4k Elements Montenegrin

e
I I a
I
T

NI
r

E b EE
 Group 1 metals are called Alkalimetals becausethey form hydroxides
on reaction with water which are strongly alkaline

Except Be group 2 elements are known as alkaline earth metals

Li Na K Rb Cs Fr
Valence Is 3s Us 5s Gs 75

FlameTest CrimsonRed Yellow VioletLilac RedViolet Blue

AtomicNumber 3 3 19 8 55 2
37j
Li Na K Rb Cs Fr

u i
Lick Na Rb Cs
µ
to N
i
Density
On Li
ul Cs

ReactivityTh LatticeEnergy I MetallicNature9 Density T

Size 9 MP d BP L IE L EA f EN f

R
 DiagonalRelationship It is due to the similarly in ionic_ andI
charge radius ratio of the elements

2ndPeriod AtomicRadii
Y
1 MEN oniffpdim [Link]
s3rdenod fig ipppmmt 22pm

ME Due to relatively weak_met

[Link] metals
are soft and can be cut with a knife
M.P and B P 4 down the group bcoz larger atom cores attractdelocalized
e leis strongly

Atomic Ionic radii A1 down the group

Ionization Energy f n n

Metallic Nature T n n n

Hydration Enthalpy smalt Better hydeation

Higher yd

and due to this Li salts are mostly hydrated

[Link] Nhyd
o

PhotoelectricEffect Due to low I E there metals show photoelectric

effect

Es and I are used in photoelectric cells

Electronegativity d down the group

Tensity Density 9 down the group but is

dig than MI
Li L K L Na Rb L Cs
Chemical Properties

Reactivitytowards air
Alkali metals tarnish in dry air due to formation ofoxides
4Mt02 2M
Li t 02
2Na t 0
4 2420
Na Oz
Monoxide
Peroxide
Diamagnetic

K Rb Cs t 0 Moz superoxide Paramagnetic

1 Onlylargecations can formswpero b'cozlarge ion is stableonly with

largecation
Li also reacts with N in air to formnitride
6Li t Na 2LizN 3mg t Nz Mg Nz
Due to high reactivity of alkali metals they are normally kept in
kerosene oil
Nago K 0 RIP d CIO
can be obtained by using
timid air
a supply of
II org [Link]

0 so Paled
k Ynghsifaes
RKO Yellow
G20 Ozange
 nge

Reactivity towards water

Mt e M sire
e
g 21 2MOH H2 T Heat
O
121120
H OH IHzigs OH
Eg Na H2O NaOH t fHalg T Heat

Although E has most ve E value its reaction with water lers

is
vigorous than that
metals of Na which has least ve E value
among alkali
Li Na K Rb Cs
M4M SRP 3.04 2.714 2.925 2.930 2.927

Reactivity 9 down the group Li Na K Rb Cs

Alkali metals also react with other protondonors eg ROH NHz R CECH

Nat UtsOH GigoNat 1 f HzT

Na t MHz NtaNHI t
f 1124
Na t R c H R cNat IzHzT
Reactivitytowards Hz
I React with H2 to form hydrides when heated
A
2M H 2 I MOH t H Ig
ionic

e Alkali metal hydrides are ionic with high m p

Litt Natl KH RbH SH
 Reactivitytowards halogens Max Kbr Ku Liu LiBr
2Mt X 2MX eg
Li halides are somewhat covalent due to strong polarizing power Li
of
Li x

among aunt
tix II'[Link] [Link]

into
5 Reducing Nature an e
Noblegasconfig
Alkali metals are strong red agents
Li0 is most powerful Na is least Based on E values
tea
Sublimation I E Hydration
M Mlg Mlg M gag
Energy Energy

14 69 IM Lit e Li E 3.04
Nat e Na E I 714
Kt e K Eo 2.925

Red Power x 1 x so P
SRP
Solutions in liquid NHz
Alkali metals dissolve in liq NH giving deep bluesolutions which
are conducting in nature
M t Cn y MHz Dnf
M NH eCrete
y

