

 Indexed Addressing Mode

Uses SI or DI registers.

Uses SI or DI registers.

Uses SI or DI registers.

Uses SI or DI registers.
 Stack Operation

Stack is used for temporary storage using PUSH and POP.

Stack is used for temporary storage using PUSH and POP.

Stack is used for temporary storage using PUSH and POP.

Stack is used for temporary storage using PUSH and POP.

 Data Transfer Instructions

MOV, XCHG, PUSH, POP, IN, OUT are used for data movement.

MOV, XCHG, PUSH, POP, IN, OUT are used for data movement.

MOV, XCHG, PUSH, POP, IN, OUT are used for data movement.

MOV, XCHG, PUSH, POP, IN, OUT are used for data movement.
 Arithmetic Instructions

ADD, SUB, MUL, DIV perform calculations.

ADD, SUB, MUL, DIV perform calculations.

ADD, SUB, MUL, DIV perform calculations.

ADD, SUB, MUL, DIV perform calculations.

 Logical Instructions

AND, OR, XOR, NOT are used for bit operations.

AND, OR, XOR, NOT are used for bit operations.

AND, OR, XOR, NOT are used for bit operations.

AND, OR, XOR, NOT are used for bit operations.

 String Instructions

MOVS, CMPS, SCAS, LODS, STOS handle string operations.

MOVS, CMPS, SCAS, LODS, STOS handle string operations.

MOVS, CMPS, SCAS, LODS, STOS handle string operations.

MOVS, CMPS, SCAS, LODS, STOS handle string operations.

 Processor Control Instructions

STC, CLC, CLI, STI control processor operations.

STC, CLC, CLI, STI control processor operations.

STC, CLC, CLI, STI control processor operations.

STC, CLC, CLI, STI control processor operations.

 Control Transfer Instructions

JMP, CALL, RET control program flow.

JMP, CALL, RET control program flow.

JMP, CALL, RET control program flow.

JMP, CALL, RET control program flow.

 Conditional Branching

Instructions like JZ, JNZ depend on flags.

Instructions like JZ, JNZ depend on flags.

Instructions like JZ, JNZ depend on flags.

Instructions like JZ, JNZ depend on flags.

 Loops and Programs

Loops are created using instructions like DEC and JNZ.

Loops are created using instructions like DEC and JNZ.

Loops are created using instructions like DEC and JNZ.

Loops are created using instructions like DEC and JNZ.

 Example Program

Example: Sum of N numbers using loop and registers.

Example: Sum of N numbers using loop and registers.

Example: Sum of N numbers using loop and registers.

Example: Sum of N numbers using loop and registers.

 Nested Procedure Calls

Stack is used to store return addresses during nested calls.

Stack is used to store return addresses during nested calls.

Stack is used to store return addresses during nested calls.

Stack is used to store return addresses during nested calls.

 Advanced Concepts

Includes segmentation, pipelining, and memory interfacing.

Includes segmentation, pipelining, and memory interfacing.

Includes segmentation, pipelining, and memory interfacing.

Includes segmentation, pipelining, and memory interfacing.

 Revision Notes

Key points: Registers, flags, instruction set, addressing modes.

Key points: Registers, flags, instruction set, addressing modes.

Key points: Registers, flags, instruction set, addressing modes.

Key points: Registers, flags, instruction set, addressing modes.

 Conclusion

8086 microprocessor is fundamental in understanding computer architecture.

8086 microprocessor is fundamental in understanding computer architecture.

8086 microprocessor is fundamental in understanding computer architecture.

8086 microprocessor is fundamental in understanding computer architecture.