Blue colour solution is due to ammoniated e which absorbs

of
the visible region of and thus
energy
colour to the solution
in
light imparts
Did solution Blue colour Paramagnetic
cone solution Bronze colour Diamagnetic

the colour fades due to formation

On
long standing of de
M m e t NH Il MNHz am 1
f Hz g
Metalamide
 liquid Li is the most corrosive material known booze
Li Coq t e Li LD E 3.04

eW
t
why alkali metals don't form M ions
M int t e
Noble
gasconfig
Give reasons
for the following
Alkali metals don't occur free in nature
Alkali metals
High reactivity
characteristic colour to the flame e excite
Thy
2b impart Low
photoelectric cells
Cf Cs
is in
used I.E
Alkali metals are good red agents Very low SRP
Alkali metal solution in NHz blue coloured
are ammoniated e
f Lix are somewhat covalent in nature Lit has strong PolarizingPowe
Alkali metals are soft and volatile Weakmetallic bonding
2g
2h Although Lit has smallest size its mobility in ag phase is least
compared to other alkali metal ions
Lit up Lia Max Hydration

Li reacts with air to form 420

d Lish
If l

2 Alkali metals form Ionic hydrides

3 Strongest red agent among alkali metals is Li while weakest
is Na
4 In conc solution alkali metal in MHz Blue colour changes
to Bronze of
and solution becomes diamagnetic
5 Group 1 metals forming superoxides are K Rb Cs
 General characteristics
of the compounds of the alkali metals
Metaloxides Basic
Oxides and hydroxides Nonmetaloxides Acidic
d
Li Liao t Liao stability of peroxides superoxide
minor
02 D
q down the group This is
Na Moyo 1 Nack
b'coz
minor
larger anions leg Oj are
K Rbi Cs 02 MO2 better stabilized
D by larger cations
through lattice energy effects

These oxides are strongly basic and are easily hydrolyzed bywater to
form hydroxides
1420 1 H2O 2MOH
14202 t 2420 2MOH t H z
21402 1 2h20 2MOH 1 HI Oz
eg 2kg 124,0 2KOH 1Hack MOH coz Mucors s
tog

KO is used in breathing masks where it absorbs HI producing Ogs

for respiration and KOH formed absorbs exhaled CO2

These oxides and peroxides are colourless when pure but superoxide
are yellow or in colour
orange

0 Paramagnetic

Oj Paramagnetic

of Diamagnetic

Basicity of oxides hydroxides 9 down the group

Basicity Ligo Naso 140 L RBI L Cs O
LiOH NaOH L KOH RbOH CsOH
 Kt Oj
I d
Noble unpaired e
gas
Latticedy
Mx
d Mt x Es mica x as
t
Hydratimenesgy
ltalh dIMX are all [Link] colourless
[Link]
Miss 11 219 MX
All halides have
large ve
Aff however

for X F Atif Mf becomes lustre down the group

BHI o
Lif Naf KF Rbf Csf
while for X U Br and I reverse is true

Atef e
Liu L Mau L Ka L RBI LGU
Ei 4
for a given
MF
metal
to ME
Buf CMI always becomes lers re on
going from
o_O
Lif Liu Li Br Li I 0
DHI 616 409 351 270 KHmol

Naf NaCl MaBr NAI

527 UH 361 288 Kymof

M P and BP fluoride chloride Bromide Iodide

Low solubility in water is due to its highlattice enthalpy
of EE
low solubility
of CSI in water is due to its smaller DIIeyd
 Metal dependent Halidedependent

LBF Xs EACH t [Link]

DfT Mx DAH M I E in

Mls Mlg 3 rat

X X g ME

Latticeenergy e Becomes his ve as X size T or int size T

iii so
Naf Nau Na Br Ma I
910 76g 732 682

Lif Na F KF Rb F CsF
1030 910 808 774 744

is
Solubility of Halides Mtcg x Ig Mtcar x Cag tDHµyd
MX Lattice
[Link] energy Ion hydration enthalpy

if F
F
Lattice
Energy Naf Nacl Na Br Nat DH _tve
Hydration n Faf Nacl NaBr Nat CDH ve

Max mismatch in ionic sizes Greater solubility

I
LIL T
T
sousing
i RBL
II IL
CSI
i
i
KF i

Et Hae ie r'se ist

 Salts
of Oxo acids OH d in
Oxoacids those in which the acidic proton is on a hydroxyl
are
group with an o o group attached to the same atom
O O
O 11
e Il
g f µ Ho s OH IP onOH
HO Il0 HO
T p
acidic carbonic acid
sulfuricacid Phosphonicaid

H2O NadOz HzS0y NazSOy HzPoy NazPOy

K 03 4203 Nazco
in
All alkali metal carbonates are soluble except Ligo
a
tes are stable and therm
cqrtsdo
[Link]

T
truly D
stability
MgO102 _D MHC 03 Majors Koos
Light is not very stable to heat decomposes tog
D
LigWg Ligo coz
4imbaging rogy [Link] coIion leadingto
e

Except LI all alkali metals form s bicarbonates MH z

Bicarbonates decompose at low temp than carbo
retely Lates
2k Maw cog HEO

A
eg 2 NICO Major t CO2 H2O
sB WA
Noyce 2110 2 NaOH t M 03 Hydrolysis

Ligcoz 2h20 sparingly soluble µ

 Both Namco d KH
z crystals have H bonding
I t
chain dimer

git [Link] dno iio'got

o n o
c
Il r o ro
c 1 0
O to H ol
tecoj Dinner

H2O
KO KOH 1 Hdz Oz
which Kao
of the following is paramagnetic 12202

I write down the basicity order of MOH

i0H NaOH KOH RbOH GOH

1A
e
Cs 150

AE

Ias conc T upto a certainvalue

azan
HOz 1 NaOH Nazoz

Nap 1 Cr Nazcroy
If 1 02
BE Y azo Na0z

X Tf
x x

AYE

x
I

A
L e team
H
Koz
cutSHMO 3CulNODz
210 41120

MI
Major T Minor
 Anomalous
ummm properties
www of Lithium
un

L Exceptionally small size

wer Lito
Highpolarizing
1E
High

Points
of difference b w Li and other alkali metals
1 Li is trader higher and has higher m p e b p
2 Li is least reive Lagent among alkali metals
but strongest red
3 On
burning in air it forms monoxide and nitride
air
Li D Liao Light

4 Lite g doesn't exist in solid

5 Na t Cheeut al c Nat Es Mat cNot
ethyne
Li CHE Ctl No Rin

Li unlike other alkali metals forms no Iide

ethy on reaction with
ethyne
6 Liou is a weaker base and sparingly soluble in water compared to
other alkali metal hydroxides
A
Z 4 LINO 2 Ligo UNO t Oz
2NANO Is 2 NANO Oz
other alkalimetalnitrates
8 Lif and Liao are comparatively much less soluble in [Link] than
the corresponding compounds of other alkali metals
 Points Li and Mg
of similarities between Diagonal Relationship
Li 152pm Mg 160pm
4 pm night pm

I Both Li
Mg are harder and lighter than other elements in the
respective groups

2 Both Li Mg react slowly with water

Their oxides hydroxides are much lers soluble in water their
hydroxides decompose on heating

3 Both form nitride Light and Mg Nz

4 Both 420 a MgO don't combine with excess of Oz to form supe ides
5 Liaw Mgco decompose easily on heating
6 solid bicarbonate are not formed by Li
Mf
7 Both Lice and Mga are deliquescent and crystallise from
aqueous solution as Lied 21420 and Mgcla 8420
a
tow
If Deliquescent vs Hygroscopic substance

Cusou Cusoy5h20
White TI 12th

I
mmmm
I Sodium Carbonate Narcos Soda ash Marco
wasthgoda Naw 10420
Process
Prepared
by Solvay GubIIalt
Process
Solvay Advantage is taken of the low solubility of
Nance which gets precipitated In theprocess and
isheated afterwards togive Narcos
NCERT 2MHz H2O CO2 NH4 2103

1
H2O

t 2NHyHLO
27L 2Natfost

ayyy

Caco limestone
D 1300K
Cao s 0219
H2O
I
31g Calor
I twisting
[Link]
t
c

gg
2mn can g I
i 2NHull t 2Natecoz
g i 1
waste I d Namco
d
Naso so
EEE
 373K
NazCO 10h20 MadogH2O 19420
white crystalline
solid 1,7 373K

washing soda is a basic

Nazco up Nsagffs
White Powder
sodaash

NazCO t w 1 H2O f 2NaHC0z

250C

NazWz 1 246 2 NaCl 1 H2O coz

Nazcoz t CalOHb 2 NaOH 1 Caco
 Solvay process can't be used for Kuzco b'coz K 03 is too ble
to be precipitated the addition NH Hwy to a saturated
solution KU by of
of

Uses 1 water softening laundering cleaning

2 Manufacture of glass soap borax and NaOH

Nazco t n Sio T Na 3 Ksi Oz

soda glass
3 Used in paper paints textile industries
4 Important lab agent in qualitative quantitative analysis

NaHCOs ID

D
V
HD HD coz
2NaOH THIO e
Naz z
Namco

calm Cacez
L
HzS0y Ht J Caw t 2NaCl
Caw 12NaOH v v
NazSOy Cozg
coz
 reactions alkali metal
Important of oxides of
NazO
Preparation Reactions

2 NANO 110Na 6111920 Nz Na HQ 2 NIH

a
iii
3NaNz 1 NANO 2121920 15 Nz

Nato
an
Its a paleyellow when impure hygroscopic powder stable
towards heat in dry air On exposure to moist air it becomes

w as it reacts with moisture CO2

2 Mazo t 2h20 4NaOH Oz 2 19202 202 2Nato Oz
2 NaOH co Nazco tho
cold
Nap 1 2420 2NaOH 1 HI
2Nap t 2110 4NaOH Oz

Nap 1 HEOy NazSOy t Haoz

2 Nada t tesoy 2Nazsoy 1 21120 1 Oz

OX
[Link] 2cg oh
3
3Naso
or
2Nazcroy t 2NaOH 121120
6
261011 13022 2Crop t 20h t 2h20
2 6
9 Mnsoy 1 2Naso NazranOy Naz
soy
2 6
Mazo Co
So oNaz
Mazo Nass 4107
3
Al 3103 Also

9 U 1 Nazoz A or Phcoho 2Nacl

Benzoylchloride
Bengeperoxide
 Reduces stronger ox agent like Kianoy acidic

2mn05 t 16Ht t 5022 2 Mnt't 84,0 t 5oz

Sodium Chloride Nau Ncert

obtained from sea water which contains 7 to 94 by mass of the
salt
It has impurities of Cad and Mga which are deliquescent in
nature
Uses Table salt
NaOH Nazcoz Nazoz Preparation

Sodium Hydroxide NaOH Caustic soda

electrochemistry
th e
white translucent solid with m p 591k 712
Prepared by Castner Kellner cell Electrolysis of Nauen

Castner Kellner cell

Angle all U t 2e

cathode Nat e Na is
H2O 2e test 2011
due to overvoltage ofhydrogen at Hgcathode Nat
is reduced
 2 Na Hg t 2420 2NaOH 1 2kg t Hg

NaOH has a soapy touch highly soluble in water is corrosive

Cima NaOH is purified

by dissolving in alcohol since its

impurities like Nacl Nazco I Nazsoy etc remain insoluble

Imp Rxn of NaOH

Bare acid
3NaOH t HzP0y Na POy t 3h20
NaOH 1 HNOz NaNOz 1 H2O
2 NaOH CO2 Nazcoz 1 H2O
2 NaOH 2m02 Nanoz 1 NANO H2O
2 NaOH t 503 NazSOy H2O

Pbo t 2NaOH Nazpboz 1 H2O

Sno 2NaOH Nagesh02 t H2O

ZnO t 2 NaOH NazZnOz 1 H2O

 [Link] t2NaoH Na sno 1
HIT

O i I
X 1 2NaOH cold die Max NaOX c H2O
X Br U I

3 02 6NaOH Hotconc 5Nai't Na Og t 3110

X U Br I

f t NaOH cold dil OF

f t NaOH Hot conc Oz
I 3
3 NaOH t Py 3NaHzP0z t PHz
NaOH 2 9 92 03 3 0
G NaOH t 213 2 NazBO t 342
2 NaOH t Si t Hao Nazsioz t 2 Hz

UNaOH t 2420 t 2 Al 2 NaAl z t 3 Hz

G NIH 12 212193M03 t 3424
2NaOH t En Naz Oz t T

Sncf 2NaOH Sn OH z fy t 2 NaCl

white Ppt
Sn OH z 1 2NaOH NazSno 1 2h20

Cruz t 3NaOH Cr OH do 13 NaCl

GreenPM
CEU t 2 NaOH Cee OH
zIt 2Nacl
BluePpt
 HgU t 2NaOH Hg Hk 1 2NaCl
toD
w

tego d t H2O
YellowBrown

2AgNO t 2 NaOH 2AgoH t 2Nanos

Ag Black f t H2O

sodium Hydrogencarbonate Nations Baking soda

Naoto t HD coz 2 NaHeo

Its a mild antiseptic for skin infections

Ids used in fire extinguishers

if
E
w

Caco 1 coz 11120 cactecodz

solute

DHLallice Lill 7 NaCl KU Rb U

slight tonic

MgzN2 1 H2O 3mgOH 12MHz

Ig
Na s 1MHz Is Nantz

T
E
T

Alas1 3NaOH
t
Al101lb t 3NaCl
whiteppl

t
Nani02soluble
I
 Group 2 Elements
Group 2 elements except Bee are known as alkaline earth metals

Be Mfg Ca Sr Ba Ra
4 12 20 38 56 88

BrickRed Crimson Apple

Noflamecolour Red Green
 Be Ng ca Sr Ba

Metallic Lattice BP MP T ThermalStability

Nature In Energy 1 Dudu T
Cregg of carbonates
Size p IE f E A f E N L Basicity ofhydroxides I

2
General electronic config ins is

stronger metallic bonding than alkali also higher m p b

[Link]
and hardness alkali Noblegas s
M EtM
Less reactive than alkali metals M
alkaline
2e MI I e
5
IE Group 2 IE Group 1
7 Ez Group 1 7 IEz Groep 2

Higher charge density of M than Mt

14
Better Hydration
14
Most compounds are hydrated Mg92.6420 Cally6110

DH I Bet Ca s Baat
Mg
µyd
HighpolarizingPower
 Very high charge density of BII polarizes any anim approaching
Hence simple ionic compounds of Ee tend to be found as

tetrahydrates
eg Beag 4420 exists as EBe Hao412 26 I
1 BEY9 Uz
0112 72
sp's Tetrahedral
BEummm
0112
2
Hydrated
Best

Due to higher charge density alkaline earth metal ions are

almost always hydredd As the charge density I so does the

hydration number

Element Muz McNOdz Msoy

Mg 6 6 7
ca
Sr
6
6
I 4
4
I 2
O
L
Ba 2 O O

Para hydroxides of Er 8 BE are octahydrates while those

Idoically
of Mg Ca are
[Link]
[Link] BaloH
z 8H2O Caom z
HIFI solubility Trends for S Block element salts
while all the common alkali metal salts are watersoluble many
insoluble Solubility trends for
of group 2 are Group 1 Group2
have many differences especially in group 2

Basicity Solubility Lion NaOH KOH RbOH GOH

Be OH z MgOH C Calote Sr OHL Bacote z

Solubility
Liz Og L NazCO KID L Rbzco s Cszcoz 4down thegroup
BaC0 C Saco L Caco s Mgco L Beck d downthe group

Lif S Naf L KF L Rbf Csf

MgFz CaFz SoFz Barz BEEZ
KU s Mau s Rbcl L GU L LIU

Lill y NaCl y KUOy Rbcloy CsclOy

LINO NANO KNO 7 RbNO CsNO

Lizsoy NazSOy Kz y C RbzSOy CszS0y 4 down the group

Basoy SrSou s Casoy Mgsoy Besoy 1 downthe group

Natl z s KHCO L KbHC f Csteco Group 2 binates

g don't exist
Lito
in state
 Lattice energy mix
solubility depends on
Hydration energy
polarization

ragningyranana

b Mtcag t X Cag
tax Migs x Ig

DHS dissolution
enthalpy of BGS TD
DHS It EHµyd
When DHS ve when DHuyd U DG is always ve compound a
soluble
When DHS ve

compound is insoluble at
i DHS I TDs I DG ve
thetemp T
coldwater
eg Pby UescooAg sparinglysoluble in
soluble in hot water

Ii DH Is ITAsst DG ve compound is soluble its

solubility is governed by gain in entropyfactor

e
g NANO KNO etc

When we move down the group U I DHuyd I

U DHHyd U DHHyd
50 60 50 60
solubility solubility
40 us go
30
us Tdownthe yo 42
Lgtfdownthe
group group
U 1 anion cation u mainlydepends on anion
ta If
TTsameaton U remains almost const down
the group
DHHyd
Ya
Reactivity towards air and water
Be a Mg are kinetically inert towards Oz due to oxide formation
But in powderedform they bumbrilliantly
2 Be t 02
d
2 Be0 amphoteric 3Be Nz Is BezNz
b D
2mg t Oa 2mgO 3mg t Nz MgsNz
Ba forms Back and not Bao BeO MgO are used
as refractory due to
Peroxide
Sr also forms peroxide their high mp

Reactivity with H2O 4

down the group
Cold
Be
Bf s Mo RM Ca St Da MAHI t Hz
s Mgcomb µ

Reactivity towards the halogens

Alkaline earth metals directly combine with halogens on heating
D
M 1 2 MXz q Betz Beck MgUa Call CaBre
L
covalent
 Reactivity towards Hydrogen

ExceptuBe all alkaline earth metalsform hydrides Metz on heating

directly with H The sleibity
of hydrides 4 from Ee to Ea
Beltz is prepared by the action
of LiAlley on Beck
a
can can
sw9 I
Bed 1 lineHy 2 BeHz t Liu t Al Iz

Belt d MgHz are covalent in nature whek other hydrides are ionic
in nature

IReducing Nature Be Mg Ca Sr Ba
E M Md I 2.36 2.84 2.89 2
9,24
strongest Red agent

strong reducingaged but less than their corresponding a metals

Reducing nature of
Bee is due to its large DIIHyd

Red Power Ba Sr Ca Be
Mg

Solution in liq MHz

Except BE all group 2 metals dissolve in liq NH to give deep bLue
blade solutions forming ammoniated ions

M t MHz M NH Dnf Cam 6

pc
Evaporationof NH gives hex ammon
cites
of the metals McnutDd
which slowly decompose to amides
give
21
M NH3 6 M NH2 z t 4MHz t Hz
 Complexion formation
Smaller ions like L BE have a
strongerdeny to form
complexes e
g Beryl Befyld etc

Chlorophyll contains 1 ion

2

FT
Be f
Fl Tetrahedral

Be 4
Max [Link] for

Group 2 metals with H2O Bee Mg cadre Ba

Reactivity
of Reactwithcold
water
Read w th
Fraction Acids bases boilingwater
of
ZHU
Mg t dillanc Mga HzIg
Mg Hasty Mgsoy Ha1g
die

Mg Mgsoy 2420 t SE
121kg
Mg 12 HMO dit MgNO z t Hz
Ng t 4HMOs conc MgMos t 21120 INOz

Generally Group 2 metalsdon't

react with bases But Be being amphoteric
reacts with bases liberating H Ig

Be 2NaOH NazBe OHy t 4219

sod tetrahydroxoberyllate
19 The correct order of size of hydrated alkali alkaline earth metal
ions is Litcap NatCag K can Rbtas Cstat
Betas Mg'tcan Ca as

so Which of the following has the highest DHHyd

E 2t t t
a Ba I Bet c Na d k

21 soda is Natlcog and washing soda is Nasco 10420

E Baking
MgzN2

EI
Mga
a
µ jj
1,02
raglan

MgO

General characteristics
of compounds of the alkaline earth metals

Oxides hydroxides
BeO MgO Cao Soo Bao
covalent Ionic
Amphoteric Basic

If
reactwith H2O

M OH

Bolability thermal stability basicity order 4 down the group

I Alkaline earth metal hydroxides are clers basic leisstable than

alkali metal hydroxides

Belong is amphoteric in nature

 BeO t 2HU Beclz 1 H2O

f
BeO 2NaOH Naz
Beck or NazBetony t Hao

in c

Halides
Bella covalent tax ionic
ka Mg Ca Sr Ba

Bed has a polymeric structure in solid state

assets e un ie
Tha e Begrudge a

In vapour phase Bea exists as a dimer

6 BethBe I s 2 Ce Be U

At 122K dimer dissociates into linear monomer Belly

Tendency to form halide hydrates gradually 4 down the group

Eg Magda EH2O
Cada E Hao heating
halides
Ly _y a
Srd EH2O
Back H2O

structure
of solid Befz resembles that of SiOz where BI centres
are tetrahedral But in
vapour phase Bef is a
linear molecule
 Belote z t 2 HyHFz NHy zBeFy t 21420
amm bifluoride amm letrafluoroberyllate

2
f g

2HE
43 BeFz

2 8
1300C
Bef Bae t Mgfz
Mg
rded
agent metallic Be

Carbonates

Insoluble in water solubility decreases the group

MCO I MO 1 Coz

Decoy is unstable can be kept only in the atmosphere ofCO2

Thermal stability 9 down the group
The carbonates Mg and tater metals are sparingly soluble in
of
water but are much more soluble in a soln of coz 20
This is due to formation 5 ions soluble
of
 M g t coz H2O M HC 3 z
l

Hard water contains Mg and ions which complex with the

stearate ions in soaps producing insolublescum

Temporary hardness is due to the presence bicarbonates

of
can be overcome by being or
adding CalOHk
D
[Link] 0dzlas Calends Ez g t 110 l
Cactecodzcan Ca 0H7z as
2610,15 t 2h20

sulphate
6 All are white s s stable teheat
Solubility 4 down the group
e Besoy Mgsoy are readily soluble in water
D
MSOy MO t Sog MsOy 2C MS t 2Coz

50 Nitrates
D
2M NOD L MI t 4 02 Oz
All group 2 nitrates are soluble
f Anomalous behaviour
of Be
smallusize high EE
Absence
of d orbitals MIA covalenge of I
High polarizing power

Be is harder than other members of its group

MP BP of Bee's higher than othergroup 2 metals
Be doesn't react with H2O
Be0 is amphoteric while other metaloxides group2 are basic

Be forms covalent compounds

Beryllium carbide reacts with H2O togive Aly while other metal
carbides form acetylene
gas
BezC t 4h20 2 Be101172 1 Utu Mg Sd
2h20
µ
gq
Mgc Mg0h12 t Ue at
Cacz 1 2110 CaLOHz t cheat
Mggers 4420 2mg10h12 t Ut OH

Be has Max CN
tf
 Diagonal relationship b w Al Be
Be forms covalent compounds
Belote and Allon are both amphoteric in nature
Be0 Alsos both are high mdIing insoluble solids
Bed and Alds have bridged chloride polymeric structure
u
Al in Al A Ce Beice Be 4
U
I TU l U w

Carbides both the metal react with H2O to form ctly gas
of
AlyCz 1 12110 4 Al OH 1 3414
Meth
Beg 4110 2 Become are
I Like Al Be is not readily attacked b coz
by acids of the presence
on its
of an 0
film su e

Deo t 2HU Beck 1 H2O

Ayo 6tell 2AM 3h20
AGO 1 2NaOH 2NaAlOz 1 H2O

amnee6doers
[Link]
F Eat of the alkali
characteristic color when a sample
metals produces

of an
a

alkali
metal is placed in a fleme The energy from the
salt
flame causses excitation of e in alkali metal atoms
This energy is released in the form ofvisible radiation
when e come back to ground state Each alkali metal
undergoes its own unique e transitions
 3P 9 3P 3P
why
e
g
THE 3 3s 1 35
a b C

ETAT B 5cg Tca

some important compounds

of calcium
absorbs

V
Cao Ca OH z Cacoz 26504 H2O
Quickie sIcedkme Limestone Plaster
of Paris
t
[Link] us Cao up
cal0Hl PowzEIo1mPU1e qfao ius
caco.Y

old
A

Icao emits intense

light light whenheated in flame
Combines with acidic oxides at
high temp
Cao sick Casio
6Cao Paolo Ica Oy z
Cao Co2 Caw
 CalOHL is also a white amorphouspowder
stats

Quicklime CaO
slaked lime
6 12

0
CalOH z is more soluble in cold
i i water than in hot water
CalOHL is known as lime
i i
i
water a suspension of slaked
line in WEler is
long as
I t milk of lime
Lime Aftersing
Water cozCg
Te or 50219

Ca01112 coz Cacoz t H2O

Caws 1 Cost HQ f Ca Hwy z

Soluble

2cal0h12 242 caUz t ca od z H2O

BleachingPowder
K
MgsOy It in nature as mineral kieserite Mgsoy Hao
occurs

Epsom salt Mgsoy7h20 kainite KU Mgsoy 3h20

Ragcoz Hasty Mgsoy H2O coz

Mgsoy71920 Mgsoy H2O MgsOy MgO t 502 02

 Calcium Sulphate Casoy 2420 Casoy
F d
Anhydrite
Gypsem

r
r soluble in water
Cason is spaeningly
its solubility with 4 in temp

F taster of Paris when gypsum is heated first its crystal

structure chIages then at 3 it forms the hemihydrate
known as PII 2CasoyH2O
or
D
Casoy 2110 CasOy2420 g Casoy12110

Gypsum Gypsum P
Caddy
CMounonannic Orthorhombic Dead mt
Hr
Lao so 1oz DPI
fropesties
Its white powder and has
a
they of setting to add mass
when a paste with water is allowed to stand aside for semetime
 P for
Slight expansion occurs
during the setting as water is absorbed
to reform Casoy 2h20 Gypsum

A suspension
of gypsum when saturated with IITs Cfaforms
ammonium sulphate a nitrogenous fertilizer
2MHz t Casoy t coz H2O NHyzS0y t Cacoz

when strongly heated with C it forms Cas

CasOy Uc Cas UCO

Setting of
POP is catalysed
by Naga and retarded by Borax
or alien

There is a saying here in France that goes “There is more of Montmartre in Paris,
than Paris in Montmartre”
 some more important facts reactions

MgO is slightly soluble in water forms Mgcomb

A water is used in medicines as an

suspension of My10h12 in
antacid under the name milk
of Magnesia

MgO has a very high m p 2825C so bricks

of this compound
are useful as industrial furnace linings

Below z is amphoteric

Belotelz t 2 OH Be OH 472
Be OH z t HzS0y Besoy 2420
Washing soda NazCOz 10h20

Baking soda NaHCOz

Rock salt NaCl
Chile Saltpeter Manors
Microcosmic salt Na Nhu HPOy 4h20

Hypo 14925203 5h20

Cryolite NazAlff
Glauber's salt NazSOy 10h20

Borax Tincal N9zBy0y 10h20

Sodium Aluminium Silicate MartesisOg
Carnallite [Link] 6h20
Potash Alum Kasoy Abelson 24420
Baryta BaloHz
Magnesite Mgcos
Dolomite Mgcoz Caco
Epsom salt Mgsoy 7420
Magnesia MgO
Quicklime CaO
Slaked lime Calote z

Hydrolith Catz
calcium Cynamide CacNz or CANCN
Limestone Cacoz
Bleaching Powder Caouz
It
Q
violet

Ee y

Bells
Et
e t

It

NazCO 10 2 614920142
6 2 UNazotNz 2 214920

3
30M
P R s
p 2oo 3
PiR.s